Search

In order to expand the range of autoprobiotic release forms, increase consumer attractiveness, prolongate product’s shelf life and transportation possibilities, a protocol for obtaining an encapsulated form of autoprobiotics was developed. Tests were carried out on encapsulated forms of indigenous bacteria in order to assess the viability of bacterial cells after lyophilization and storage under various conditions. The effect of various cryoprotectants on the lyophilized Lactobacillus spp. and Enterococcus spp. cells viability was studied. The results obtained showed that the use of 10 % sucrose and 1 % gelatin as part of a protective medium retains the original properties of bacterial strains, contributing to their survival during cryopreservation and lyophilization. The most favorable storage conditions and expiration dates for encapsulated autoprobiotics based on Lactobacillus spp. and Enterococcus spp. were determined.

The growing demand for biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and their high cost put a heavy burden on the healthcare budget, thereby limiting the availability of treatment for patients. The introduction of bDMARDs biosimilars into clinical practice has made it possible to expand the availability of therapy for a larger number of patients. Our analysis of the use of the biosimilar etanercept Erelzi in 103 patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed that the drug is highly effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It can be used both in bionaive patients with the ineffectiveness of basic therapy, and in the case of medical switching from other biologics (including tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (iTNF)) and targeted synthetic basic anti-inflammatory drugs (tsDMARDs), as well as when non-medical switching is necessary. The biosimilar of etanercept Erelzi has optimal cost of treatment course and the lowest cost-effectiveness value, which means that its use will not affect the budget and will make highly effective therapy available to more patients.

Objective: to confirm the efficacy and safety of levilimab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) switched from other interleukin 6 receptor inhibitors (iIL6R) for non-medical reasons.Patients and methods. A retrospective analysis of data from the register of patients with RA who during the COVID-19 pandemic were switched from foreign iIL6Rs to the Russian drug levilimab. Treatment regimens with levilimab in combination with synthetic diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs (sDMARDs) and/or glucocorticoids (GCs) were used, as well as a monotherapy regimen in case of DMARDs intolerance.Results and discussion. In 150 patients with RA, a successful non-medical switch to levilimab was demonstrated with the preservation and intensification of the clinical effect achieved on previous therapy with iIL6R. After switching to levilimab, the DAS28-CRP index decreased by an average of 0.098 at 3 months and by 0.25 at 6 months (p=0.214 for both time points). There was a decrease in the proportion of patients with elevated levels of CRP, as well as with high RA activity. In a number of patients who showed high efficacy of levilimab, it became possible to reduce the dose or number of DMARDs, as well as cease GCs intake. Good tolerability and a favorable safety profile of levilimab were noted, including in relation to the new coronavirus infection that developed during therapy.Conclusion. Therapy with Russian iIL6R levilimab is effective and safe, including in patients switched from other drugs for non-medical reasons, as well as in relation to the novel coronavirus infection that developed during therapy.

Із розвитком виробництв через промислову революцію 4.0, активн у цифровізацією аспектів життя від транспорту до торгівлі, доступності технологій як інтернет речей (IoT), штучний інтелект й хмарні обчислення, зростає попит на цифрові двійники (ЦД), які здатні підвищити безпеку й скоротити витрати шляхом збору даних, їх аналізу на моделях реальних об’єктів для прийняття ефективних рішень у реальному часі. Метою цієї статті є огляд концепції ЦД, аналіз ключових доменів разом із прикладами їх використання, особливостями, проблемами, обмеженнями та перевагами, а також формалізації загальних проблем та обмежень у ЦД. У роботі було розглянуто концепт ЦД, які допомагають у прийнятті рішень в реальному часі для підвищення ефективності роботи, а також пом’якшення або запобігання неочікуваних подій протягом життєвого циклу реального об’єкта. Існує три основні підходи до моделювання: фундаментальне моделювання, моделювання на основі даних і гібридне моделювання. Інший погляд на ЦД – це використання за ієрархією – двійники компонентів, майна, систем та процесів. ЦД можуть представляти прості датчики та насоси, або ЦД можуть бути як системи та об’єднувати і моделювати кілька виробничих підсистем. Концепція ЦД може бути застосована майже в усіх сферах діяльності, але в цій статті розглядаються найпоширеніші галузі, які можна вважати основними або які впливали на розвиток цифрових двійників. Проведено аналіз ключових індустрій для використання ЦД, визначено особливості та проблеми застосування у кожному із розглянутих доменів. Було сформульовано які існують загальні виклики, переваги та особливості у цифрових двійниках.

