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В статье анализируются проблемы профессионального самоопределения детей-инвалидов. Особая роль в этом процессе отводится семье, осведомлённости и заинтересованности родителей в вопросах построения карьеры своих детей, а также их личностного развития. Описываются негативные психологические установки взрослых, которые формируют у воспитанников неадекватные представления о возможностях собственной реализации в мире современных профессий. Сделан акцент на мотивационном аспекте родительской компетентности, развитие которого позволит научиться концентрироваться на позитивных моментах развития собственного ребёнка, опираться в процессе профессионального самоопределения на его реально существующие возможности.

Appealing to emotions from the point of its discursive influence on recipients is researched in the paper. The relevance of the article is due to the dearth of research and lack in-depth analysis done on the subject in the context of importance of influencing in court. In this article, the author in detail sets out the differences between such notions as emotions and feelings. The views of leading scientists dealing with the phenomena are carefully analysed. Considerable attention is given to the applied nature of the research. The primary purpose of this piece of research is to investigate appeal to emotions in Anglophone court discourse from the point of its influence on litigants. The following objectives have been set: to clarify the terminological apparatus involved in the article; to find out the way of influencing emotions on litigants; to establish the language means expressing stratagemеs of appeal to emotions in Anglophone court discourse. Mention should be made of the following methods that were used here to achieve the aim: linguistic observation and analysis, as well as cognitive method, critical discourse analysis method, pragmatic analysis method. It has been proven that the advocate can generate a new emotional perception of the circumstances of the lawsuit, focusing the decision-maker's attention on certain points of the known information or throwing in a new piece of information, which in turn can change the mind of the judge and the jury. With this point in mind, the prosecution also appeals to emotion, albeit as an ability that awakens ethical/moral intelligence. In terms of linguistic representation, the appeal to emotion is realised through the discursive activation of the thematic sphere «emotional state». It has been established that the ultimate goal of an advocate is to provoke a certain emotional response that causes the recipient to have certain feelings. Specific thematic groups with a common seme "intuitive perception", "sensory perception", which realise the appeal to feelings have been identified.

The conditions for the synthesis of chrome tanning agent during the reduction of sodium dichromate with oligo - and polysaccharides have been investigated. The synthesis of the tanning agent is based on the reduction of hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) in the form of sodium dichromate with reducing agents from the class of vegetable oligo- and polysaccharides with a different sequence of their introduction into the reaction mixture in the presence of sulfuric acid. The introduction of sulfuric acid was carried out gradually to avoid overheating and splashing of the reaction mixture, since the reduction reaction is accompanied by a significant thermal effect. Glucose, maltodextrin and pectin were used as reducing agents. The properties of the obtained products were evaluated by spectrophotometry, conductometry, and analytical methods. It has been shown that the use of native pectin leads to the formation of a gel like mass due to the coordination of the functional groups of galacturonic acid, which is part of the pectin, with chromium atoms. Pretreatment of pectin with a citric acid solution and optimization of synthesis conditions made it possible to obtain a chromium tanning agent that does not contain unreduced chromium. The influence of oligosaccharides on the properties of chromium tanning agents, including their ability to dissolve, is considered. It is shown that the reduction of sodium dichromate with maltodextrin during the reaction results in the formation of incomplete oxidation products of the oligosaccharide, which cause the masking effect of the chromium complex and increase in the resistance of the tanning agent to the action of alkaline reagents used to increase in the basicity during tanning. Experimental samples of chrome tanning agent in dry form were obtained and their leatherprocessing characteristics were studied. The results of technological tests have confirmed the theoretical propositions, according to which the high hydrothermal stability of the leather semifinished product, the almost complete depletion of the processing solution and the required physical and mechanical properties of the finished leather are achieved by introducing the products of incomplete oxidation of oligosaccharides into the inner sphere of the chromium complex.

