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The article outlines the basic principles and conceptual views on improving the legislative support of service and combat activities of the National Ukraine.The National Guard of Ukraine is an effective subject of counteracting the threats to independence, territorial integrity and internal stability during the hybrid war against Ukraine.Given the strategic course of the state towards Ukraine's full membership in the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the issue of bringing the functions of the National Guard of Ukraine closer to the standards of the European Union becomes relevant.Rapid changes in the security environment around and within Ukraine, the emergence of new threats require a timely response. The legal basis for taking measures is to improve the legislation, including by amending the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, the Law of Ukraine “On the National Guard of Ukraineˮ, etc.The authors emphasize that the National Guard of Ukraine has currently implemented a significant range of reforms aimed at enhancing the capabilities of units and subdivisions, professionalization of personnel, and approximation to the requirements of NATO standards (for military functions) and FIEP standards (for law enforcement functions).The issues of improving the legislative support of the National Guard of Ukraine are currently relevant and need further development.

In the article the main functions of the National Guard of Ukraine, which require intelligence support were analyzed, the meaning of the “intelligence and information support” concept for the National Guard of Ukraine was determined, also, proposals for problem issues regulatory settlement for the National Guard of Ukraine intelligence support were made. Nowadays, there is an urgent need to settle the following issues for the National Guard of Ukraine: 1. Due to the Armed Forces of Ukraine reform ation and redistribution of the functions between the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine and the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the issue of the National Guard of Ukraine subordination during the introduction of legal regime of martial law requires a clear definition and making appropriate amendments to the regulatory documents. 2. The issue of the existence of reconnaissance and intelligence units in the military authorities and military units of the National Guard of Ukraine which perform tasks within the limits of the authorities defined by the law is indisputable , but requires regulatory issues settlement. This issue can be settled by making the amendments in the Law of Ukraine “On the National Guard of Ukraine” in terms of granting the rights and authorities to perform the intelligence and reconnaissance tasks by the National Guard intelligence and reconnaissance units. 3. С urrently, the top priority tasks for regulatory settlement of the National Guard of Ukraine intelligence and reconnaissance units functioning are: National Guard intelligence and information support doctrine development; National Guard intelligence and information support and reconnaissance operations field manuals and guidelines development; textbooks and manuals on the intelligence and reconnaissance operations development.

In the article it is analyzed the concept of «rituals» and its functions in the political discourse. The basis for the definition has been developed by political anthropologists E. Cassirer, A. Radcliffe-Brown, philosopher L. Mumford. Compared to myth, rituals arose earlier. Because for primitive societies myth and abstract language were too complicated symbols. Instead, rituals made it possible to express feelings of community and control its behavior. The article defines that rituals had the following functions: socialization, because every member of the community had its specific role during the rituals; legitimation of authority, because rituals supported the established rules and agenda; explanation of those events, which were important for coordination of social life; adjusting of the present to the political history with its past and future. Also rituals allowed to express collective and individuals feelings in a meaningful and controlled way. In the article, it is determined that today these functions are implemented by political rituals. There is used H. Laswell's approach for analyzing political rituals. He applied Freud's methodology for interpretation of the interrelationships between institute and individual. H. Laswell classified political rituals on three categories: those, which have Ego at its core; those that justify public morality (Super Ego); and rituals, that allow expressing of the unconscious instincts (Id). In the article there is analyzed the celebration of Ukraine's Independence Day as a political ritual. There are compared aesthetics and symbolism of the celebration accepted by President P. Poroshenko and President V. Zelensky. In the article, it is concluded that 2014-2018 celebration of the Independence Day has to be defined as a political ritual of «Super Ego». Since during those years the ritual fostered a sense of responsibility and obligation. However, V. Zelensky is trying to change the ritual into the one, in which the rational part of personality dominates (in Freud’s terms move it to the «Ego» sphere).

In the article it is analyzed the notions of style and genre of political discourse, substantiated the expediency of researching these concepts in the modern political science. The author outlines the main features of the genre and style of political speeches of the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, which were given 2014–2017 on Independence Day of Ukraine. It is revealed that they have signs of conflictive political language. Also, the analysis of the speeches of P. Poroshenko has shown following features of the style of the President: the presence of metaphors; using of symbols that have a positive connotation and play a role of a benchmark for state’s development ("freedom", "independence", etc.); historical categories are used in order to create political mythology; the presence of religious metaphors ("collective sin", "the sin of elites to redeem the people", etc.); intertextuality (or quoting); using of slogans; presence of labels, which are called to discredit opponents; using of cultural codes ("Ukrainian family", etc.). In the article there are described features of tragedy as a genre and an author’s stylistic choice, also are indicated criteria of tragedy and described its possible influences on the political audience. The author considered the mechanisms of heroization as an element of tragedy in political discourse. The motives of comicality in political discourse are described in view of the development of democracy. In the article, there is expressed and substantiated an assertion that in conditions of democracy, conservatives or representatives of the government use mechanisms of ridicule to discredit a competitor. There is also made an assumption that the effect of comedy is used in order to relieve the influence of certain ideas, since it is impossible to treat seriously ideas what you are laughing at, while the effect of tragedy is used when it is necessary to provoke an active political reaction from audience.

