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Mulberry (Morus alba L.) has been used in East Asia (Korea, China, and Japan) as a medicine because of its various pharmacological effects including the excellent antioxidant properties of its fruit. This study analyzed extracts from 12 varieties of Korean mulberry fruit for flavonoids using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS). Six quercetin derivatives were identified by mass spectrometry (MS) based on the [quercetin + H]+ ion (m/z 303), while four kaempferol derivatives were identified based on the [kaempferol + H]+ ion (m/z 287). Two new compounds (morkotin A and morkotin C, quercetin derivatives) were identified for the first time in mulberry fruit. The total flavonoid contents of the mulberry fruits ranged from 35.0 ± 2.3 mg/100 g DW in the Baek Ok Wang variety (white mulberry) to 119.9 ± 7.0 mg/100 g DW in the Dae Shim variety. This study has, for the first time, evaluated the flavonoid chromatographic profiles of 12 varieties of Korean mulberry fruits in a following quali-quantitative approach, which will contribute to improved utilization of these fruits as health foods.

In this study we identified single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and sequence characteristic amplification region (SCAR) markers for specific identification of antler-shaped Ganoderma lucidum strains. When the partial mitochondrial SSU rDNA gene sequence of various antler- and kidney-shaped G. lucidum strains were analyzed and aligned, an SNP was found only in the antler-shaped G. lucidum strain at position 456 bp. In addition, this SNP of antler-shaped strains was digested by HinfI restriction enzyme. We further analyzed the polymorphism of various G. lucidum strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. In RAPD analysis, we isolated and sequenced a fragment, specific for antler-shaped G. lucidum strains. Based on this specific fragment sequence, two sets of specific primer pairs for antler-shaped G. lucidum strains were designed. PCR analysis revealed that two specific bands were observed only from antler-shaped strains. These two molecular markers will be helpful for identification of morphological characteristics of G. lucidum.

Ganoderma lucidum has a long history of use as a traditional medicine in Asian countries. However, the taxonomy of Ganoderma species remains controversial, since they were initially classified on the basis of their morphological characteristics. Recently, it was proposed that G. lucidum from China be renamed as G. sichuanense or G. lingzhi. In the present study, phylogenetic analysis using the internal transcribed spacer region rDNA sequences of the Ganoderma species indicated that all strains of the Korean 'G. lucidum' clustered into one group together with G. sichuanense and G. lingzhi from China. However, strains from Europe and North American, which were regarded as true G. lucidum, were positioned in a clearly different group. In addition, the average size of the basidiospores from the Korean cultivated Yeongji strains was similar to that of G. lingzhi. Based on these results, we propose that the Korean cultivated Yeongji strains of 'G. lucidum' should be renamed as G. lingzhi.

The total flavonoids in leaves of 12 varieties of Korean mulberry (Morus alba L.) were determined. Seventeen flavonoids were isolated and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–DAD–QTOF/MS). To determine the flavonoid contents, HPLC analysis was performed on these 17 flavonoids. The total flavonoid contents of the 12 varieties of mulberry leaves ranged from 748.5 to 1297.9 mg, with the highest obtained from the Cheong Su variety (1297.9 ± 112.0 mg). Among the 17 flavonoids analyzed, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) and quercetin 3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) had highest contents in the Cheong Su variety. Furthermore, the Dae Dang Sang variety gave the highest quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) content among the mulberry leaves investigated, at 425.5 ± 45.9 mg. Major flavonols from Dae Dang Sang were detected by UPLC–DAD–QTOF/MS. A total of 17 flavonoid compound peaks were identified in the analysis time range of 5–40 min, all of which were kaempferol and quercetin glycosides. Seven of the 17 compounds identified in mulberry leaves were unknown.

The aim of this study was to identify and characterize new Flammulina velutipes laccases from its whole-genome sequence. Of the 15 putative laccase genes detected in the F. velutipes genome, four new laccase genes (fvLac-1, fvLac-2, fvLac3, and fvLac-4) were found to contain four complete copper-binding regions (ten histidine residues and one cysteine residue) and four cysteine residues involved in forming disulfide bridges, fvLac-1, fvLac-2, fvLac3, and fvLac-4, encoding proteins consisting of 516, 518, 515, and 533 amino acid residues, respectively. Potential N-glycosylation sites (Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr) were identified in the cDNA sequence of fvLac-1 (Asn-454), fvLac-2 (Asn-437 and Asn-455), fvLac-3 (Asn-111 and Asn-237), and fvLac4 (Asn-402 and Asn-457). In addition, the first 19~20 amino acid residues of these proteins were predicted to comprise signal peptides. Laccase activity assays and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses clearly reveal that CuSO4 affects the induction and the transcription level of these laccase genes.

Laccase activity of Pleurotus ostreatus is significantly increased by the addition of apple pomace. Among various conditions, the best concentration of apple pomace and cultivation time for the production of laccase by P. ostreatus was 2.5% and 9 days, respectively. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses of laccase isoenzyme genes, including pox1, pox3, pox4, poxc, poxa3, and poxa1b, revealed a clear effect of apple pomace on transcription induction. Our findings reveal that the use of apple pomace can be a model for the valuable addition of similar wastes and for the development of a solid-state fermenter and commercial production of oyster mushroom P. ostreatus.

