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Monitoring the effectiveness and quality of implementing data‑based prevention interventions in real life is a challenge for researchers, teachers and leaders of these programs alike. Qualitative implementation indicators of school‑based drug preventio programs are related to the extent to which teachers are prepared to serve as program leaders for their pupils during the implementation phase, how ready they are to cooperate with the school community and reach the goals of prevention programs with the support of their schools. Furthermore, exploration of program implementation fidelity focused on the leadership of the teachers would allow greater insight into the successes and failures of reaching the goals of the respective prevention programs. The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of the Unplugged program and quality of its implementation (exposure, sensitivity) on smoking as reported by school children. This was analysed immediately after implementing the program within a Solomon four group design. A school randomized control trial using the Unplugged pro‑ gram was carried out among schoolchildren at 24 primary schools. Twelve schools were assigned to the experimental group (EG, n = 798, n = 401EG no pre‑test, n = 397EG pre‑test) while another 12 schools were assigned to the control group (CG, n = 622, n = 298CG no pre‑test, n = 333CG pre‑test). The mean age of the schoolchildren was 13.5 years, SD = 0.59; 47.5 % girls. The sample consisted of 1420 schoolchildren in total. The data collection was carried out im‑ mediately before implementing the program (experimental and control group with a pre‑test) and then in all the groups immediately after implementation. The consumption of alcohol and smoking during the last 30 days (Hibbel et al., 2012) was dichotomized for the purposes of a binary logistic regression in the analysis. Exposure was measured by the attendance of the program lessons (there were 12 lessons in total). Sensitivity (experience of school children with the program) was assessed by the scale YES 2.0 (Youth experience survey; Hansen & Larson, 2005) which was adapted for the purposes of this study (Štefaňáková, 2020). The results have not supported a direct effect of the Unplugged program on smoking among schoolchildren. However, the results have shown a moderated effect of alcohol use on smoking. 30.8 % of schoolchildren in the control group and 19.6 % of schoolchildren in the experimental group reported both smoking and alcohol use immediately after implementing the program. Alcohol use increased the chance of smoking by 15 times. The effect of a pre‑test on smoking was statistically significant and the inverted value of OR showed a double increase in the probability of smoking when the groups without and with a pre‑test were compared. The effect of the Unplugged program on smoking in schoolchildren was not found to be moderated by the pre‑test. A lower level of exposure increased the probability of reported smoking immediately after implementing the program. Finally, an effect was found regarding a higher level of novelty seeking on the probability of smoking among the schoolchildren who had taken part in the Unplugged program. The results support the importance of considering the co‑occurrence of smoking and alcohol consumption. They further bring attention to the importance of exposure to prevention activities in relation to program effectiveness as well as the importance of the effect of a pre‑test. The findings further show that the dimension of novelty seeking is a great challenge for teachers in the context of drug use prevention programs and that it is important to support this dimension in aprotective manner. Finally, an evaluation of the effectiveness of prevention programs carried out in schools which focuses on fidelity, quality of implementation and teachers’ leadership, clarifies and refines the requirements for school administrations regarding the personal and organizational support needed for prevention activities.

The first COVID-19 lockdown was an unexpected event that brought many changes to the lives of individuals as well as family functioning. The aim of this natural experiment is to study the changes in maternal parenting as perceived by adolescents (psychological control, autonomy support, and overcontrol) as a result of the COVID-19 lockdown. The data for T1 were collected in February 2020 and a follow-up was conducted in May 2020 (approximately 8 weeks after lockdown). In total, 155 adolescents participated in both waves (mean age 14.5 years, 60.4% girls). The final sample was biased toward higher achieving pupils with less problematic behavior and more adaptable personality characteristics. The results show a significant decrease in perceived psychological control and feelings of overcontrol but no change in autonomy support. The changes did not vary according to gender or the mother’s employment situation during lockdown. The decrease in psychological control was greater with higher initial levels of satisfaction with the mother and lower levels of disobeying parents. The present study is an important step in understanding the actual changes in parenting (as perceived by adolescents) as a result of the COVID-19 lockdown. Based on our results and previous studies, we argue that the COVID-19 lockdown may have had a positive effect on the dynamics in some families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) © 2021 American Psychological Association