Siberian taiga is subject to intensive logging and natural resource exploitation, which promote the proliferation of informal roads: trails and unsurfaced service roads neither recognized nor maintained by the government. While transportation development can improve connectivity between communities and urban centers, new roads also interfere with Indigenous subsistence activities. This study quantifies Land-Cover and Land-Use Change (LCLUC) in Irkutsk Oblast, northwest of Lake Baikal. Observations from LCLUC are used in spatial autocorrelation analysis with roads to identify and examine major drivers of transformations of social–ecological–technological systems. Spatial analysis results are informed by interviews with local residents and Indigenous Evenki, local development history, and modern industrial and political actors. A comparison of relative changes observed within and outside Evenki-administered lands (obshchina) was also conducted. The results illustrate: (1) the most persistent LCLUC is related to change from coniferous to peatland (over 4% of decadal change); however, during the last decade, extractive and infrastructure development have become the major driver of change leading to conversion of 10% of coniferous forest into barren land; (2) anthropogenic-driven LCLUC in the area outside obshchina lands was three times higher than within during the980s and 1990s and more than 1.5 times higher during the following decades.

It is thought that due to the high virulence of the African swine fever virus its circulation in the Russian Federation is accompanied by a low seroprevalence. However taking into account a long-term ASF unfavourable situation, the introduction of the virus into the wild boar population, and the occurrence of attenuated viral variants, the significance of serological testing aimed at the detection of viral antibodies is increasing. To collect field samples of biological material from animals for molecular genetic, virological, and serological tests, filter paper, as well as swabs, can be used. The specificity and sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay when testing blood absorbed by filter paper are worse than those shown when testing sera, but they allow effective detection of African swine fever virus antibodies. It was demonstrated that blood absorbed on filter paper can be used for the immunoblot analysis, but the optimum performance could be achieved when the immunoperoxidase technique in combination with samples, taken by swabs was used. When comparing results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay performed on sera collected from domestic pigs (infected with ASFV isolates Antonovo 07/14 and Sobinka 07/15), and blood from ear veins absorbed on filter paper the sensitivity was 88.9%, specificity – 90.6%. However, the use of the immunoperoxidase technique for testing blood from swabs showed 100% coincidence with ELISA, while testing of sera with immunoperoxidase technique was superior to ELISA in sensitivity. This means blood sampling using swabs may be recommended for tests after proper validation. This technique can be especially useful for collecting data about infected wild boars because effective eradication strategies are impossible without such data.

The publication, consisting of three parts, analyzes the experience of implementing participatory and initiative budgeting in the regions of the Siberian Federal District (SFD), which are participants in the Project of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and the World Bank «Development of initiative budgeting in the Russian Federation». The first part of this publication is devoted to the analysis of the experience of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the second part is devoted to the development of initiative budgeting in the Altai Territory and the Irkutsk Region. This section of the publication (the third part) it is devoted to the implementation of the practice of initiative budgeting in the Novosibirsk region.

Purpose. The article presents the results of the studies carried out in the course of the research work on the development of Model Regulations on health and safety protection management system in EMERCOM of Russia, in particular, identifying personnel hazards and compiling a list of them, assessing occupational risk level and elaborating measures aimed at their reduction, in order to decrease injury, disability, morbidity rates and death toll of EMERCOM of Russia personnel during the official duties performance. Methods. In the study, risk assessment matrices (matrix method) have been used in two ways: frequency (probability, prevalence) and severity of consequences (possible damage). The hazards, together with information on personnel posts, specific types of activities for which the hazards are typical, as well as the results of risk assessment associated with the hazards, and measures to reduce these risks, are recorded in a occupational hazard generalized register. Findings. For the first time, a methodology for assessing occupational risks taken by EMERCOM of Russia personnel (hereinafter referred to as the Methodology) has been developed, based on the elaborated list of hazards, taking into account work peculiarities. Research application field. The developed Methodology is approved by the ordinance of EMERCOM of Russia dated March 31, 2021 No. 249 "On approval of Methodical recommendations for the development of health and safety protection management system in EMERCOM of Russia" Conclusions. Matrix method use will allow organizing the risk management process. This method will help identify hazards and assess the levels of occupational risks in units, institutions and organizations of EMERCOM of Russia, and then implement measures aimed at reducing occupational risks levels. The introduction of the methodology for assessing occupational risks of personnel in units, institutions and organizations of EMERCOM of Russia will allow: reducing death toll and injury rate from accidents during official duties performance, as well as occupational diseases; improving working conditions; raising the awareness of the personnel on working conditions during the official duties performance, ensuring their right to safe work.