We studied the intensity of respiratory burst of neutrophils in the venous blood of women at different stages of reproduction using the chemiluminescent method (BHL-07). The analysis of the of luminol-dependent latex-induced luminescence parameters demonstrated that the neutrophils of pregnant women are in the primed state and equally respond to latex-mediated induction during both normal pregnancy and in case of threatened miscarriage or premature birth. However, childbirth leads to the deactivation of neutrophils, while the intensity of active radical generation does not significantly differ from that in non-pregnant women.

The development of scientific and technological progress is impossible without the creation of new functional materials. One of the classes of such materials are hexagonal ferrites. Their unique physical properties make them an irreplaceable material for the production of high-frequency electronics. The widespread introduction of high-frequency electronics into everyday life, over the past decade, has generated great interest in hexagonal ferrites. The number of publications devoted to the synthesis of mono- and bisubstituted ferrites noticeably increases every year. Modification of the chemical composition of a ferrite by replacing some of the iron atoms with another element, without changing its structure, leads to a change in physical properties of the material. Variation of the final ferrite properties, by changing its chemical composition, is of interest and is promising for fine tuning the material properties for a specific task. The aim of the present work is to experimentally study the possibility of synthesizing ferrite with a magnetoplumbite structure, in which the iron atoms are partially replaced by the Al and Ti atoms. A review of the scientific literature on this issue showed the absence of publications on ferrites with such a set of substitute elements. The X-ray phase and structural analysis, electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used as research methods in the present study. The article offers the results of an experimental study of the possibility of obtaining bisubstituted M-type ferrite of the BaFe(11.5-x)Ti0.5AlxO19 composition, where x (Al) = 0.1, 0.5, 1. Solid-phase synthesis has been used as a method for preparing samples. This method is devoid of technological difficulties and is promising from the point of view of its scaling for the synthesis of ferrite. The samples have been sintered at three different temperatures: 1300, 1350, and 1400 °C. It is shown that in the temperature range 1300–1400 ° C the formation of monophase samples occurs. The calculation of the parameters of the crystal lattice has been made. The influence of temperature and concentration of a substituting element on the change in the parameters of the crystal lattice of the material has been revealed. The study by the electron microscopy method made it possible to reveal the presence of latent microporosity of the samples.

A novel derivative of Kaede protein chromophore was synthesized. The compound showed the shift of absorption and emission maxima to the longwave region in comparison with the classical Kaede chromophore analog due to an increase in the conjugated π-system in the imidazolone fragment.

A genetically encoded fluorescent tag for live cell microscopy is presented. This tag is composed of previously published fluorogen-activating protein FAST and a novel fluorogenic derivative of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-like chromophore with red fluorescence. The reversible binding of the novel fluorogen and FAST is accompanied by three orders of magnitude increase in red fluorescence (580-650 nm). The proposed dye instantly stains target cellular proteins fused with FAST, washes out in a minute timescale, and exhibits higher photostability of the fluorescence signal in confocal and widefield microscopy, in contrast with previously published fluorogen:FAST complexes.

We design a novel class of excited-state locked GFP chromophores by introducing an amine group at the double exo-bond and a difluoroboryl bridge. We show that these chromophores intrinsically exhibit a very large Stokes shift of 1 eV. Further tuning through chemical modifications of their aryl substituents makes them environmentally sensitive.

Fluorescent dyes are a significant research tool with various applications in modern science. However, many experiments require the preparation of covalent dye conjugates, which is impossible without the presence of a functional group on the dye molecule. Unfortunately, the introduction of such groups is often a complicated task. Herein, we report a novel approach for the introduction of functional groups into fluorescent dyes, based on the [2+3]-cycloaddition reaction of “terminal” enamines with azides. The synthesis of such “terminal” enamines is carried out by the condensation of formamide acetals with a methyl group that is influenced by a strong electron withdrawing group. Thus, the proposed functionalization technique requires only the presence of a methyl group in the relevant position of the initial non-functionalized fluorescent dye.

