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O presente artigo visa ao estudo do modelo nórdico do Estado de Bem-Estar Social e das lições que podem ser dele extraídas. Primeiramente, são analisadas as características principais desse modelo, que podem ser sintetizadas em três ideias centrais: estatalidade, universalismo e igualdade. Em seguida, são evidenciadas as condições e circunstâncias que conduziram à formação e ao fortalecimento do modelo nórdico nas quatro décadas após a Segunda Guerra Mundial. São analisados, ainda, os desafios enfrentados pelos países escandinavos, a partir dos anos 1990, relacionados a mudanças na estrutura de classes e demográficas, nas forças sociopolíticas e nos discursos ideológicos, bem como à integração europeia, à globalização, à financeirização neoliberal e à migração internacional. Demonstra-se que os países nórdicos, embora tenham feito os ajustes e modificações necessários, mantiveram o seu modelo de Estado de Bem-Estar Social, o qual combina baixa desigualdade social e econômica, maior igualdade de gênero e sistemas de bem-estar abrangentes com crescimento econômico muito satisfatório, caracterizado pelo dinamismo e inovação.

We present experimental setup for user-oriented high-harmonic source with a description of different focusing and interaction geometries. Infrared rejection system and resulting extreme ultraviolet beam characterization are also described. Beamline is designed to be driven with 100 mJ

We report experimental observation of a new regime of XUV emission in conditions close to high harmonic generation in gases. It appears as an additional comb of spectral peaks that are stronger than harmonics.

An Authoritarian-populist Welfare State? Reassessing the ‘Belarusian model’ in Comparative Perspective

International audience; We present experimental results obtained at a user-oriented XUV beamline implemented at the ELI Beamlines facility. The coherent XUV radiation is produced via high harmonic generation in gases in a loose focusing geometry. The heamline is designed to be driven by 1 kHz, 100 mJ, 20 Is pulses centered at a wavelength of 830 nm. Results such as XUV spectra, beam wavefront and pulse energy obtained during the heamline commissioning with a commercial 1 kHz, 5 mJ, 40 fs laser system are presented. A unique XUV spectrometer for source characterization designed to reach a very high sensitivity is described in detail, and we demonstrate a novel technique for single shot and every shot. XUV pulse energy measurement. (C) 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement.

Controlling generation of XUV high-order harmonic beams provides focusing of attosecond pulses without any XUV optics., By experimentally studying high-order harmonic beams generated in gases, we show how the spatial characteristics of these ultrashort extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) beams can be finely controlled when a single fundamental beam generates harmonics in a thin gas medium. We demonstrate that these XUV beams can be emitted as converging beams and thereby get focused after generation. We study this optics-less focusing using a spatially chirped beam that acts as a probe located inside the harmonic generation medium. We analyze the XUV beam evolution with an analytical model and obtain very good agreement with experimental measurements. The XUV foci sizes and positions vary strongly with the harmonic order, and the XUV waist can be located at arbitrarily large distances from the generating medium. We discuss how intense XUV fields can be obtained with optics-less focusing and how the order-dependent XUV beam characteristics are compatible with broadband XUV irradiation and attosecond science.

International audience

The welfare of the people is an ancient political norm, much older than citizenship and civic rights. Modern social rights did not, as a rule, develop as citizens' rights, but as rights of classes ...

A large international effort is nowadays devoted to increase the energy of the extreme ultraviolet pulses by using high-peak power ultrashort fundamental pulses (Terawatt level). Using such fundamental pulses brings specific constraints that need to be addressed. Here we study high-order harmonic generation in gases with 10 fs pulses at Terawatt peak power and demonstrate that extreme ultraviolet beams can be highly structured and complex in various conditions. We use a single-shot spatially resolved spectral detection and demonstrate direct observation of the spatio-temporal coupling occurring in the generating medium. Clear and reproducible complex spatio-spectral structures are observed in the far field. Similar structures are reproduced with simulations and we show that they are intimately associated to the high nonlinearity of high-order harmonic generation. Those findings are of prime importance for the generation of high-energy attosecond pulses and reveal important issues for their applications.