Objective: Defi nition and systematisation of loads occurring during operation of interchangeable wagon bodies for development of corresponding regulatory requirements for designing and testing interchangeable bodies. Methods: Loads and methods of their application are determined as a result of comparison of design and application area of interchangeable bodies with cargo (maritime) containers and demountable bodies. Results: The authors identifi ed a lack of regulatory framework for standardisation of requirements for bearing capacity of interchangeable bodies, for loads that occur in the railway sphere of application, including storage, handling and stockpiling, as well as testing methods for these bodies. The difference between interchangeable and demountable bodies is defi ned as lack of need for transportation of interchangeable bodies by waterborne transport. In the process of consideration of specifi c features of operating interchangeable bodies in the railway sphere of application, including storage, handling and stockpiling, design and operational similarity of interchangeable bodies with cargo (maritime) containers and demountable bodies was established. Loads applied to interchangeable bodies were defi ned and systemised. Practical importance: The need for development of a regulatory framework for standardisation of requirements for bearing capacity of interchangeable bodies and for loads that occur during handling and stockpiling operations. The authors recommend that the loads discussed in the paper be taken into account in development of technical standard documents, in conducting research and development work and in testing interchangeable bodies

It was shown that quasi-amorphous potassium polytitanate polyphosphate particles with a layered structure and high antifriction properties can be synthesized by treatment of a titanium dioxide powder in melts in the KOH–KH2PO4 system. At a certain ratio between the components in the reaction mixture, one can obtain the product with a minimum content of crystalline phases. The particles of the obtained X-ray amorphous product have a layered structure similar to that of potassium polytitanate synthesized in melts in the system TiO2–KOH–KNO3 but are characterized by a high content of phosphorus, which improves the tribological characteristics of the material. It was detected that, at [KH2PO4] > [TiO2], in the reaction mixture, a secondary crystalline phase K2Ti2(PO4)3 forms, which enhances the antiscuff properties of lubricants produced based on the obtained products, but reduces their antifriction properties.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between urinary TGF-β1, urinary VEGF and renal scarring resulted from VUR. Patients and methods Materials and methods: This study included 141 patients with VUR and 34 healthy sex and age matched children. The statistical analysis consisted of descriptive statistical parameters, KruskalWallis, Mann-Whitney tests and ROC analysis. Results Results: The urine levels of TGF-β1 and VEGF were significantly increased in children with VUR, compared to the controls. The levels of TGF-β1 urine excretion in children with renal scarring were higher compared children no renal scarring. The indicators of VEGF urine excretion in children with renal scarring compared to indicators in children no renal scarring, were lower, however exceeded the indicators in children of control group. The area under the ROC curve for TGF-β1 was 109.9, for VEGF was 207.6. Conclusion Conclusions: The study allowed to substantiate and propose non-invasive methods for early diagnosis of renal scarring in children with VUR.

Small rhythmic circuits, such as those found in invertebrates, have provided fundamental insights into how circuit dynamics depend on individual neuronal and synaptic properties. Degenerate circuits are those with different network parameters and similar behavior. New work on degenerate circuits and their modulation illustrates some of the rules that help maintain stable and robust circuit function despite environmental perturbations. Advances in neuropeptide isolation and identification provide enhanced understanding of the neuromodulation of circuits for behavior. The advent of molecular studies of mRNA expression provides new insight into animal-to-animal variability and the homeostatic regulation of excitability in neurons and networks.