This study explored the ability of apple pectin AU-701 to change the freezing point of water in cryoprotectant solutions with different penetrating abilities using glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD), dimethyl acetamide (DMAC), hydroxyethyl starch (HES), hexamethylenebistetraoxyethylurea (or substance A-378), and in biological fluid (human venous blood). An effective interaction was used to protect human blood leukocytes at ultrafreezer temperature (-80°C). Apple pectin affects the freezing temperature of water in different ways and it depends on the medium in which it is dissolved, as it either slows down the freezing process (in glycerol) or accelerates it (venous blood). The addition of apple pectin to the cryosolution increases the activity of the base cryoprotector (glycerol) even at low concentrations. Therefore, the combination of these substances can be effective in freezing biological substances, which is proved by indicators of safety of leukocytes during the freezing process at low temperature (-80°C) for 14 days.

Despite almost 40 years having passed from the initial discovery of ubiquitin (Ub), fundamental questions related to its intracellular metabolism are still enigmatic. Here we utilized fluorescent tracking for monitoring ubiquitin turnover in mammalian cells, resulting in obtaining qualitatively new data. In the present study we report (1) short Ub half-life estimated as 4 h; (2) for a median of six Ub molecules per substrate as a dynamic equilibrium between Ub ligases and deubiquitinated enzymes (DUBs); (3) loss on average of one Ub molecule per four acts of engagement of polyubiquitinated substrate by the proteasome; (4) direct correlation between incorporation of Ub into the distinct type of chains and Ub half-life; and (5) critical influence of the single lysine residue K27 on the stability of the whole Ub molecule. Concluding, our data provide a comprehensive understanding of ubiquitin-proteasome system dynamics on the previously unreachable state of the art.