"The aim of this study was to investigate the direct and indirect effect of the Unplugged program on alcohol consumption (AC) as reported by schoolchildren a year after program implementation within a Solomon four group design. A randomized control trial using the Unplugged program was carried out among schoolchildren at 24 primary schools. Twelve schools were assigned to the experimental group (EG, n = 798, n = 401EG no pre-test, n = 397EG pre-test) while 12 schools were assigned to the control group (CG, n = 622, n = 298CG no pre-test, n = 333CG pre-test). The mean age of the schoolchildren was 13.5 years, SD = 0.59; 47.5% girls. The sample consisted of 1420 schoolchildren in total. The data collection was carried out immediately before implementing the program (T1, experimental and control group with a pre-test), immediately after implementing the program (T2) and a year after program implementation (T3). The consumption of alcohol during the last 30 days (Hibbel, Guttormsson, Ahlström, & Kraus, 2012) was dichotomized for the purposes of the statistical analysis. A serial mediation analysis was performed through the Hayes´ PROCESS tool in SPSS 25 (Model 6). The controlled variables in the serial mediation analysis were ACT2, pretest, and gender. The mediation effect was tested on 5000 samples by means of Bootstrapping. The direct effect of Unplugged on ACT3 was confirmed. The effect of Unplugged on ACT3 was serially mediated by meaningful participation in the community T3 and satisfaction with oneself T3. The results of this study have contributed to the effectiveness of the European school-based drug use prevention program Unplugged among Slovak schoolchildren."

"Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between socio-psychological factors such as the perceived economic situation, perceived political situation, well-being, rootedness and emigration plans of university students in Slovakia during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: The data for this study were collected through an online survey of university students during the Covid-19 pandemic between November and December 2021. The research sample consisted of 151 (76.2% female) Slovak university students (M=21.8 years, SD=2.5). In order to identify emigration plans, there was one question with 8 answer options. Based on this, the respondents were divided into two groups; those who do not plan to leave Slovakia (76.8%) and those who plan to leave in the long term (23.2%). There was also one item used to measure the perceived economic situation and political situation. The satisfaction with life scale was used to measure well-being while the Rootedness scale consisting of the Desire for Change and Home/Family subscales was used to measure rootedness. As emigration plans was a categorical variable, binary logistic regression was used. The analysis was controlled for gender. Results: A model containing five independent variables (perceived economic situation, perceived political situation, well-being, rootedness - desire for change and home/family dimensions) explained 41.9% of variance in emigration plans during the Covid-19 pandemic, and correctly classified 84.8% of the cases. Only three of these variables made a unique statistically significant contribution to the model. The strongest predictor of emigration plans during the Covid-19 pandemic was perceived economic situation, recording an OR of 2.27. This indicated that students who perceived the economic situation in Slovakia more pessimistically were over 2 times more likely to report an emigration plan. The OR of 1.32 for rootedness – desire for change, indicated that students with a greater desire for change were over 1.32 times more likely to report emigration plans. On the contrary, the OR of 0.81 for rootedness – home/family was less than 1, indicating that students who were more satisfied with their home and family were 0.81 times less likely to report emigration plans. Conclusion: The strongest predictor of emigration plans during a pandemic is perceived economic situation. The dimensions of rootedness, as confirmed by previous studies, are predictors of emigration plans in the pre-pandemic and pandemic period."

Aim: To study the in/direct relationship between fear of COVID-19 contraction and academic stress during the first wave of the pandemic. Method: The sample consisted of 835 university students (597 female students, 71.5%, M = 22.71 years of age, SD = 3.69). Data were gathered online by the questionnaire of the international study The COVID-19 International Student Well-being Study (C19 ISWS). Results: An above-average level of academic stress and abelow-average gender-related level of fear of contracting the virus were found. The relationship between fear of contracting the virus and academic stress was serially mediated by loneliness and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: The findings stress the importance of monitoring the level of fear of virus contraction and the student-perceived perspective of academic achievement during actions taken by academic authorities to support the quality of teaching and students’ mental health

"Objectives: The aim of the study is to examine the long-term effectiveness of the school-based drug prevention programs Unplugged and Unplugged2 using a Solomon design and supplemented with n-Prevention booster sessions on the cumulative index (CI) of reported alcohol use (AU) and smoking. Methods: In 2013/2014, Unplugged was implemented during 12 consecutive weeks in Slovak primary schools. A sample of 744(M=12.5; 58.72%girls) was collected before program implementation(T1) and 12months later(T3). In 2017/2018, Unplugged2 was implemented by each school over 6months. A sample of 408(M=14.48; 51.96%girls) was collected before program implementation (T1), immediately after implementation(T2) and 12months later(T3). Participation in Unplugged was divided into control and experimental groups and Unplugged2 into control, experimental and experimental groups with n-Prevention, a pre-test and post-test or with post-test only. CI in the past 30 days was dichotomized (0-not used,1-AU, smoking or both). Binary logistic regressions were used to analyze the data at every measurement point. The moderation effect of gender was examined. The CI at T1 in Unplugged and Unplugged2 with a pre-test and post-test, and CI at T2 in Unplugged2 with a post-test were used as the control variables. Results: There was no significant effect of Unplugged and Unplugged2 with the pre-test and post-test. Unplugged2 with a post-test was significantly associated with CI at T3. The experimental group with n- Prevention was less likely to use alcohol and/or smoke. There was no significant effect or moderation effect of gender. Conclusions: The results show the long-term effectiveness of a preventive program is more pronounced with booster sessions, specifically with the post-test design."