Ganoderma lucidum, a species of the Basidiomycetes class, has been attracting international attention owing to its wide variety of biological activities and great potential as an ingredient in skin care cosmetics including “skin-whitening” products. However, there is little information available on its inhibitory effect against tyrosinase activity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the chemical composition of G. lucidum and its inhibitory effects on melanogenesis. We isolated the active compound from G. lucidum using ethanol extraction and ethyl acetate fractionation. In addition, we assayed its inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. In this study, we identified a bioactive compound, ganodermanondiol, which inhibits the activity and expression of cellular tyrosinase and the expression of tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), TRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), thereby decreasing melanin production. Furthermore, ganodermanondiol also affected the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling pathway, which are involved in the melanogenesis of B16F10 melanoma cells. The finding that ganodermanondiol from G. lucidum exerts an inhibitory effect on tyrosinase will contribute to the use of this mushroom in the preparation of skin care products in the future.

In this study we identified single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and sequence characteristic amplification region (SCAR) markers for specific identification of antler-shaped Ganoderma lucidum strains. When the partial mitochondrial SSU rDNA gene sequence of various antler- and kidney-shaped G. lucidum strains were analyzed and aligned, an SNP was found only in the antler-shaped G. lucidum strain at position 456 bp. In addition, this SNP of antler-shaped strains was digested by HinfI restriction enzyme. We further analyzed the polymorphism of various G. lucidum strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. In RAPD analysis, we isolated and sequenced a fragment, specific for antler-shaped G. lucidum strains. Based on this specific fragment sequence, two sets of specific primer pairs for antler-shaped G. lucidum strains were designed. PCR analysis revealed that two specific bands were observed only from antler-shaped strains. These two molecular markers will be helpful for identification of morphological characteristics of G. lucidum.

 This study was carried out to optimize the conditions for a chemotaxonomic classification of Gan-oderma species. The mycelia of Ganoderma species were extracted with 100% MeOH, and the concentrated extractswere further purified and partitioned with column chromatography (HP20) and n -BuOH, respectively. From theresult of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the constituents of the samples were efficiently sep-arated with a Chemco Pak C 18 column (250 mm  4.6 mm) by linear gradient elution using water and acetonitrileas mobile phase components at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min and detector wavelength at 210 nm. However, the sampleswithout purification or partition were not detected the characteristic peaks. This profile could be used to classifyand identify the various Ganoderma species. KEYWORDS Chemotaxonomy, HPLC, Ganoderma species 서론 Ganoderma lucidum 을 포함한 영지 속 (Ganoderma)은 열대, 아열대 및 온대 지방을 포한한 아시아, 유럽북미주 등 전 영지버섯의세계적으로 널리 분포하고 있는 목재부후균으로 (Park 미국 9종, 일본 5종, 대만 13종, 중국 64종, 한국 4종이 보고되어 라도있다 (김 등, 2005; 조 등,2012b). 영지버섯은 오래 전부터 한국, 중국 생리활성일본 등아시아에서 약용버섯으로 취급되어 왔으며, 현재는항암, 항종양, 고혈압, 당뇨 등과 관련된 여러 대사산물의약효와유효성분이 과학적으로 고규명되고 있다 (김 등, 2005).그러나, 온대지방인 우리나라에서 자생하고 건을있는 영지의 대부분이 아열대열대지방에서 자생하는 을