In continuation of a series of studies on a new generation of microbathogen sorbents based on electrically conductive polymers: polyaniline and polypyrrole, the possibility of regeneration and reuse of polypyrrole for water purification through the sorption of bacteria and viruses from aqueous media was investigated. For example, the binding of polypyrrole and polypyrrole modified with silver nanoparticles of the pandemicinfluenza virus strain A/South Carolina / 02/2010 (H1N1) pdm09 and epidemiologically and pathogenetically significant bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (Gram +) and Shigella flexneri (Gram -) shown: During primary sorption, sorbents almost completely neutralize concentrated virus solutions (GAE 512) and epidemically dangerous solutions of bacteria with CFU 2 * 105.• Sorbent regeneration consists of a short-term warming up in an aquatic environment with subsequentexposure to ultrasound.• Secondary sorption of micropathogens leads to almost complete removal of Staphylococcus, and a significant decrease in the concentration of Shigella and viruses The results indicate the possibility of repeated, and possibly repeated use of sorbents. The advantages of these sorbents in their use for the purification of aqueous media from biological contaminants are: 1. theability to effectively sorb a wide range of micropathogens: both bacteria and viruses; 2. suppression of the infectious activity of associated micropathogens, i.e. complete infectious safety of the sorbent + pathogen complexes; 3. possibility of regeneration and repeated use of the sorbent. At the same time, the sorbentsthemselves are non-toxic and relatively cheap.

The vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) provokes development of nephrosclerosis in 48% of children with connective tissue dysplasia. Aim: Detection of clinical significance of biological markers of fibrogenesis (TGF-β1) and indices of collagen metabolism urine excretion in children with chronic pyelonephritis after conservative, endoscopic and operative correction of VUR for predicting the development of renal scarring was the aim of this trial. Material and Methods. 69 patients from 2 to 16 years with various variants of VUR (II-V grade) repair in a period of clinical-laboratory remission of pyelonephritis were examined. Results. We have found a significantly higher TGF-β1 (р

The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between urinary TGF-β1, urinary VEGF and renal scarring resulted from VUR.Materials and methods: This study included 141 patients with VUR and 34 healthy sex and age matched children. The statistical analysis consisted of descriptive statistical parameters, KruskalWallis, Mann-Whitney tests and ROC analysis.Results: The urine levels of TGF-β1 and VEGF were significantly increased in children with VUR, compared to the controls. The levels of TGF-β1 urine excretion in children with renal scarring were higher compared children no renal scarring. The indicators of VEGF urine excretion in children with renal scarring compared to indicators in children no renal scarring, were lower, however exceeded the indicators in children of control group. The area under the ROC curve for TGF-β1 was 109.9, for VEGF was 207.6.Conclusions: The study allowed to substantiate and propose non-invasive methods for early diagnosis of renal scarring in children with VUR.

Nuclear power plants (NPP) are subject to stiff requirements as to the cost effectiveness of their operation. However, since the NPP operation may be associated with the occurrence of severe environmental, social, political, material and other consequences as the result of nuclear and radiological accidents at NPPs, ensuring the specified level of the NPP safety is an operational task of the utmost importance. The current practice of the NPP design and operation suggests that the objectives involved in improving the efficiency of operation and those of ensuring the NPP safety level required by federal standards and regulations (NP-001) are achieved in isolation: no issues of ensuring high efficiency of the NPP operation are taken into account when addressing the issues involved in ensuring the safety of the NPP and, vice versa, it is a priori assumed that the required level of safety is ensured at any time when high efficiency of operation is achieved. The reason for this is the absence of procedures that make it possible to assess, in an integrated manner, the interdependence of economic and technological factors. The paper describes some of the methods to raise the efficiency of the NPP operation by selecting the best possible NPP maintenance and repair (M&R) strategies leading to high utilization and capacity factor values. A distinctive feature of the proposed techniques is that the efficiency of the NPP operation is proposed to be improved while ensuring at the same time the required level of the NPP safety with any NPP configuration.

