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This paper narrates the story of large-scale, nation-wide intervention for participatory constitution making in Turkey. The process of democratic involvement in the making of Turkey’s new Constitution has been an action research engagement since 2007 for the authors of this paper. In due process, a deliberative democracy-inspired large-scale conferencing, i.e., the Polling Conference [ Tarama Konferansı], was designed. Ordinary, unaffiliated citizens and local nongovernmental organization (NGO) members participated in the constitution-making process via attending these conferences across the nation. Reflecting upon Turkey’s first participatory constitution-making initiative and our intervention, we came to develop certain emergent themes, decisions and actions necessary for the successful realization of large-scale action research in polarized political contexts. These themes range from the establishment of a convening body and legitimate links to decision making and society, to the industrious preparation of a social-ecology on local and national levels. Our intervention is thoroughly embedded in the Turkish context; nevertheless, we came to develop a thematic approach that could set an example to nation-wide participatory initiatives in similar democratic trajectories.

The paper develops a conceptual scheme that has not been developed to extend the Emery-Trist levels of organizational environments to afifth level consistent with premises laid in their milestone paper (Emery & Trist, 1965). The mounting contemporary evidence that can be observed in the salience of maladaptive responses to turbulent environments is the second reason for undertaking this challenge. More specifically, it is argued that the prevalence of stalemate, polarization, and monothematic dogmatism, the second-order maladaptive responses to the turbulent environment, leads to a frozen or a clinched order of connectedness as well as that of unevenly dynamic turbulent conditions. This approach facilitates the articulation of a different causal texture of an organizational environment than the previous four levels (placid random, placid clustered, disturbed reactive, and turbulent).

In this study we extend the socio-ecological concept of two contrasting design principles applicable to all work systems. Reframing those design principles as strategic as well as operational choices leads us to propose a third design principle, Design Principle 3 (DP3), which has remained undeveloped in social ecology. We call this design principle Redundancy of Potentialities and demonstrate its application in transorganizational work systems. We argue that DP3 is at the core of socio-ecological practice and is therefore appropriate for coping with the highly turbulent environments now experienced in many industries and fields. We offer several illustrations of DP3 in practice and draw implications for enhancing capabilities for creative collaboration in inter-organizational fields through deliberate attention to design.

We revisit the original meaning of turbulence in the socioecological tradition of organization studies and outline a perspective on strategy making grounded in that tradition. This entails a contrast of the socioecological perspective with the more well-known neoclassical perspective on strategy, based on their core decision premises and their different understandings of environmental turbulence. We argue that while some mainstream strategy approaches have taken important strides toward addressing advanced turbulence, many others remain tethered to the neoclassical origins of the strategy discipline and are insufficiently responsive to the new landscape of strategy that now characterizes many industries. This new landscape is construed as the ‘hyper environment’, in which positive feedback processes and emergent field effects produce high volatility. We use two case illustrations from the US healthcare sector to examine how neoclassical and socioecological perspectives contribute to strategizing in hyper environments. Implications for strategic management theory and practice flow from this analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate ways of coping with stress in infertile men and women. STUDY DESIGN: The study population was composed of 255 women and 238 men (total, 493) admitted to an infertility clinic between May 2012 and December 2012. A questionnaire was used to gather information and the Ways of Coping inventory was used for the evaluation of patients. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 28.33±5.59 (mean±SD) for females and 31.60±5.64 for males. We found similar coping scores for men and women in all subscales (Self-confident, Desperate, Obedient, Optimistic, Social Support Seeking) (p>0.05). The variables affected Coping with Stress Scores in a similar way for both women and men except for “age” and “the desire for psychological support.” The Optimistic approach score was worse in men over age 35 and better in those desiring psychological support in both sexes (p

OBJECTIVE: Infertility may adversely influence quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to compare QoL in women with primary and secondary infertility, and identify factors associated with poor and good QoL. STUDY DESIGN: Quality of life was measured using the FertiQoL tool in 273 patients attending an infertility clinic, and demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients were recorded. Patients with primary and secondary infertility were compared for QoL subscales, and other confounding factors were investigated using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Women with secondary infertility obtained higher scores in emotional, mind/body, and social domains of the core subscale, tolerability domain of the treatment subscale, and total QoL (p

The search conference has come to be regarded as a critical intervention strategy within interorganizational domains. Yet the existing literature focuses more on the search conference as an event and less on what happens after the event. This paper focuses on post-search conference strategies in interorganizational domains. Four follow-up strategies — abort, fizzle-out, sustain, and diffuse and dissipate — emerge in the assessment of two search conference-based interventions in two different industries in Turkey. The paper shows that these strategies are co-produced in two dimensions: dialogue conditions among the stakeholders in the domain and the leadership strength of the referent organization.

