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Background & aim: Psychiatric disorder is a disease in which patients suffer from emotional problems that these are visible in all aspect of patient’s life. So, the aim of this study was investigated the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among patients referred to Farabi Hospital in Kermanshah, 2015-16. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. The study population consisted of patients admitted to Farabi Hospital in Kermanshah who were admitted between March 1, 2015 and March 2015. Since the prevalence of mental illness in Kermanshah is 23.5%, with d equal to 0.05 and confidence coefficient 0.95, the sample size in this study was estimated to be 275 people. Random sampling, 275 (approximately 10% of each disorder) were selected and evaluated. The information required for each patient was recorded in a pre-prepared checklist for each patient. The distribution of each patient's epidemiological characteristics was determined according to the type of psychiatric disorders. Inclusion criteria included informed consent, patient referral in the mentioned time period and completeness of their medical records in terms of the variables studied, and exclusion criteria included lack of consent, incomplete archival records of patients referring to this time period. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test. Results: The mean age of patients was 39.39 13 13.24 years. 98 patients (35.6%) were female and 177 (64.4%) were male. Of these, 116 (42.2%) were married and 130 (47.3%) were married. Were single and 29 (10.5%) divorced. The results showed that schizophrenia had the highest prevalence (25.8%) and delirium (1.5%) and dementia (1.8%) respectively. Also bipolar disorder was 19.3% and depression 11.3% were other common disorders. Personality disorders and schizoaffective disorders were identified as 8.4% and 7.3%, respectively, schizoaffective and Post Traumatic Stress Disorders (6.9%), respectively. Substance abuse, 4.7%, obsessive-compulsive personality, 4%, and mental retardation were 2.2%. Conclusion: Given the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, it is recommended that public awareness be improved to better understand these disorders with the help of mass media, counseling centers, and medical sciences universities. The results of this study can also help mental health planners to design interventions related to prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of disorders. Correspondingly, by raising the level of community awareness and genetic counseling, mental retardation disorder can be largely prevented.

Background and Objectives: Almost by default, people with major depression disorder (MDD) also report sexual health issues. This holds even more true when sexual dysfunctions are SSRI-induced. Herbal compounds may have the power to counterbalance such sexual dysfunctions, though research is still scarce. Therefore, we assessed females with diagnosed MDD treated with a standard SSRI (sertraline) and reporting SSRI-induced sexual dysfunctions, and we asked whether compared to placebo, Aphrodite (a blend of ginger, saffron, cinnamon, thistle, and Tribulus terrestris ) may favorably impact on sexual dysfunctions, and on symptoms of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Materials and Methods: A total of 41 females (mean age: 35.05 years) with diagnosed MDD, treated with sertraline (a standard SSRI) at therapeutic dosages, and reporting SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction, were randomly assigned either to Aphrodite or to the placebo condition. At baseline and four and eight weeks later (study end), participants completed a series of self-rating questionnaires covering symptoms of sexual dysfunction, depression, anxiety, and sleep complaints. Results: Symptoms of sexual dysfunction, depression, and anxiety decreased over time, but more so in the Aphrodite condition, compared to the placebo condition (significant p -values and large effect sizes). Over time, sleep disturbances decreased irrespective of the study condition. Conclusions: The pattern of results suggests that compared to placebo, Aphrodite appeared to improve symptoms of sexual dysfunction, depression, and anxiety among females with diagnosed MDD and SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. Further and similar studies should investigate the underlying psychophysiological mechanisms.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare noise sensitivity (NS) in schizophrenic individuals with/without hallucinations and healthy individuals., Procedure: A retrospective (causal-comparative) study was conducted in three groups: (i) A group of individuals with schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations (14 participants), (ii) a group of schizophrenic individuals without auditory hallucinations (14 participants) selected by purposive sampling and (iii) a control group (19 participants) selected by convenience sampling. Schutte's Noise Sensitivity Questionnaire was used to measure NS. Analysis of Variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied to compare the three groups. All the analyses were done using SPSS-20., Results: ANOVA results indicated that the groups were significantly different in terms of NS (p<0.001) and that NS was higher in groups whose participants were schizophrenic (119.64 and 102.36, respectively, in groups with or without auditory hallucinations) compared to that in the group with healthy individuals (94.79)., Conclusions: On the basis of this study, it became evident that patients with schizophrenia are more sensitive to noise than healthy individuals. The results also indicated that schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations are more sensitive to noise than those without auditory hallucinations., Competing Interests: None