The key place among nephropathies in children is occupied by inflammatory kidney diseases. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the most common underlying pathology responsible for the development of urinary tract infections or pyelonephritis in children. VUR is diagnosed in 30-40% of children with urinary tract infections. According to the International Reflux Study Committee, the incidence of nephrosclerosis on the background of VUR is formed in 48% of Caucasian children. Objective: to determine the clinical significance of the level of urinary excretion of biological markers of inflammation (IL-8), fibrogenesis (TGF-β1) and indices of collagen metabolism in children with chronic pyelonephritis and VUR for predicting the development of nephrosclerosis. Material and methods. In total 79 patients aged from 6 months to 16 years old with VUR grade II-V after treatment in a period of clinical!laboratory remission (more than 3 months) of pyelonephritis were examined. Results. Urine excretion of IL-8, TGF-β, and free oxyproline in children with VUR was significantly higher than in children of control group. The median excretion of the protein-bound fraction of oxyproline in the urine of all patients with VU was significantly lower than in the control group. Conclusions. Thus, levels of urinary excretion of biomarkers of inflammation, fibrogenesis and indices of collagen metabolism can be used as markers of the inflammatory process and the development of scarring of the renal parenchyma in children with VUR.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a retrograde flow of urine from the bladder back into the ureters. One of the leading positions among nephropathy in children is occupied by pyelonephritis, in origin of which congenital anomalies of the urinary tract, including VUR, play the great role. Nephrosclerosis on the background of VUR is formed in 30-60% of patients and leads to the development of the terminal stage of chronic renal insufficiency in 25-60% of patients. Objective: to determine the clinical relevance of urinary excretion of inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, IL-8) in children with chronic pyelonephritis and VUR. Material and methods. In total 54 children with VUR grade III-V after endoscopic correction in the stage of clinical and laboratory remission of pyelonephritis were studied. The IL-6 and IL-8 excretion using «Vektor-Best» test kit (Russia) according to the manufacturer's instruction was determined in the 24-hour collection urine of children applying ELISA test. Results. In patients with VUR and no evidences of the renal parenchyma scarring, the increased IL-6, IL-8 urinary excretion reflects the latent course of pyelonephritis. Pseudonoralization of the IL-6 and IL-8 urinary excretion in patients with VUD and signs of nephrosclerosis formation appears to be an additional confirmation of the development and progression of the renal parenchyma scarring. Conclusions. Levels of the urinary excretion of inflammatory biomarkers IL-6 and IL-8 may be used as markers for the inflammatory process and the development of kidney scarring in children with VUD.

Maintaining an ecological balance of Lake Arey is crucial in terms of nature conservation. Lake Arey is located in Eastern Siberia and is a central object of a designated conservation area of regional significance. The lake is used for recreation (organized and unorganized tourism, sport fishing, mud collection for balneological purposes) not only by residents but also by holidaymakers from other regions. In terms of mineralization level, Lake Arey is a freshwater body. Significant factors affecting the aquatic ecosystem are temperature, TDS, pH and dissolved oxygen, depth, and turbidity. High contents of ammonium ions are observed in the ecosystem. The concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus is 23.6% of total phosphorus. The ratio of PO (permanganate oxidizing ability of organic matter) to COD (chemical oxygen demand) indicates active processes of production, mineralization, and transformation of organic matter in the water body. Carotenoids prevail in planktonic pigments. The chlorophyll a amount is insignificant. The chlorophyll b content increases from July to September. Currently, Lake Arey belongs to the α-mesotrophic type of water body. However, increased anthropogenic load and high-water years can promote eutrophication processes.

For formal representation of virtual educational space elements, the paper considers the topology methods, in particularly the methods for categories and functors theory, allowing for solving semistructured and indeterminate problems and reflecting their results at the high level of abstraction. The conducted analysis shows the virtual educational space as a generalized scheme, including an associative connection of the site of departments and general education schools.

The effect of hydrogen heat treatment on the chemical composition and morphology of aluminum and silicon nitrides powders for producing ceramics with enhanced operation properties is investigated. It is shown that the hydrogen heat treatment leads to decrease in the content of admixture elements, loosening of aggregates of powder particles and, as a consequence, activation in compacting. The resulting ceramics have enhanced mechanical properties, contrary to the samples produced of nitride powders with no hydrogen treatment.

An oxidative polymerization of flavonoid taxifolin (dihydroquercetin) in betaine-glycerin (B-G, 1: 2) as cosolvent medium has been performed using laccase from basidial fungus Trametes hirsuta as a biocatalyst and TEMPO as a redox mediator. The terminal oxidizing agent was atmospheric oxygen. Under optimal synthesis conditions, dihydroquercetin oligomers (oligo DHQ) with a weight average molecular weight of 1800 g / mol, a polydispersity index of 1.09 and a yield of 57 ± 7% were obtained.