While privatization has been well documented in terms of economic and financial analysis, little has been written about its impact on organizational culture. This paper aims to describe a crisis caused by the privatization of the organizational culture of Sumerbank, the oldest state-owned conglomer ate in Turkey, to examine the possible impact of privatization of the employ ees, and to show the culture clash between the taken-for granted economic and financial assumptions of privatization and the fact of being a "Sumerbankian"—the symbolic label of a withering organizational culture.

n the second half on the tvventieth century, medicine turned its attention to the ethics of practice. Medical ethics play an essential role in the practice of medicine, in the çare of individual patients, in the allocation of the health çare resources, and in the formulation of health çare policy. A specific body of knovvledge, "biomedical ethics", has developed and training in discipline is now reguired for ali doctors. Medical, especially psychiatric ethics education has a special place in this context because of ths special nature of the relationship established betvveen the patient and psychiatrist. Some says that ethics should be taught before specilization, even before medical school, and also they are skeptical about the usefulness of teaching medical ethics. Some agues that teaching medical ethics does not alter physicians behaviour. Also there are difficulties in the assessment of medical ethics education. İn this presentation it will be emphasize that medical ethics can and must be taught in psychiatry specialty training. İn my opinion, if its goals and methods are properly defined, it is effective, useful and necessary in the education of today's and tomorrovv's psychiatrists., Yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısında tıp, uygulamanın etik yönü üzerinde durmaya başlamıştır. Tıp uygulaması sırasında, hasta bakımında, sağlıkla ilgili kaynakların dağıtımında, ve sağlık politikalarının oluşturulmasında tıp etiği temel bir rol oynamaktadır. "Biyomedikal etik", özgün bir bilgi kümesi olarak gelişmekte ve bu alandaki eğitim giderek tüm hekimler için bir zorunluluk durumuna gelmektedir. Hekimle psikiyatrist arasındaki ilişkinin özel yapısı nedeniyle tıp, özellikle de psikiyatri etiği eğitimi bu bağlamda özel bir yere sahiptir. Bazıları etik eğitimin uzmanlık eğitiminden, hatta tıp eğitiminden önce verilmesi gerektiğini savunmakta ve tıp etiği eğitiminin yararları konusunda kuşku duymaktadırlar. Bazıları ise, tıp etiği eğitiminin hekimlerin tutumlarını değiştirmede etkisiz olduğunu ileri sürmektedirler. Tıp etiği eğitiminin değerlendirilmesi konusunda da çeşitli güçlükler bulunmaktadır. Bu sunuşta psikiyatri uzmanlık eğitimi sırasında tıp etiğinin öğretilebileceği, dahası öğretilmesi gerektiği vurgulanacaktır. Kanımca eğer amaçlan ve yöntemi uygun biçimde belirlenirse, bu eğitim etkili, yararlı, günümüzün ve yarının psikiyatristleri için gereklidir.