Природа и свойства оксидных пленок, анодно сформированных на металлах и сплавах, зависят от химического состава и энергетического состояния поверхности электрода.Цель статьи: определить состав и параметры оксидных пленок, сформированных в 0.1 М KOH на серебряно-цинковых сплавах (до 30 ат.% Zn включительно) с различной вакансионной дефектностью поверхностного слоя. Повышенная вакансионная дефектность поверхностного слоя сплавов создавалась путем предварительного селективного растворения цинка при различных потенциалах в 0.01 M HNO3 + 0.09 M KNO3. Полученные таким путем сплавы перемещались в 0.1 M KOH для формирования оксидных пленок. Состав пленок контролировался при помощи катодной вольтамперометрии. Толщина пленок рассчитывалась по результатам анодной кулонометриис учетом токовой эффективности, определенной по результатам катодной кулонометрии. Морфология поверхности электрода контролировалась при помощи сканирующей электронной микроскопии (СЭМ). Обнаружено, что концентрация сверхравновесных вакансий, возникающих в поверхностном слое, зависит от потенциала селективного растворения цинка из сплава. На катодных вольтамперограммах сплавов после их анодного окисления регистрируется пик восстановления оксида Ag(I). Токовая эффективность оксидообразования на сплавах Ag-Zn составляет менее 100% и уменьшается с ростом концентрации цинка в сплаве. Толщина оксида Ag(I) на сплавах не превышает 25 нм. СЭМ-изображения демонстрируют равномерное распределение частиц оксида поповерхности электрода. Форма частиц близка к сферической. Основным продуктом окисления сплавов серебра с цинком (до 30 ат.% Zn включительно) с различной вакансионной дефектностью поверхностного слоя является оксид Ag(I). Токовая эффективность и толщина для пленки оксидаAg(I), сформированной на сплавах с повышенной вакансионной дефектностью, меньше, чем для пленки оксида Ag(I), сформированной на чистом серебре. Однако эти же параметры оказываются выше, чем для оксида Ag(I), сформированного на сплавах с равновесной вакансионной дефектностью. Обнаружено, что диаметр частиц оксида Ag(I) уменьшается, а количество частиц на единице поверхности электрода повышается с ростом вакансионной дефектности поверхностного слоя сплава. ЛИТЕРАТУРА Gao X.-Y., Wang S.-Y., Li J., Zheng Y.-X., Zhang R.-J., Zhou P., Yang Y.-M., Chen L.-Y. Study of structure and optical properties of silver oxide fi lms by ellipsometry, XRD and XPS methods. Thin Solid Films. 2004;455–456: 438–442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2003.11.242 Mehdi H. E., Hantehzadeh M. R., Valedbagi Sh. Physical properties of silver oxide thin fi lm prepared by DC magnetron sputtering: effect of oxygen partial pressure during growth. J. Fusion Energy. 2013;32(1): 28–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10894-012-9509-5 Ferretti A. M., Ponti A., Molteni G. Silver(I) oxide nanoparticles as a catalyst in the azide–alkyne cycloaddition. 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Corrosion mechanisms in theory and practice. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2002. 729 p. Маршаков И. К. Термодинамика и коррозия сплавов. Воронеж: Изд-во Воронеж. ун-та; 1983. 166 с. (In Russ.) Маршаков И. К., Введенский А. В., Кондрашин В. Ю., Боков Г. А. Анодное растворение и селективная коррозия сплавов. Воронеж: Изд-во Воронеж. ун-та; 1988. 402 с. (In Russ.) Козадеров О. А., Введенский А. В. Массоперенос и фазообразование при анодном селективном растворении гомогенных сплавов. Воронеж: Научная книга; 2004. 288 c. (In Russ.) Vvedenskii A. V., Kozaderov О. А. Linear voltammetry of anodic selective dissolution of homogeneous metallic alloys. In: Saito Y., Kikuchi T. (eds.) Voltammetry: theory, types and applications. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; 2014. 363 p. Муртазин М. М., Нестерова М. Ю., Грушевская С. Н., Введенский А. В. Оксид серебра (I) на сплавах серебра с цинком: анодное формирование и свойства. Электрохимия. 2019;55(7): 873–884. 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A method for the synthesis of 2-amino-4-arylidene-1H-imidazol-5(4H)-ones is proposed based on the reaction of various aromatic isocyanates with phosphazenes derived from azidocinnamic acid amides. The spectral-luminescent properties of the obtained compounds were studied. The products were shown to possess the (Z)-configuration with the help of two-dimensional spectroscopy.

A novel derivative of green fluorescent protein chromophore (Z)-5-((E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)allylidene)-2,3-dimethyl-3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazol-4-one was synthesised. The desired compound was prepared by the synthetic approach based on the use of carboxyimidate. Comparison of optical properties of the obtained compound and of the classical GFP chromophore analogue (Z)-5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-2,3-dimethyl-3,5-dihydro-4H-imidazol-4-one showed the shift of absorption and emission maxima to the long-wavelength region induced by the increase of the conjugated π-system in the benzylidene fragment.

The molecular weight (MW) of pectic polysaccharide АА3 equal to 150 kDa and its structure suggest that it has a non-permeating protector action.To study the ability of low methylesterified galacturonan АА3, extracted from Aloe arborescens Mill., to influence the cryoprotective properties of the refrigerant in the cryopreservation of leukocytes (-20°С, -80°С).Pectic polysaccharide АА3 was extracted from fresh leaves using a 0.7% (w/w) solution of ammonium oxalate. The cryoscopic method was used to study its ability in different concentrations (0.1-1% w/v) in a mixture with glycerol to change the osmolarity and freezing temperature of the venous blood. Venous blood was protected with a comprehensive cryopreservative solution (3.5 % glycerol + 0.1 % pectic polysaccharide АА3) and stored at -20°C and -80°C for 1 and 7 days.The cryoprotective properties of glycerol solution (3.5%) containing AA3 at 0.1 to 1.0% led to a decrease in the osmolarity of venous blood and accelerated the process of water freezing. So, these solutions act as nucleators. A solution of AA3 (0.1%) and glycerol (3.5%) improves the morphological preservation of granulocytes, resistance of cell membranes to eosin and phagocytic activity of neutrophils after -20°C storage for 7 days.The addition to glycerol solution (3.5%) of pectic polysaccharide АА3 (0.1%) may facilitate the formation of a three-dimensional network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the functional groups of pectin (mainly carboxyl) and hydroxyl groups of polyhydric alcohol. Better linkage of cellular water molecules in the biological specimen may improve cryoprotection.

