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Hyperthermia therapy is an adjuvant procedure during which perfused body tissues is subjected to elevated range of temperature in bid to achieve improved drug potency and efficacy of cancer treatment. While a selected class of hyperthermia techniques is shouldered on the thermal radiations derived from single-sourced electro-radiation measures, there are deliberations on conjugating dual radiation field sources in an attempt to improve the delivery of therapy procedure. This paper numerically explores the thermal effectiveness of combined infrared hyperemia having nanoparticle recirculation in the vicinity of imposed magnetic field on subcutaneous strata of a model lesion as ablation scheme. An elaborate Spectral relaxation method (SRM) was formulated to handle equation of coupled momentum and thermal equilibrium in the blood-perfused tissue domain of a spongy fibrous tissue. Thermal diffusion regimes in the presence of external magnetic field imposition were described leveraging on the renowned Roseland diffusion approximation to delineate the impact of radiative flux within the computational domain. The contribution of tissue sponginess was examined using mechanics of pore-scale porosity over a selected of clinical informed scenarios. Our observations showed for a substantial depth of spongy lesion, magnetic field architecture constitute the control regimes of hemodynamics in the blood-tissue interface while facilitating thermal transport across the depth of the model lesion. This parameter-indicator could be utilized to control the dispensing of hyperthermia treatment in intravenous perfused tissue.

Forest carbon is identified in three major pools that is, above and below ground living vegetation, dead organic matter and soil organic carbon whose quantities have been identified for few forest types. The study investigated the carbon stock in above and below ground biomass in three age series of Pinus (1991, 1992 and 1996) and Nauclea (1974, 1975 and 1976) plantations at area J4, Ogun state Nigeria. Five plots of 20m x 20m dimension were randomly laid making a total of 30 plots. Diameter at breast height and height were measured using diameter tape and Spiegel Relaskop respectively. Soil samples were collected in each plantation at 0–15cm and 15–30cm depth with the aid of soil auger and laboratory analysis carried out. Data were analyzed using the General Linear Model of SAS software. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan Multiple Range Test was used to separate means and correlation analysis was carried out. Above ground was estimated using Brown et al. (1989) equation {Y= 34.4703- 8.0671 (DBH) + 0.6589(DBH2)} and below ground biomass was also estimated as 20% of above ground biomass. Result showed that Organic carbon stored up in the soil was highest (3.05±0.52g/kg) in Nauclea plantation (1975). Pinus plantation (1996) had a higher total carbon stock (1166.35ton/ha) than Nauclea plantation (1976) with (380.41ton/ha). Pinus plantation (1996) had the highest above ground biomass, below ground biomass and carbon dioxide concentration (728966.19, 160372.56 and 4198845.28/ha) lowest (227644.66, 50081.83 and 1311233.26/ha), Pinus plantation (1992) respectively. Variation in the above ground carbon stock among these plantations could be result of tree stand density, hence, higher number of trees in a plantation will eventually result to high above ground carbon stock of that plantation.

A major constraint in hospitals and clinics in the interior villages of low resource countries is the access to stable power supply. Decontamination of reusable metal-based surgical tools is an energy-intensive process, the power required for this procedure may not be accessible in many health centres in low resource countries. Hence, decontamination device with low-energy requirements could immensely benefit village clinical settings. The developed sterilizer utilizes a Fresnel lens in a multi-baffle multi-pass chamber to amplify radiation intensity. An intelligent scheme of air passage was achieved using Fuzzy logic control to ensure control of pressure and temperature regime thermal transport within the chamber. The Fuzzy logic controller program was designed on Matlab's fuzzy logic toolbox and simulated with Simulink to evaluate its accuracy. The performance evaluation of the device showed that at an ambient temperature of 27℃ and a solar radiation intensity of 1362 W/m2, the sterilizer was able to sterilize at a temperature of 169.69℃ which is within the range for efficient dry heat sterilization to take place (140℃-170℃). This work has demonstrated that fuzzy logic controlled dry air sterilizer could achieve temperature ~ 150℃ within the heater chamber which may be suitable for sterilizing used surgical equipment.