oz ÖRGÜTSEL DE?İŞİMDE YÖNETİMİN ROLÜ Sayıner, Oğuz N. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, işletme Ana Bilim Dalı Tez Yöneticisi: Dr. Demet Varoğlu Nisan 1997, 127 sayfa Bu tez örgütsel değişim sırasında yönetimin oynadığı rolün önemini ortaya koymayı ve değişim çabalarına katkıda bulunan etkin yönetim faaliyetlerini belirtmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yönetimin rol bileşenlerini oluşturan faaliyetler beş içice geçmiş ana kategori altında toplanabilir; çalışanların değişime bağlılığının motive edilmesi, bir vizyon yaratılması, çalışanların katılımlarının ve işbirliğinin sağlanması, yaygın iletişim, ve değişim sürecinin yönetilmesi. Hoffer ve Porras (1986) tarafından yapılan bir başka çalışmada ise başarılı örgütsel değişim çabalarının, işgörenlerin iş ortamındaki davranışlarında örgütsel değişimi kolaylaştıracak değişikliklere sebep olduğu tecrübelere dayanarak ortaya konmuştur. Bu tez aynı zamanda yönetim faaliyetleri ile başarılı örgütsel değişim çabalan sonucunda karşılaşılan davranış değişimlerini bir araya getiren bir modeli de önermektedir. Bu model kısa bir süre önce özelleştirilen ve büyük değişimler geçiren bir şirkette teşt edilmiştir. Diğer faktörlerin yanında, yönetimin rolünü oluşturan faaliyetlerin örgütsel davranışlar üstünde en azından orta seviyede etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Yapılan korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri sonucunda, özellikle yaygın iletişim ve değişim sürecinin yönetilmesi faaliyetlerinin iş ortamında örgütsel değişim sürecini destekleyen davranış değişimleriyle yakından ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Örgütsel Değişim, Yönetim, Liderlik, Örgütsel Davranış IV ABSTRACT MANAGEMENT ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE Sayıner, Oğuz N. MBA., Department of Management Supervisor. Dr. Demet Varoğlu April 1997, 127 pages This thesis aims to put forth the importance of management role in organizational change and states activities contributing to effective management of the change efforts. The major activities constituting the components of management role can be put into five overlapping categories; motivating employee commitment to change, creating a vision, maintaining employee participation and involvement, communicating widely, and managing the transition period. In another study by Hoffer and Porras (1986), it was empirically found out that successful organizational change efforts caused changes in on-the-job behaviors of organization members acting as important mediating variables of organizational change. This thesis also proposes a model integrating these activities and common behavior changes in successful organizational change efforts. The model is tested in a recently privatized company which has been undergone through radical changes. It is found out that beneath other factors, management role activities have at least a moderate effect on the changes in organizational behaviors. The results of correlation and regression analyses show that especially communicating widely, and managing transition period are significantly related to the changes in on-the-job behaviors which in turn promote organizational change. Keywords: Organizational Change, Management, Leadership, Organizational Behavior iii 135