Вопросы точной оценки величин первичной продукции (ПП) в море, а также исследования закономерностей её формирования в различных районах Мирового океана до настоящего времени остаются наиболее актуальными проблемами океанографии. На основе массива новых биооптических данных впервые для Чёрного моря создан спектральный алгоритм оценки ПП, который позволяет корректно оценивать количество квантов света, поглощённых фитопланктоном и учитывать эффективность использования поглощённых квантов в процессе фотосинтеза, что определяет точность расчёта ПП при таком подходе. В перспективе моделирование ПП на основе данных дистанционного зондирования открывает возможности создания системы оперативного контроля и прогнозирования состояния первично-продукционного звена пищевой цепи Чёрного моря.

Piroddi, Chiara ... et. al.-- 17 pages, 4 figures, 5 tables, 1 appendix supplementary data http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.05.037, The European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) seeks to achieve, for all European seas, “Good Environmental Status” (GEnS), by 2020. Ecological models are currently one of the strongest approaches used to predicting and understanding the consequences of anthropogenic and climate-driven changes in the natural environment. We assess the most commonly used capabilities of the modelling community to provide information about indicators outlined in the MSFD, particularly on biodiversity, food webs, non-indigenous species and seafloor integrity descriptors. We built a catalogue of models and their derived indicators to assess which models were able to demonstrate: (1) the linkages between indicators and ecosystem structure and function and (2) the impact of pressures on ecosystem state through indicators. Our survey identified 44 ecological models being implemented in Europe, with a high prevalence of those that focus on links between hydrodynamics and biogeochemistry, followed by end-to-end, species distribution/habitat suitability, bio-optical (remote sensing) and multispecies models. Approximately 200 indicators could be derived from these models, the majority of which were biomass and physical/hydrological/chemical indicators. Biodiversity and food webs descriptors, with ∼49% and ∼43% respectively, were better addressed in the reviewed modelling approaches than the non-indigenous species (0.3%) and sea floor integrity (∼8%) descriptors. Out of 12 criteria and 21 MSFD indicators relevant to the abovementioned descriptors, currently only three indicators were not addressed by the 44 models reviewed. Modelling approaches showed also the potential to inform on the complex, integrative ecosystem dimensions while addressing ecosystem fundamental properties, such as interactions between structural components and ecosystems services provided, despite the fact that they are not part of the MSFD indicators set. The cataloguing of models and their derived indicators presented in this study, aim at helping the planning and integration of policies like the MSFD which require the assessment of all European Seas in relation to their ecosystem status and pressures associated and the establishment of environmental targets (through the use of indicators) to achieve GEnS by 2020, This manuscript has resulted from the DEVOTES (DEVelopment Of innovative Tools for understanding marine biodiversity and assessing good Environmental Status) project funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme, ‘The Ocean of Tomorrow’ Theme (Grant Agreement No. 308392), http://www.devotes-project.eu

Ecosystem-based management (EBM) is promoted as the solution for sustainable use. An ecosystem-wide assessment methodology is therefore required. In this paper, we present an approach to assess the risk to ecosystem components from human activities common to marine and coastal ecosystems. We build on: (i) a linkage framework that describes how human activities can impact the ecosystem through pressures, and (ii) a qualitative expert judgement assessment of impact chains describing the exposure and sensitivity of ecological components to those activities. Using case study examples applied at European regional sea scale, we evaluate the risk of an adverse ecological impact from current human activities to a suite of ecological components and, once impacted, the time required for recovery to pre-impact conditions should those activities subside. Grouping impact chains by sectors, pressure type, or ecological components enabled impact risks and recovery times to be identified, supporting resource managers in their efforts to prioritize threats for management, identify most at-risk components, and generate time frames for ecosystem recovery.

The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) aims to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) in Europe's Seas. The requirement for regional sea authorities to identify and prioritise issues for management has meant that standardized methods to assess the current level of departure from GES are needed. The methodology presented here provides a means by which existing information describing the status of ecosystem components of a regional sea can be used to determine the effort required to achieve GES. A risk assessment framework was developed to score departure from GES for 10 out of the 11 GES descriptors, based on proposed definitions of ‘good’ status, and current knowledge of environmental status in each of the four regional seas (North-East Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea). This provides an approach for regional evaluation of environmental issues and national prioritisation of conservation objectives. Departure from GES definitions is described as ‘high’, ‘moderate’ or ‘low’ and the implications for management options and national policy decisions are discussed. While the criteria used in this study were developed specifically for application toward MSFD objectives, with modification the approach could be applied to evaluate other high-level social, economic or environmental objectives.