This special issue on Finding a Place to Belong: University Students, Academic Structures and the Processes of Integration contains nine papers on opportunities of belonging and highlights the cultivation of belonging as a fundamental for addressing inequality and inequity in a linguistically and culturally diverse higher education context. Here, belonging challenges the dominant university ideology, which can elude the marginalised or underserved student and staff groups of learning communities. The combination of individual/group agency and identity negotiation for developing and implementing enablers of belonging reveals the challenges and complexity of deconstructing belonging. The papers focus on the barriers and opportunities of belonging and the interaction of agency and enablers of belonging, such as equitable vision, policy, programmes and commitment, as a product of belonging. Keywords: Deconstructing Belonging Opportunities Barriers Transformation Multiple Identities Multiple Belongings

Background radiation involves the measure of the level of ionizing radiation present in the environment at a particular location. This research seek to generate data of the natural background radiation level of some selected Sections at Kabba College of Agriculture, using RadEye G20 survey meter. A total of 15 sections of the College were randomly selected and the background radiation dose rate of the sections were measured. The indoor dose rate ranged from (0.09 – 0.13) 𝜇Sv/yr, while the outdoor dose rate ranged from (0.07 - 0.10) 𝜇Sv/yr. The indoor annual effective dose were observed to be greater than the outdoor annual effective dose in all the College Sections measured. The lowest total annual effective dose 0.75 𝑚𝑆𝑣/𝑦𝑟 was found at the Academic staff block. The highest total annual effective dose of 1.09 𝑚𝑆𝑣/𝑦𝑟 was found at the livestock building, this might be due to the high-altitude nature of the area and the rocky materials used in the construction of the building. The highest total annual effective dose of the study area was slightly above the recommended limit of 1.0 𝑚𝑆𝑣/𝑦𝑟. The result obtained from this research may not constitute immediate health risk to the staff and student of the college

This was a comparative cross-sectional study where the left ventricular dimensions and functional parameters of 41 children (aged 1 to 18 years) with sickle cell anaemia were compared with those of 52 age-and-sex matched HbAA controls using transthoracic echocardiography. Majority of the left ventricular dimensions were significantly larger in the study group than the controls (p0.05). Left ventricular dimensions correlated positively with age and body surface area in both groups (p

The inclusion of lablab (Lablab purpureus) leaf meal (LLM) at 0, 50 and 100g/kg in finisher diets on broiler performance and carcass yields were evaluated in a 28-day feeding trial. Results showed that LLM in broiler finisher diets resulted in significant (P0.05) final body weight and weight gain, but these parameters were significantly (P0.05) by dietary treatments. Cut-up parts as a percentage of dressed weight showed that thigh and drumstick had a non-significant decrease in weight while back and wing had a non-significant increase in level of dietary LLM. Breast, neck and abdominal fat pad were significantly (P

This study was carried out to aid the prediction of tree slenderness coefficient using non-linear regression models for tree species in Omo Biosphere Reserve, Southwestern Nigeria. Systematic line transect design was adopted for the study. Three transects were laid with four plots on each transect at alternate positions which made a total of 12 sample plots (50 m × 50 m) in the study area. Diameter at breast height (DBH), diameter at the top, diameter at the middle and diameter at the base as well as total height and merchantable height of all trees were measured. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis were adopted for the study. The study showed that about 23.5% of the trees in the study area are susceptible to wind-throw damage. Correlation analysis revealed that DBH is a better predictor of Slenderness coefficient than other tree growth characteristics. Six non-linear models were adopted for the tree slenderness coefficient prediction. The best models were selected based on the highest Adj.R2, lowest AIC and SEE values. Normal logarithmic equation SLC = 30.72 + (-41.21) In(D) was selected as the candidate model for the pooled data. The same candidate model (Natural logarithm) was selected for both the Desplatsia lutea and Strombosia pustulata species with the equation SLC = -0.04 + (-63.82) In(D) and SLC = 22.12 + (-51.40) In(D) respectively while exponential model with equation SLC = 170.94e(-1.93) was selected for Sterculia rhinopetala. These equations were recommended for predicting slenderness coefficient for each of the tree species in Omo Biosphere with apparently valid potentials for enhancing reasonable quantification of the stands’ stability.