ÖZET Bu çalışmada betonarme prefabrike endüstri binalarında mimari tasarımı etkileyen faktörler ve uygulama problemleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın meydana getirilmesinde mevcut kaynakların konuyla ilgili bilgileri incelenmiş ve ülkemizde betonarme prefabrike endüstri binaları konusunda hizmet veren başlıca kuruluşlarla görüşmeler yapılarak araştırmanın güncel olması sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Sekiz bölümden oluşan bu çalışmanın bölümlere göre içeriği aşağıda özetlenmiştir. 1.Bölümde çalışmanın amacı ve kapsamı açıklanmış,endüstri binalarının tanımı ve tarihsel gelişimi irdelenerek, üretim türleri, kat sayılan ve örtü sistemlerine göre sınıflandırılması yapılmıştır. 2. Bölümde endüstri binalarında planlama ve amaçlarına ilişkin olarak planlama aşamaları, imalat ekipmanlarının planlamaya etkisi sirkülasyon ve malzeme aktarımında taşıma etkenliğine ilişkin kararların alınmasına değinilmiştir. 3.Bölüm, endüstri binalarında kullanılan prefabrike betonarme sistemlerin tanıtılması ve sınıflandırılmasına yönelik olup, çizimlerle desteklenmiştir. 4.Bölüm bir önceki bölümle ilişkili olarak anlatılan prefabrike betonarme sistem elemanlarından bahsedilmiş, özelliklerine göre sınıflandırılarak birbirleri ile ilgili birleşim ve montaj detaylan çizimlerle açıklanmıştır. 5. Bölüm, endüstri binalarında tasarımı etkileyen faktörler olarak statik sistemin belirlenmesi ve sistemin özelliklerini etkileyen faktörlerin ortaya konmasına yöneliktir.Dört farklı sistem kabulü ile bir endüstri binasına yönelik uygun sistem karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. İnşaat malzemelerinin seçiminde etkili olan fiziksel gereksinmelerde dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar alt başlıklar altında incelenmiştir. ö.Bölümde modüler koordinasyona göre tasarlamanın prefabrikasyon için önemi vurgulanmıştır.Modüler koordinasyona uygun olarak duvar ve çatı ilişkileri detaylandırılarak şekillerle ele alınmıştır. 7.Bölüm Türkiye'deki üretim süreci ve karşılaşılan uygulama problemleri, proje, üretim, taşıma, montaj ve pazar açısından incelenerek problemler ortaya konmuştur. 8.Bölümde Türkiye'de geçerli betonarme prefabrike sistem kriterleri, uygun sistem seçimi tanımlaması yapılarak ortaya konmuştur. Ülkemiz şartlarında oluşan maliyetlerin kaynaklan incelenmiş, sistemde esneklik ve hız açısından prefabrikasyondan beklenenler araştırılmıştır. 9. Bölümde sonuçlar ve öneriler ele alınmış, aynı zamanda endüstri binalarında kullanılan betonarme prefabrike sistemin önemi vurgulanarak tasarımcının üzerine düşen görevlerde incelenmiştir. SUMMARY The architectural design of a concrete prefabricated indusrial building is a process that includes stages such as the analysis of the function of the building, the planning of the structure of the building, the manufacture of the building, the transportation of the prefabricated products to the site and the building. in this study, factors affecting each of these stages are handled and are explained in detail. Also problems that occur during each stage of the architectural design process are studied. in the first chapter, starting with the definition of `industry`, the definition of the industrial building is done. Then, the historical development of the notion of the industrial building both in the world and Turkey is given. Later, three different classifications of the industrial buildings are done according to the industrial sectors, the number of the floors and the roof system. Finally, it is stated that the choice of the system depends on the previous classifications. in the second chapter,the production layout and the factors that affect the efficiency in the usage of the production elements, such as the labor force,materials,machinery and capital,during the production process in an industrial building are studied.Also the means of transporting and circulating the materials inside the industrial building are explained and the ways of increasing the efficiency are given. Before planning, factors and advantages and disadvantages of them should be determined. Defining the need programme will solve the problems and direct designer to develop new alternatives. in the third chapter,a detailed classification of the concrete prefabricated systems is done.The criteria that are used in this classification are the sizes and the vveights of the elements of the prefabricated system,the structure of the system and the production and marketing methods. I)Classification according to the sizes and vveights of the elements 1)Heavy prefabrication 2)Medium weight prefabrication 3)Light prefabrication II)Classification according to the structure of the prefabricated system 1)Columns-beams system 2)Panel system 3)Box system 4)Mixed systemIII) Classification according to production and marketing methods 1)Closed system 2)Semi-closed system 3)Öpen system in the fourth chapter,the elements in a prefabricated system are studied in detail. The system elements are handled according to the chosen system. The needs of the designer are determined and the necessary elements are developed. Sometimes a system part has more than öne duty such as rain pipe,ventilation channel, crain line (beam). If there are too many number of system elements,then difficulties occur during the building of the system. The number of the types of the elements should be reduced. The designer should have detailed information about the elements. By this way,the construction of the system is achieved in an economical way and time is saved. in this chapter, joint points are examined and classificated in nine groups as explained below: -Column - Base -Column - Column -Beam - Column -Beam - Beam -Beam - Floor -Wall - Base -Wall - Wall -Wall - Floor -Floor - Floor The fifth chapter defines the factors affecting the design of the industrial building. A comparison is done betvveen four different types of systems. Design stages are explained below: -General concepts, definitions, classifications -Definition of systems -information about parts of system -information about actual systems -Modular coordination, standardization -Technologic limitation -Factors determining the type of the building materials, -Determination of layout systems. Some factors affect the choose of materials. These factors are explained below: -The function of building, -Fire effect, -Lighting, xvi-Termal spesifications, -Noice and vibration, -Climate conditions, -Estethic expectations, -Financial problems, -Material life. The sixth chapter