 This study wascarried out to compare the medicinal effects of various Ganoderma species mycelialextracts. Among 6 Ganoderma species mycelial extracts by using 100% MeOH, G . species ASI-7150 showed the highestantioxidant effect. In nitric oxide (NO) production and  -hexosaminidase release inhibition assay, the treatment of G.lucidum ATCC64251 (Taiwan) mycelia extracts most effectively inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7cells and  -hexosaminidase release. In addition, the treatment of all 6 Ganoderma species mycelial extracts were notaffect on RAW264.7 cell viability. Although this preliminary research has thrown up many questions in need of furtherinvestigation, it will serve as a base for further studies of medicinal effects of various Ganoderma species. KEYWORDS Anti-inflammatory, Anti-allergy, Antioxidant, Ganoderma species 서론 Ganoderma lucidum 을 포함한 영지 속 ( Ganoderma )은 열대, 아열대 및 온대 지방을 포한한 아시아, 유럽북미주 등 전 세계적으로 널리 분포한다. 영지버섯은오래 전부터 한국과 중국, 일본 등 아시아에서 약용버섯으로 취급되고 있다. 현재, 항암, 항종양, 고혈압및 당뇨 등과 관련된 여러 약효와 유효성분이 과학적으로 규명되고 있다 (Chen 등, 1980; Furusawa 등1992). 또한 영지버섯은 영양공급 뿐만 아니라 약리효과도 가지고 있어, 오랜 시간 동안 건강보조식품으로 여겨졌다. 특히 아시아 대부분의 나라에서 약용식품으로 받아들여지고 있다 (조 등, 2012b). 그리고 영지버섯에는 polysaccharide이외에 tritepene, nucleoside,steroid, fatty acid, alkaloid, 단백질, 아미노산, 무기염류 등 다양한 물질들이 함유되어 있고 이 중 고분자 물질 (polysaccharide 등)과 저분자물질(tritepene등)이 다양하다. 저분자물질은 항염증, 항산화, 간세포보호, 항알레르기, 항고혈압, 콜레스테롤 저하 및혈소판 응집 저해 등의 활성이 있다. 고분자물질에포함된 혈압강하, 정혈, 고지혈증 개선, 혈당강하, 면역, 그리고 항종양 등의 효과가 보고되었다 (Shiao 등1994). 특히 polysaccharide의 면역조절 작용에 대한연구가 많이 이루어져, polysaccharide는 lymphocytes의 interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)와 interleukin-12(IL-12) 생산을 증가시키고 IL-4의 생산에는 영향이없는 것으로 보고되었다 (Kohguchi 등 2004). 또한,영지버섯에서 추출한 polysaccharide는 IL-1, Tumornecrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) 및 nitric oxide 생산을 현저히 증가시켜, Th1 반응을 유도하는 효과가보고되었다 (Jiang 등 2003; Zhang 등 1999; Tang 등2004). 그러나 알레르기 질환에 대한 연구보고는 활발하지 못한 실정이다 (Liu 등 2003). 영지버섯은 동일한 종이라도 재배지역과 생육환경에 따라 2차 대사산물 및 생리활성 물질의 함량 차이를 보이는 것으로 보고되고 있다 (조 등, 2012a, 2012b). 따라서 본

In the present study, a phylogenetic analysis was undertaken based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and partial β-tubulin gene sequence of the Ganoderma species. The size of the ITS rDNA regions from different Ganoderma species varied from 625 to 673 bp, and those of the partial β-tubulin gene sequence were 419 bp. Based on the results, a phylogenetic tree was prepared which revealed that Korean Ganoderma lucidum strains belong in a single group along with a G. lucidum strain from Bangladesh.

The C*06:99 allele substitutes one nucleotide of C*06:02:01:01 at codon 50 (CCG→CTG), Pro to Leu.

The genetic diversity of 59 Ganoderma species from various regions was determined by different molecular markers, including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA and a partial β-tubulin gene, as well as randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis.The size of the ITS rRNA gene regions from different Ganoderma species varied from 625 to 673 bp, and that of the partial β-tubulin gene sequence was 419 bp. A phylogenetic tree based on the ITS region, the partial β-tubulin gene, and the RAPD profiles revealed thatGanoderma lucidum strains could be classified into 1 group together with G. lucidum from Bangladesh. One fragment unique to G. lucidum was selected from the RAPD profile and then sequenced. One primer pair (designated as GSF and GSR) based on this specific fragment was designed to amplify a 559 bp DNA fragment within the sequenced region. A single band with the expected size of 559 bp was observed from G. lucidum, except for G.lucidum strains from China, Canada, and Taiwan. This specific marker for G. lucidumfrom RAPD analysis, also supported by the phylogenetic analysis of the ITS and partial β-tubulin gene sequences, will be useful for the PCR-based identification of G. lucidum in research applications as well as in the market. Key words: Internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD).

Apple pomace is a by-product from the apple processing industry and has the potential to support the growth of microorganisms. In this study, the effect of apple pomace on the growth rate of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium was investigated. The mycelial growth dramatically increased by 34.5, 20 and 26% in solid culture, liquid culture, and solid-state fermentation, respectively, by adding 2.5% apple pomace. However, the growth of P. ostreatus mycelia was slightly inhibited by adding 5 or 10% compared to 2.5% apple pomace. Our findings reveal that apple pomace utilization can become a model for the valuable addition of similar wastes, and for the development of a solid-state fermenter.

The Native API is a system call which can only be accessed with the authentication of the administrator. It can be used to detect a variety of malicious codes which can only be executed with the administrator's authority. Therefore, much research is being done on detection methods using the characteristics of the Native API. Most of these researches are being done by using supervised learning methods of machine learning. However, the classification standards of Anti-Virus companies do not reflect the characteristics of the Native API Call. As a result the population data used in the supervised learning methods is not accurate. Therefore, more research is needed on the topic of classification standards using the Native API for detection. This paper proposes a method for classifying malicious codes using a fuzzy clustering method with the Native API Call standard. The accuracy of the proposed method uses machine learning to compare detection rates with previous classifying methods for evaluation.

A novel human leukocyte antigen-B*40 (HLA-B*40) allele was identified in the Korean population and designated HLA-B*4073. The HLA-B*4073 allele shows one nucleotide difference from B*400102 in exon 2 at nucleotide position 299 (A-->T), resulting in an amino acid change, Glu76Val.

The new allele B*40:186 shows a one nucleotide substitution compared with B*40:01:02 at codon 56 (GGG → AGG) resulting in coding change, Gly to Arg.