Quality of water is as important as its quantity, because it determines the state of health of man to a large extent. To maintain sustainable human development and public health of students’ community, water quality assessment was conducted by characterizing the influence of anthropogenic and natural processes on thirty-one (31) water samples from boreholes, hand-dug wells and surface water from Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta and its environs. Physico-chemical data, statistical data, ionic-ratios, Gibb’s plot etc. were employed in delineating dissolved ions’ sources in the water from the study-area. Some physicochemical parameters were determined insitu with a potable multimeter, while the others were determined in the laboratory using standard methods. Various ionic plots showed that both carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering were the major contributors of ions in the water samples. Chloro-Alkaline Indices 1 and 2 values of samples collected were positive indicating direct ion exchange predominance. Factor analysis produced three factors accounting for 76% of the total variance. Factor-1 had high loadings (45.9%) on calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, sulphate, potassium, pH, electrical conductivity and total dissolve solids suggesting water–rock interaction within the aquifer as the primary influence on groundwater quality and a common geogenic source. This was also corroborated by Gibb’s plot. Factors 2 and 3 revealed a moderate-high loading on NO3−, Cl− and pH suggesting that anthropogenic activities influence on water quality was quite significant especially in shallow and uncovered wells and surface water but minimal in borehole samples. Due to intense anthropogenic activities (farming and septic tank placement) and poor well management (open wells, poorly completed wells), groundwater drawn from shallower wells and surface-water appeared to be more polluted compared to those from boreholes. Generally, groundwater quality ranged from fairly to well suitable for drinking purpose except in shallow and poorly constructed hand-dug wells bordering farm areas.

Background: Preeclampsia has remained an important public health problem in the developing world where it is associated with a five-fold increase in perinatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: We set out to compare neonatal outcomes between women with preeclampsia and those with normal pregnancy. We also sought to evaluate factors associated with poor outcome in the neonates. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study that enrolled 90 women (45 with preeclampsia and 45 with normal pregnancy) after 20 weeks gestation. Maternal socio-demographic and clinical information was obtained at enrolment and delivery using questionnaire. Neonatalanthropometric and physiologic data was obtained at delivery and used for classifying the birth weight according to the WHO classification. APGAR score was used to evaluate the presence of birth asphyxia. We defined poor outcome as the presence of at least one of low birth weight, prematurity, birth asphyxia and need for admission. SPSS version 25 was used in all analysis. Significance testing was set at p=0.05. Results: The women with preeclampsia were significantly heavier at booking (BMI 29.0±6.9 Kg/ m2 vs 25.0±5.2. p=0.005), have higher mean booking systolic blood pressure (122.±22.6 mmHg vs 111.5±12.7mmHg, p=0.003) and diastolic blood pressure ( 7 9 . 8 ± 1 4 . 3mm Hgvs 68.8±9.0mmHg, p

The Atlantic salmon Salmo salar survives below 10 °C. The main skeletal muscle is composed of a single isoform of tropomyosin (classified as Tpm1 α-fast) that is >92% identical to the mammalian homologue. How salmon Tpm1 maintains flexibility is investigated by reversing the only full charge substitution; threonine-77(g) in salmon and lysine in other vertebrates. The mutation (Thr-77 to Lys), which falls within a known destabilizing alanine cluster, (i) yields a useful electrophoretic shift in the absence and presence of an anionic detergent, (ii) increases the Tms of both cooperative transitions (calorimetry, 0.1 M salt, pH 7) [35 °C (minor) and 44 °C (major); ΔTm1 = 5 °C, ΔTm2 = 3.5 °C], (iii) increases the Tm of CN1A (residues 11-127) to 53 °C (ΔTm = 13 °C), a value similar to that of mammalian CN1A, (iv) markedly reduces the rate of proteolysis at Leu-169, and (v) weakens the affinity of salmon Tpm1 for troponin-Sepharose. Glu-82(e), the interstrand ionic partner of Lys-77(g), is conserved. The change in ionic interactions at this locus is postulated to be "sensed" in actin period 5 (residues 166-207) and likely beyond. Wild type (acetylated) salmon Tmp1 binds more tightly to F-actin at 4 °C than at 22 °C, which is the opposite of the long-known relationship displayed by the mammalian homologue. All of the evidence indicates that the presence of a neutral 77th amino acid destabilizes a sizable portion of salmon Tpm1 that includes the midregion. Threonine-77 is a key factor in rescuing the thin filament from the peril of cold-induced rigidity.