Schizophrenia is a severe chronic debilitating disorder with millions of affected individuals. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentations, which are made when the progressive disease has appeared. Early diagnosis may help improve the clinical outcomes and response to treatments. Lack of a reliable molecular diagnostic invokes the identification of novel biomarkers. To elucidate the molecular basis of the disease, in this study we used two mRNA expression arrays, including GSE93987 and GSE38485, and one miRNA array, GSE54914, and meta-analysis was conducted for evaluation of mRNA expression arrays via metaDE package. Using WGCNA package, we performed network analysis for both mRNA expression arrays separately. Then, we constructed protein-protein interaction network for significant modules. Limma package was employed to analyze the miRNA array for identification of dysregulated miRNAs (DEMs). Using genes of significant modules and DEMs, a mRNA-miRNA network was constructed and hub genes and miRNAs were identified. To confirm the dysregulated genes, expression values were evaluated through available datasets including GSE62333, GSE93987, and GSE38485. The ability of the detected hub miRNAs to discriminate schizophrenia from healthy controls was evaluated by assessing the receiver-operating curve. Finally, the expression levels of genes and miRNAs were evaluated in 40 schizophrenia patients compared with healthy controls via Real-Time PCR. The results confirmed dysregulation of hsa-miR-574-5P, hsa-miR-1827, hsa-miR-4429, CREBRF, ARPP19, TGFBR2, and YWHAZ in blood samples of schizophrenia patients. In conclusion, three miRNAs including hsa-miR-574-5P, hsa-miR-1827, and hsa-miR-4429 are suggested as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of schizophrenia., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Hospital staff members reported increased stress-related workload when caring for inpatients with COVID-19 ("frontline hospital staff members"). Here, we tested if depression, anxiety, and stress were associated with poor sleep and lower general health, and if social support mediated these associations. Furthermore, we compared current insomnia scores and general health scores with normative data. A total of 321 full-time frontline hospital staff members (mean age: 36.86; 58% females) took part in the study during the COVID-19 pandemic. They completed a series of questionnaires covering demographic and work-related information, symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, social support, self-efficacy, and symptoms of insomnia and general health. Higher symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress were associated with higher symptoms of insomnia and lower general health. Higher scores of depression, anxiety, and stress directly predicted higher insomnia scores and lower general health scores, while the indirect effect of social support was modest. Compared to normative data, full-time frontline hospital staff members had a 3.14 higher chance to complain about insomnia and a significantly lower general health. Symptoms of insomnia and general health were unrelated to age, job experience, educational level, and gender. Given this background, it appears that the working context had a lower impact on individuals' well-being compared to individual characteristics.

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the main causes of this disease. The present study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of OCD in patients with IBS., Materials and Methods: The present research is a cross-sectional survey study. The research sample included 120 patients with IBS who referred to Imam Reza Hospital and gastrointestinal clinics in Kermanshah (Iran) in the 3 months of April, May, July in 2019 that were selected using the census sampling method, and demographic information, clinical and medical records were collected. Data analysis was performed using frequency, percentage, and Chi-square., Results: Among the patients who were studied, 58 of them (48.3%) were women and 62 (51.7%) were men, the results showed that the prevalence of OCD in patients with IBS was 14.96 and the symptoms of washing, checking, skepticism and slowness-repetition had the highest prevalence, respectively. These symptoms were more common in women than in men. There was also a significant relation between OCD prevalence in patients with IBS and with female gender, age-range 30-21 years, single, and history of OCD in the patient's immediate family and close relatives ( P < 0.05), but there was no significant relationship between OCD prevalence in patients with IBS and level of education, occupation, income status, and place of residence., Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence of OCD in patients with IBS, the interaction of gastroenterologists and psychiatrists to treat irritable bowel syndrome is very important., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2021 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder (SSD) is a chronic psychiatric disorder with a modest treatment outcome. In addition, relapses are commonplace. Here, we sought to identify factors that predict relapse latency and frequency. To this end, we retrospectively analyzed data for individuals with SSD. Medical records of 401 individuals with SSD were analyzed (mean age: 25.51 years; 63.6% males) covering a five-year period. Univariate and multivariate Penalized Likelihood Models with Shared Log-Normal Frailty were used to determine the correlation between discharge time and relapse and to identify risk factors. A total of 683 relapses were observed in males, and 422 relapses in females. The Relapse Hazard Ratio (RHR) decreased with age (RHR = 0.99, CI: (0.98-0.998)) and with participants' adherence to pharmacological treatment (HR = 0.71, CI: 0.58-0.86). In contrast, RHR increased with a history of suicide attempts (HR = 1.32, CI: 1.09-1.60), and a gradual compared to a sudden onset of disease (HR = 1.45, CI: 1.02-2.05). Gender was not predictive. Data indicate that preventive and therapeutic interventions may be particularly important for individuals who are younger at disease onset, have a history of suicide attempts, have experienced a gradual onset of disease, and have difficulties adhering to medication.