We strategically modified the GFP core via chemical synthesis to make redder and brighter biomimetic fluorophores. Based on quantum calculations, solvatochromism analysis, and femtosecond Raman, we unveiled the additive effect of tuning the electronic ground and excited states, respectively, to achieve a dramatic emission redshift with a “double-donor–one-acceptor” structure.

In this paper the results of the investigation of the properties of the obtained crystals of hexaferrites grown from the sodium carbonate flux doped with 1 – 12 mass % of metal oxide (aluminum, titanium, manganese, cobalt, and copper) are presentd. The ratio of concentration of doping elements in the crystal and in the feeding melt has strong dependence on nature of dopant. Doping metals can be ordered in a line Ti > Al > Mn > Co > Cu where Ti has maximal ratio of 0.5 and Cu of 0.005. Hexagonal M type ferrites attract the reseachers interest due to great capacity for the accommodation of different metals at high doping levels that provides a possibility for wide tuning of physical properties by cation substitution.

The review outlines the main aspects of the use of pectin polysaccharides in medicine, both as independent medicinal substances and as a material for creating systems for targeted delivery of drugs, as well as for regenerative medicine and biomedical engineering. A number of studies demonstrate that pectin polysaccharides are physiologically active substances with immunomodulating properties, including anti-inflammatory activity, they lower cholesterol and triglyceride in the blood serum, normalize glucose metabolism, bind and remove toxins and radionuclides from the body, regulate work and provide protection of the gastrointestinal tract, have anticarcinogenic and antimetastatic effects.

Fluorescent staining is an indispensable method to study living systems. One of the recent fundamental advances in this field is the development of fluorogenic dyes - compounds that have no pronounced fluorescence in the free state but acquire it upon binding with the target object, allowing for simple no-wash labeling. Among these dyes, it is worth to note compounds whose fluorescence is particularly sensitive to the properties of the microenvironment (e.g., solvent), which can be used, for example, for staining cell organelles. In this paper, we present a novel technique for the creation of such environment-sensitive and red-shifted fluorogenic dyes with large Stokes shifts. Novel dyes are based on the GFP chromophore core and exhibit high solvent-dependent variation of emission maxima position and fluorescence quantum yield. These compounds are cell-permeable and rapidly stain the endoplasmic reticulum in living cells.

Aptasensors became popular instruments in bioanalytical chemistry and molecular biology. To increase specificity, perspective signaling elements in aptasensors can be separated into a G-quadruplex (G4) part and a free fluorescent dye that lights up upon binding to the G4 part. However, current systems are limited by relatively low enhancement of fluorescence upon dye binding. Here, we added duplex modules to G4 structures, which supposedly cause the formation of a dye-binding cavity between two modules. Screening of multiple synthetic GFP chromophore analogues and variation of the duplex module resulted in the selection of dyes that light up after complex formation with two-module structures and their RNA analogues by up to 20 times compared to parent G4s. We demonstrated that the short duplex part in TBA25 is preferable for fluorescence light up in comparison to parent TBA15 molecule as well as TBA31 and TBA63 stabilized by longer duplexes. Duplex part of TBA25 may be partially unfolded and has reduced rigidity, which might facilitate optimal dye positioning in the joint between G4 and the duplex. We demonstrated dye enhancement after binding to modified TBA, LTR-III, and Tel23a G4 structures and propose that such architecture of short duplex-G4 signaling elements will enforce the development of improved aptasensors.