Objective: Substance abuse is a global challenge. This study investigated the effects of two commonly abused substances, tramadol and/or Cannabis sativa ethanol extracts (ECS), on testicular function in Wistar male rats.Methods: Twenty-animals were equally divided into 4groups that received 0.9%NaCl (0.2ml), tramadol (40mg/kg), ECS (2mg/kg) and tramadol + ECS for 30days, respectively (daily p.o). Following anesthesia, blood samples were obtained and serum testosterone was determined. Testes and epididymis were harvested and weighed. Sperm motility, viability and counts were evaluated in the epididymis while superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and histology (Haematoxylin & Eosin) were evaluated in the testis.Results: Sperm motility, viability, counts, testosterone level and testicular CAT was reduced in all experimental groups compared to control. Relative epididymal weights increased in tramadol only and ECS only compared to control. Testicular SOD was decreased only in the tramadol only and co-treatment (tramadol + ECS), respectively. LDH was increased in the tramadol only treatment group. Testicular histology in tramadol and co-treatment groups showed structural aberrations that are consistent with impaired spermatogenesis, antioxidant depletion and oxidative stress.Conclusion: Abuse of tramadol and/or Cannabis sativa ethanol extracts may predispose to testicular dysfunction resulting from decline in testicular antioxidants, testicular steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. Keywords: Tramadol, Cannabis sativa, spermatogenic function, oxidative stress, testicular architecture

Alpha emitting radionuclides have potential for the therapy of cancers because of their high linear energy transfer, and short range biologic effectiveness. Alpha emitter 225Ac(T1/2 = 10.0 days) is a potent nuclide for targeted radionuclide therapy. 225Ac excitation functions via 232Th (p,7np)225Th→225Ac, 232Th (p,6n2p)225Ac, 232Th (p,4nα)225Ac, 232Th (p,5n3p)225Th→ 225Ac, and 232Th (p,3nαp)225Ra→225Ac reactions were calculated by Empire 3.2 code up to 200MeV and compared with existing data. No single nuclear level density with a pre-equilibrium model produce results which agree with the existing experimental data all through the energy range. However, a hybrid of the different nuclear level densities with the Hybrid Monte Carlo Simulation (HMS) and the exciton PCROSS pre-equilibrium models at different energy range provide results which are in good agreement with the existing experimental data. Hence the preferred production route for the direct and indirect production of 225Ac has also been suggested.

Purpura fulminans (PF) is a rapidly progressing clinical syndrome of haematologic and cutaneous manifestations accompanied by an underlying dysfunction of coagulation resulting in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It is a life threatening haematologic emergency characterized by extensive skin necrosis with haemorrhagic infarction, hypotension and gangrene which may arise from severe sepsis, mostly gram negative organisms. Some gram positive organisms and viral infections have been implicated in the aetiology of PF. We reported a case of purpura fulminans in a 2 year old boy with severe sepsis and peripheral gangrene from gram positive coccus (Staphylococcus aureus). Even though we were faced with limitations in terms of laboratory support and parental financial constraints in the management of the patient; he survived mainly on supportive care and antibiotics.