Background: Poor sleep is a major complaint of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and undergoing methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). We tested the impact of three different sleep-improving interventions (trazodone; sleep hygiene training; sleep hygiene training + trazodone) on sleep, psychological functioning and biomarkers in males with HIV and undergoing MMT., Methods: A total of 75 male outpatients (mean age: 39.6 years) participated in a 12 week intervention. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the following conditions: trazodone 50 mg/d (TRAZ); sleep hygiene training (SHT); sleep hygiene training and trazodone (SHT + TRAZ). At baseline, and six and 12 weeks later, participants completed questionnaires covering subjective sleep and daytime sleepiness, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. In parallel, their cognitive performance (working memory; sustained attention) was assessed. Biomarkers (cortisol, BNDF, CD4 + ) were assessed at baseline and at the end of the study., Results: Over time, sleep disturbances decreased and daytime functioning and overall sleep quality improved. More specifically, both sleep disturbances and daytime functioning improved in the two SHT conditions from baseline to week 6. Daytime functioning remained stable from week 6 to week 12. Over time, in all conditions symptoms of depression and anxiety declined from baseline to week 6 and remained lower from week 6 to week 12. Daytime sleepiness, symptoms of insomnia and sleep-disordered breathing remained unchanged. Sustained attention performance improved over time from baseline to week 6 and remained high through to week 12. Biomarkers remained unchanged., Conclusions: In males with HIV and undergoing MMT, treating sleep disturbances over a period of six to 12 weeks had a positive impact on aspects of sleep disturbance, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and cognitive performance. The results indicate that sleep hygiene training, either as stand-alone or in combination with trazodone, can produce positive results., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Given the close relationship between life style and mental health and the importance of students as valuable human resources, the present study aimed at determining the relationship between life style and mental health among medical students in Kermanshah., Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study that was conducted in 2018. The study involved 200 medical students. The sampling method was convenience sampling. Demographic questionnaire, general health questionnaire, and life style questionnaire were used for data collection. The data were analyzed Pearson's correlation test and regression analysis. The significance level was considered 0.05., Results: The mean mental health score of the students was 25.43 ± 13.02 (2 points higher than the cutoff point of this test). The life style of 59.5 students was moderate. The results showed that all life style subscales had a negative significant relationship with the total mental health score and all its subscales ( P < 0.05). Among the life style subscales, the highest relationship and predictive power to mental health were obtained for psychological health, social health, sport and fitness, and environmental health ( R 2 = 0.48, P < 0.001)., Conclusion: According to the results, the life style of most medical students in the final year of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences was moderate. Further, the students had a better life style, and they had higher mental health. Therefore, considering the vital role of medical students in providing and promoting community health, the need for more detailed planning and interventions to improve their life style and mental health is essential., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Introduction Depression is one of the most important psychiatric disorders, and the rate of recurrence is high. The heavy cost burden of depression is probably due to treatment-resistant depression. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Method The present study was a quasi-experimental study conducted with twenty-four patients with treatment-resistant depression. Participants were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two groups, an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received MBCT and antidepressants, while the control group received antidepressants only. The Hamilton and Beck Depression Inventory, Self-Compassion Scale, Thought Rumination Scale, and Mindfulness Scale were administered. The treatment program was conducted in eight sessions; with a follow-up period of one month subsequent to treatment termination. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (analysis of variance for repeated measures and Bonferroni's post-hoc test). Results The results showed that MBCT significantly reduced depression and ruminative thinking in the experimental group and also improved mediators such as mindfulness and self-compassion. Patients maintained gains over the one month follow-up period (p < 0.01). Conclusion The present study provides additional evidence for the effectiveness of MBCT for TRD.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y (STAI-Y) among high school students., Methods: A sample of 492 high school students in Kermanshah city, Iran were randomly selected via multistage sampling. They were asked to complete the STAI-Y and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) to determine the correlation coefficients. Data analysis was performed via descriptive statistics, factor analysis, Cronbach's coefficient alpha, and Pearson correlation coefficient., Results: In the Persian version of STAI-Y, the Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency was 0.886 for trait anxiety and 0.846 for state anxiety. The convergent validity between STAI-Y and BAI was 0.612 for trait anxiety and 0.643 for state anxiety (p < 0.001)., Conclusion: The reliability, internal consistency, and validity of the Persian version of the STAI-Y is good among high school students in Kermanshah.