The objective of this exploratory study was to examine the relationship between well-being, rootedness and emigration plans (EP) among university students in Slovakia and Bulgaria. It also explored the mediation effect of rootedness in the relationship between well-being and EP. The data were collected throughan online survey (SLiCE 2016). The research sample consisted of 361 university students (M=22.4 years, SD=3.8) from Slovakia (141, 86.5% female) and Bulgaria (220, 69.1% female). Based on their emigration plans, the respondentswere dividedinto two groups;those who do not plan to leave (n=218, 60.4%) and those who plan to leave in the long term (n=143, 39.6%) after they finish university. ForSlovakia, all factors were significantly related toEP. Furthermore, the association between well-being and EP was fully mediated by two dimensions of rootedness with different psychological mechanisms. For Bulgaria, only well-being and onedimension of rootedness,desire for change,were significantly related to EP. It was also found that the association between well-being and EP was partially mediated by only one dimension of rootedness –desire for change. This study highlightsthat rootedness hasa different relationship with other examined factorsin different countries and also that it is necessary to respect the cultural and socio-economic featuresof acountry.

Life satisfaction, dimensions of internalized cultural values and self-efficacy related to emigration intentions for a long-term stay abroad of university students in five European countries. Aim: To explore the associations between emigration intentions of university students form five European countries in relation to several intrapersonal and emigration self-efficacy. The second aim is to explore the mediating role of self-efficacy in relation to internalized cultural values and emigration intentions. Sample and procedure: The sample consisted of 1223 students (females N=812, 66.4%, males N=411, 33.6%. M=21.95, SD=3.62) from five European countries. The data collection was completed via an online questionnaire (University of Antwerp, Belgium, Sofia University, Bulgaria, University of Miskolc, Hungary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Slovak Republic). The local ethics committee in every country approved the study Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS 21. Differences in intrapersonal were analysed by ANOVA with a Scheffe Post hoc test. Binary logistic regression with the method enter controlling for country and age was used as a method of analysis. Mediational analyses were explored by using Hayes PROCESS tool. Findings: The regression model explained between 29-38 percent of the variance. Those students with higher self–efficacy also with higher horizontal individualism were more likely to have emigration intentions compared to those with lower self-efficacy and HI, and those with lower satisfaction and vertical collectivism were more likely to have long-term emigration intentions compared to those with higher satisfaction and VC. Self-efficacy was found to mediate the relationship between horizontal dimensions of internalized cultural values and emigration intentions.

Cieľom štúdie bolo zistiť podiel osobnostných premenných a sociálnej opory poskytnutej riaditeľom školy na vysvetlení variancie sociálnej pohody učiteľov. Vychádzali sme z konceptu sociálnej pohody ako ho uvádza Keyes (1998). Osobnostné črty boli zisťované prostredníctvom dotazníka IASR-B5 (Trapnell & Wiggins, 1990), miera reziliencie prostredníctvom Brief resilience scale (Smith et al., 2008) a poskytovanie sociálnej opory prostredníctvom dotazníka SAS-C (Trobst, 2000), ktorý vychádza z kruhového modelu interpersonálneho správania a popisuje osem typov suportívneho správania. Výskumu sa zúčastnilo 256 učiteľov základných škôl a výsledky boli spracované mulitvariačnou lineárnou regresnou analýzou. Regresné modely potvrdili významný podiel suportívneho správania riaditeľa školy na vysvetlení rozptylu sociálnej pohody učiteľov.

Background While the relationship between decision-making styles and other cognitive characteristics has often been investigated, little attention has been given to its connection with health. The main aim of the present research is to examine how alcohol use can be predicted by decision-making styles and drinking motives as well as by their interaction. Methods University students from Slovakia (N = 201) filled in the General decision-making styles questionnaire (Scott & …

Background Despite the significant implications of healthy eating on overall long-term health, many university students engage in poor dietary habits, such as high intake of fast foods and other foods high in fat, and low intake of fruits and vegetables. Consumption patterns may be influenced by many factors, e.g. gender and living arrangements. The aim of the study was to test whether different sociodemographic factors (gender, accommodation …

Background One of the aims of drug use prevention is to delay the initiation of substance use. Social influences in perceived environment can be an important factor in promoting substance use. The present study provides information about the prevalence of tobacco cigarettes smoking (TCS) and explores the contribution of selected contextual and psychological variables (normative beliefs about TSC prevalence among peers, refusal skills) to reported experience with smoking. Methods The data were collected …