Hydrochemical character of groundwater samples from a part of North-Central Nigeria has been investigated to decipher the physicochemical properties, sources of dissolved ions, hydrochemical facies, factors influencing the groundwater chemistry as well as the suitability of the waters for drinking and irrigation purposes. Sixty-seven (67) groundwater samples from hand-dug wells and boreholes were subjected to major ions and heavy metal analyses. The results were further analysed and studied using Pearson’s statistical correlation, ionic ratios and variation plots. The Pearson’s statistical correlation shows that there exists a very strong correlation between water hardness (TH) with Ca2+ (0.99) and Mg2+ (0.91), this indicates that both ions originate from similar sources. The ionic ratio plots of HCO3 and Mg/Na versus Ca/Na; Ca2+ + Mg2+/HCO3− + SO42−; (Ca2+ + Mg2+) vs total cations (TZ); (Na + K) vs total cations (TZ) revealed that both carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering serve as major contributor of ions to groundwater chemistry in the study area. Piper and Schoeller’s plots revealed that majority of the water samples are of CaHCO3 type, and few NaHCO3 and CaCl2 types. Gibbs plot suggested that chemical weathering of rocks, ionic exchange and secondary carbonates dissolution and precipitation influenced the groundwater chemistry. Comparison of the concentrations of the ions to World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) showed that they are generally within permissible limits and therefore suitable for drinking purpose. Irrigation parameters such as, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, Wilcox ratio, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), sodium solubility percentage (SSP), magnesium ratio/hazard (MR), permeability index (PI), Kelly ratio/index (KI), all revealed that > 90% of water samples fell into suitable, good and excellent water class and are thus generally suitable for irrigation purposes.

This research investigated the effects of tin composition and heat treatment variables on the Al-Zn-Mg alloy as sacrificial anode in seawater using gravimetric technique and statistical analysis. Tin was alloyed with Al-Zn-Mg in varied proportions (0%, 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.1%) to determine the optimum anode efficiency in the marine environment. Precipitation heat treatment was performed by first subjecting the samples to solution treatment at 5380C for 2 hours and later subjected to varying hardening temperatures and times. The samples were hardened for 4, 8 and 12 hours at each of the hardening temperatures of 1300, 1600 and 1900 centigrade. The anode efficiency increases as the tin concentration increases. The experimental result of this study showed that the Al-Zn-Mg alloy with 0.1% tin gives the optimum anode efficiency. It was revealed that the Al-Zn-Mg alloy without tin composition exhibited high output current capacity when hardened at 1900C for 4 hours. Predictive model developed in this work was in consonance with experimental observation except the following; at hardening temperature of 1600C, the model recommended 12 hours as against 4 hours of laboratory experiment and at hardening temperature of 1300C it advocated 8 hours as against 12 hours.Keywords - aluminum alloy, corrosion, precipitation hardening, regression and correlation analysis, and sacrificial anode

Objectives Exposure to light-at-night (LAN) has been reported to impair blood glucose regulation. The liver modulates blood glucose through mechanisms influenced by several factors that include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). This study investigated the effect of intermittent exposure to green and white LAN on some hepatic glucose regulatory factors in male Wistar rats. Methods Animals were divided into three equal groups. Group I (control) was exposed to normal housing conditions. Groups II and III were each daily exposed to either green or white LAN for 2 h (7–9 pm) for 14 days. Body weight and blood glucose was monitored on days 0, 7, and 14. Thereafter, retro-orbital sinus blood was obtained after light thiopental anaesthesia and serum insulin was determined. Liver samples were also obtained and evaluated for glycogen, PGC-1α, and G6Pase activity. Insulin resistance was estimated using the HOMA-IR equation. Results Body weight and blood glucose on days 7 and 14 increased in groups II and III compared to control. Hepatic PGC-1α and G6Pase increased in group II (2.33 ± 0.31; 2.07 ± 0.22) and III (2.31 ± 0.20; 0.98 ± 0.23) compared to control (1.73 ± 0.21; 0.47 ± 0.11). Hepatic glycogen was 71.8 and 82.4% reduced in groups II and III compared to control. Insulin in group II increased (63.6%) whiles group III values reduced (27.3%) compared to control. Insulin resistance increased in group II (0.29 ± 0.09) compared to control (0.12 ± 0.03) and group III (0.11 ± 0.03), respectively. Conclusions Exposure to 2 h green and white LAN in the early dark phase increases hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenetic activities resulting in increased blood glucose. In male Wistar rats, exposure to green but not white LAN may predispose to insulin resistance.