Objective: For patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) who do not respond to drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is often employed as an additional treatment. The aims of the present study were to investigate to what extent an 8-day daily ECT treatment might reduce symptoms of schizophrenia among patients with TRS both in the short term (end of the treatment) and medium term, that is 4 and 12 weeks after the treatment., Methods: Fourteen patients with TRS based on DSM-5 criteria took part in the present study. ECT consisted of daily sessions for 8 consecutive days. At baseline, at the end of the intervention, and 4 and 12 weeks after study completion, trained psychiatrists assessed the patients' disease severity (positive and negative symptoms; psychopathology) and cognitive functions., Results: Disease symptoms (positive and negative symptoms; psychopathology) became reduced from baseline to the end of the intervention and to 4 weeks after treatment. Twelve weeks after the intervention symptoms again increased. Cognitive functions decreased from baseline to the end of the study and 4 weeks after treatment. However, by 12 weeks after the intervention, cognitive functions had returned to baseline levels., Conclusion: The pattern of results suggests that an intensive 8-day daily course of ECT reduced psychiatric symptoms (positive and negative symptoms, psychopathology) in both the short and medium term among patients with TRS. The increase in symptoms between 4 and 12 weeks following intervention suggests that booster sessions of ECT could be beneficial., (© 2018 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Background: In the search for additional pharmacologic treatments of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD), the glutamatergic system is attracting growing interest. While adjuvant memantine to a standard medication with a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) appears to reduce OCD symptoms, the adjuvant effect of gabapentin is less certain. The aim of the present randomized, double-blind and three-arm clinical trial was therefore to assess whether, compared to placebo, gabapentin (GAB) or memantine (MEM) adjuvant to a standard medication with an SSRI (fluoxetine; FLU) might lead to further improvements., Methods: A total of 99 outpatients (mean age: 29.59 years; 49.5% females) diagnosed with OCD were randomly assigned to one of the following three conditions: FLU + gabapentin (FLU + GAB); FLU + memantine (FLU + MEM); FLU + placebo (FLU + PLA). Experts rated patients' symptoms of OCD with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) at baseline, and 4 and 8 weeks later., Results: YBOCS scores did not decrease over time. No group differences were observed. However, the significant Time by Group interaction showed that Y-BOCS scores decreased significantly over time in the FLU + PLA group. Response rates did not differ between the three study conditions. Typical side-effects were rash (FLU + MEM), drowsiness (FLU + GAB), anxiety (FLU + GAB; FLU + PLA), and drowsiness plus anxiety (FLU + GAB)., Conclusions: The present pattern of results suggests that glutamatergic medications such as gabapentin and memantine adjuvant to a standard treatment with an SSRI have no additional positive impact on patients with OCD, as measured with the Y-BOCS. Additionally, side-effects were reported. Future studies should use more fine-grained tools to assess, for example, patients' sleep and cognitive functioning, and patients' view of symptoms., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Risk of depression is particularly high for women during the prenatal period. Various investigators have attempted to establish a link between thyroid function and post partum depression. This study aimed to investigate whether thyroid function differs in women with postpartum depression compared to a control group., Methods: In this case-control study, subjects were selected from Obstetrics & Gynecology and Psychiatric clinics of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Forty eight patients suffering from postpartum depression according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition totally revised (DSM-IV-TR), and 65 normal controls underwent diagnostic evaluation by one trained psychiatrist using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR. Then, the demographic questionnaire and the Persian version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were completed by the participants. Finally, their thyroid functions were assessed. Data analyses were done using the SPSS program 13., Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between thyroid function tests and postpartum depression. According to multiple regression analysis with stepwise method, subjects with lower serum TSH, T3RU, T3 levels, younger age and longer period after delivery tended to have higher EPDS scores (P-value=0.008)., Conclusion: The present study reports that those women with postpartum depression had a no greater prevalence of thyroid dysfunction than the control subjects. It seems that thyroid dysfunction should be considered in women with postpartum depression individually, but the role of thyroid as an important cause of this condition is not yet established. This suggests that future studies should concentrate on this concept in postpartum depression.