In order to study the features of hemodynamics in the vertebral artery (VA), depending on the biomechanical disorders of the cervical spine (CS) and the musculoskeletal system as a whole 105 patients (53 females and 52 males, mean age - 38±5,9 years) having signs of the Vertebrobasilar insufficiency on the background of biomechanical disorders of the CS and the locomotor system as a whole were examined. The control group included 50 practically healthy persons (25 females and 25 males, mean age - 37±5,6 years). Physical examination included a clinical-neurological, vertebro-neurological examination (visual assessment of violations of statics and dynamics of the musculoskeletal system, measuring the craniovertebral angle (CVA) using a photogrammetric method, manual diagnostics for the detection of muscular-tonic syndromes and musculoskeletal dysfunction) and Doppler ultrasound of extra- and intracranial segments of VA. It was revealed the relationship between the violation of hemodynamics in vertebrobasilar system and pathobiomechanical changes of the musculoskeletal system in patients of young age. The leading pathogenetic role in the onset of hemodynamic disorders in VA belongs to a non-optimal static stereotype in the cervical region in the form of displacement of the regional center of gravity forward with the formation of a forward head position. It was revealed a positive correlation between the value of CVA and the degree of mobility of the craniovertebral transition by A. Stoddart (r = +0.79, p0.05) and also - a negative correlation between CVA value and the level of blood flow reduction in VA during functional rotational tests (r=-0,69, p0,05).

Summary StatementTemperature elevation increases the frequency of the heart and pyloric rhythms of the crab,Cancer borealis, but the heart rhythm has a higher critical temperature than the pyloric rhythm.AbstractThe heart and pyloric rhythms of crustaceans have been studied separately and extensively over many years. Local and hormonal neuromodulation and sensory inputs onto these central pattern generating circuits play a significant role in the animals’ responses to perturbations, but are usually lost or removed duringin vitrostudies. To examine simultaneously thein vivomotor output of the heart and pyloric rhythms, we used photoplethysmography (PPG). In the population measured (n = 49), the heart rhythm frequencies ranged from 0.3–2.3 Hz. The pyloric rhythms varied from 0.2–1.6 Hz. During multiple hour-long recordings, many animals held at control temperature showed strong inhibitory bouts in which the heart decreased in frequency or become quiescent and the pyloric rhythm also decreased in frequency. Many animals show significant coherence in frequency between the rhythms at the frequency of the heart rhythm. We measured the simultaneous responses of the rhythms to temperature ramps by heating or cooling the saline bath while recording both the heart and pyloric muscle movements. Q10s, critical temperatures (temperatures at which function is compromised), and changes in frequency were calculated for each of the rhythms tested. The heart rhythm was more robust to high temperature than the pyloric rhythm.

A homogeneous Markov chain of three aggregated states, "pond-swamp—forest," is proposed as a model of cyclic zoogenic successions caused by beaver (Castor fiber L.) activity in a forest biogeocoenosis. The data obtained from field studies undertaken in the "Bryanskii Les" Reserve in 2002-2008 proved to be sufficient for calibrating the chain transition matrix. With the use of the formulas of finite homogeneous Markov chain theory, the main results for calibration of a model were obtained: the stationary probability dis� tribution of chain states, the matrix (T) of mean first passage times, and the mean durations (Mj) of succes� sional stages. The former illustrates the distribution of relative areas under succession stages if the current trends and transition rates of succession are conserved in the long term—it appeared to be close to the observed distribution. Matrix T provides the quantitative characteristics of the cyclical process by specifying the ranges proposed by the experts for the duration of stages in the conceptual scheme of succession. The cal� culated values of Mj detect potential discrepancies between empirical data, the expert knowledge that sum� marizes the data, and the postulates accepted in the mathematical model. The calculated M2 value falls out� side the expert range, which gives a reason to doubt the validity of the proposed expert estimation, the aggre� gation mode chosen for chain states, and/or the accuracy of data available, that is, to draw certain "lessons" from partially successful calibration. Disaggregation of aggregated vegetation states, refusal to postulate the time homogeneity, and refusal of the Markov property of the chain are also discussed among possible ways to improve the model.