It has long been assumed among Western commentators that rapid economic growth in East and South-east Asia has been achieved without the development of social policies. It has often been inferred that growth without social welfare is not only possible, but beneficial to further strong economic growth. The article questions these perceptions and beliefs. First, to what extent did East and South-east Asian countries delay the introduction of social insurance schemes compared to European pioneering countries, in the sense of introducing them only at a much higher level of 'modernization'? Second, to what extent was the economic miracle achieved by some of these countries based on (or accompanied by) attempts to forestall or retrench welfare state schemes? Third, to what extent has the recent financial crisis led to attempts at lowering or changing standards of social protection? The study shows that the Asian countries generally introduced social security programmes at a lower level of 'modernization' than Western European countries; that rapid and strong economic growth in the decade 1985–95 has in general been accompanied by welfare expansion; and that even after the financial crisis of 1997, expansion of state welfare responsibility is more evident than efforts to reduce or dismantle state welfare responsibility]

International audience; We report experimental and numerical results on the post-compression of 40 fs duration pulses down to 10 fs at high energy level (multi-mJ). The spectral broadening is achieved through the self-phase modulation resulting from optical-field-ionization of different noble gases (He, Ne, Ar) by the 40-fs laser pulse propagating in a low-pressure gas-filled hollow capillary. We discuss the influence of the multi-ionization dynamics, through the gas dependence, on the laser energy carried by the capillary, as well as on the duration and temporal shape of the post-compressed pulses. In all the different experimental conditions investigated in this article (pressures and gases used), the experimental data is in good agreement with the numerical results from a three-dimension propagation code. Through this study, we demonstrate the robustness of the proposed post-compression technique with regard to multi-ionization, indicating that it can be used on a large intensity range by judiciously choosing the gas.

We generate high-order harmonics with a spatially shaped TW laser beam. We present and analyse in detail a new approach for shaping an intense laser field to a flat-top intensity profile near focus. We show that this approach is well adapted for high harmonic generation with high-energy fundamental pulses and highlight the possibilities for generating high-energy attosecond pulses.

We perform a post-compression of high energy pulses by using optical-field ionization of low pressure helium gas in a guided geometry. We apply this approach to a TW chirped-pulse-amplification based Ti:Sapphire laser chain and show that spectral broadening can be controlled both with the input pulse energy and gas pressure. Under optimized conditions, we generate 10 fs pulses at TW level directly under vacuum and demonstrate a high stability of the post compressed pulse duration. These high energy post-compressed pulses are thereafter used to perform high harmonic generation in a loose focusing geometry. The XUV beam is characterized both spatially and spectrally on a single shot basis and structured continuous XUV spectra are observed., Comment: This paper was submitted to Journal of the Optical Society of America B and is made available on arXiv with the permission of OSA (http://www.opticsinfobase.org/josab/home.cfm)

Vor mehr als dreisig Jahren titelte der „Spiegel“„Schweden: Modell fur Bonn“(9.10.1972). Die Sozialpolitik der schwedischen Sozialdemokraten wurde fur den Fall des Wahlsieges von Willy Brandt in den Wahlen vom Herbst 1972 auch fur Deutschland in Aussicht gestellt. Unter anderem wurde eine Rentenreform nach schwedischem Muster diskutiert. Damals lag eine Politik, die mit Margreth Thatcher und Ronald Reagan assoziiert werden sollte, noch in weiter Ferne und altgediente Nazigegner wie Brandt und Bruno Kreisky profitierten noch vom politischen Kapital ihrer Exiljahre im fernen Norden Europas.

We generate high-order-harmonics with ultrashort high energy pulses (10-fs, 10-mJ) and perform single shot characterization of the XUV beam. We observe spatially structured continuous spectra and demonstrate direct observation of spatio-temporal coupling.

We study the far field spatial profiles of high order harmonics generated in gases with a high spectral resolution. It allows us to observe simultaneously several harmonics under diverse conditions including single shot imaging with spatio-spectral resolution at low and high intensities. This study gives access to the origin of the spatiospectral coupling appearing in the far field spatially resolved high-order-harmonic spectra.