The hydraulic characteristics of aquifers in Lokoja and Patti Formations were investigated using combination of vertical electrical sounding (VES), pumping and laboratory tests. A total of 20 VES (10 each in areas underlain by Lokoja and Patti Formations) were carried out at different locations with 5 pumping tests around VES stations in order to determine the geoelectric layers, thickness, depths to water table and groundwater potential of the area. 21 samples extracted fromaquiferous units of surface outcrops were also subjected to laboratory constant head and falling head permeameter tests in order to determine hydraulic conductivity (K) values using the Darcy’s law of liquid flow. The results of VES for areas underlain by Lokoja and Patti Formations revealed 4-5 geo-electrical layers. The depths to water table vary from 5.91-40.8 m. Thickness values are within the range of 7.37-27.3 m for aquiferous units of Lokoja Formation, and 10.8-20.1 m for the Patti Formation. The results of aquifer characteristics using Dar-Zarrouk Parameter gave hydraulic conductivity (K) values between 1.92-91.7 m/day and 2.15-31.8 m/day for aquifers of Lokoja and Patti Formations respectively. Transmissivity (T) values of the aquiferous units of Lokoja Formation fall within 24.97-2117 m2/day, while those of Patti Formation vary from 27.9-456.91 m2/day. There is a strong correlation between the values of measured and calculated hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity between measured and calculated transmissivity for the five wells (R2 = 0.99 and 0.92, respectively). Based on the results obtained and interpretations proffered, aquiferous units in both formations are capable of yielding optimum groundwater for private consumption and partly to small communities, and to some extent can supply water for great regional use. It is suggested that similar study should be carried out in other sedimentary basins where to aid regional planning and management of groundwater resource.

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is an important parameter used in designing pavement layers in road construction but testing this parameter requires time, labor, and huge cost. The study therefore applies multivariate approach to evaluate CBR based on contrasted geotechnical parameters along Ilorin-Lokoja highway. The results obtained showed that the migmatite-gneiss-derived soils are slightly more fines (< 0.075 mm; 7.4–59.6%), more plastic (PI; 1.6–39%), and have low strength (MDD = 1.8 mg/m3; CBR = 29.0%) than the metasediments (11–57.7%, 2.0–30%, 1.6 mg/m3, 23.6%) and older granite soils (8.2–32.7%, 2.6–13.4%, 1.7 mg/m3, 27.8%), respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed three major components (eigenvalues >1) which accounted for 83.8% of the total variance at the rate of 33.4, 14.7, and 11.4%. Major contributing variables for the components were fines (R = 0.87), plasticity index (R = 0.7), and coarse sand (R = 0.67%). Spatial distribution of these groups established interplay of sediment-gradation and moisture-connection evident in hierarchical cluster analysis that revealed patterns of homogeneity and soil relationships. Regression analysis established five models from predictor variables such as fines, activity, free swell, liquid and plastic limits, weighted plasticity index, optimum moisture content, and maximum dry density with the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.33) and root mean square error (RMSE) of 7.80.

This study aims at determining the state of government provided boreholes, evaluating groundwater potential and quality assessment within the Ayede Ekiti community. 12 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were conducted using Schlumberger array in order to determine geoelectric layers and fracture attributes. Also, 12 water samples were collected from the study area to evaluate physicochemical characteristics of the groundwater. The study revealed average values of total depth of boreholes, static water levels and water column in the boreholes to be 18.77 m, 6.77 m and 11.99 m respectively. 70% of the boreholes are either abandoned, damaged or with evidence of corrosion and encrustation. Geophysical investigation revealed weathered layer thickness ranging from 1.3 to 34.7 m with two regimes of fracture at 40–50 and 75–80 m. The frequency of curve types obtained shows 16.67%, 33.33%, 25%, 8.33%, 8.33% and 8.33% for AK, HA, KH, AA, QH and HK respectively while weathered and fractured basement are identified as the two types of aquifer unit. Results of water analysis unveiled that dominance cations are in order Ca2+ > Na+ > K+ > Mg2+while anions are in the order of HCO3− > Cl− > SO42−. Three types of hydrochemical facies present are CaHCO3 > NaHCO3 > CaCl in 66.67%, 25% and 8.33% respectively. The Wilcox plot suggests the suitability of the groundwater samples for irrigation purposes when compared with the World Health Organization standards. Despite potential for groundwater and good quality of analyzed samples, the problem of water in this community is traceable to inadequacy in exploration, shallow boreholes with consequent seasonal water availability.