starts with the definition of the modular coordination and emphasizes the importance of modular coordination on prefabrication. Then the wall and roof structures are studied in the sense of modular coordination. Later the structure of outside walls and the principles in the design of the outside walls are given. in the seventh chapter, information about the concrete prefabricated indu,stry in Turkey is given and the application problems are stated. The production of the convensional and the concrete prefabric building is quite different. Ali kinds of details should be considered because any mistake in öne element affects ali the other elements. So,projects should be checked carefully.The designer should decide according to the criteria which are given below: -Adequate information on application and systematic order in planning, -Listing and coding of the products are necessary to have coordination between projects. -Application projects. There are two types of application during the fitting stage. -Static Application -Modular Application Application plans also define how the fitting will be done. These plans include the joint points' details, the orientation of the elements,the cement injection, and the application stages. -Mould, The production capacity,the visible surfaces, amount of materials mixed should be defined in order to avoid mistakes which will affect ali parts of the system. -Joint point solutions, -Static characteristics in building and fitting, Equipment is in different positions and orientations during the moulding,transporting, and fitting processes.Due to the static specifications, these positions and orientations should be taken çare of. xvii- Control, Control should be done carefully on projects. - Material use, The designer should know the chemical and physical effects of different materials. - Making decisions on production, While designing project, it is obvious that taking labour and production conditions into account is important. - Storage, Due to the fact that the static specifications of different materials affect transportation, lifting and storage conditions,as explained before,information on the correct way of handling the materials should be given interms of the position and orientation of the material. - Making decisions on fitting, The eight chapter explains the current prefabric system criteria in Turkey. Also it explains how an appropriate system is chosen. These criteria are grouped as economical,static criteria,and easy and fast building of the system and the performance, capacity, marketing and flexibility specifications are also taken into account in this grouping. The nineth chapter includes the results and the suggestions of the study. Details should be handled as parts of buildings which affect the designing process considerably (such as, modular coordination, size between columns, etc.). To make our industry have alternative solutions, it is obvious that the relation among investor, designer, manufacturer and schools should be enriched and made strong. For an optimum location, planning, definition and a perfect detailed solution of the construction system in concrete prefabric industrial design, designer should make research on possibilities of production, transportation and fitting of prefabric materials in addition to the need programme, capacity, and enlargement possibilities of the building and the customer should be oriented according to the outcome of the research. Designer should contact with the related foundations for getting information and determining system criteria. At the stage of defining materials and equipment of the system, a variety of factors such as cost and estethic, labour, personnel specifications, climate, tranportation methods, expactations from building, physical needs depending on production type, production process and equipment location, should be taken into account. xvmBecause various alternatives have been reached in concrete prefabricated industrial buildings in last years in our country, many solutions are possible in designing according to the financial limit of the customer. This is so many important for some foundations which are in competition each other. Buildings are showrooms at the same time which reflects materials and elements produced by those foundations. Meets are done in showroom of the building and customer are noticed the materials. Considering this, designer is expected to create more alternative solutions that make buildings useful and attractive. Today, there are some differences among the three systems generally used in concrete prefabric industrial buildings (column-beam system, panel and box systems) depending on production, finishing level before application, fitting time, labour, and possibilities of flexibility. Every industrial installation necessitates a different production type, a different equipment and personnel organization,that is, work planning. This is also valid even for the same type of industry because of the capacity needs. XIX 187

Chapter 8 Numerous scholars in different countries are investigating how institutions within a single country, or even between different countries, can collaborate with one another in order to, for instance, beat the Japanese at their own game; there has also been reflection upon how these groups may collaborate on some grounds and compete on others. Competition and competitive strategy have been in the limelight for many years, yet, until fairly recently, collaboration has been limited to industrial relations issues. Currently, a significant level of interest has also arisen regarding questions of how collaboration may unfold between countries, with social partners, between firms and within companies. Collaboration configurations can be found in some countries, which are either designed central social partners (Germany), or in which a process is nurtured by a facilitating institution, as in the recent Swedish1 and Norwegian2 national development programs. The project reported on in this paper is an experiment in testing the 'process' approach to initiating a national development program in Turkey. More specifically, this action research experiment is a means of finding an answer to the following questions: 'How does one generate a societal mechanism for consensus building?'; and 'Can we develop a means of managing the process of generating consensus in Turkish society?'

Surrendering to the environment changes the focus of design from the educational system to an environmental adaptive capacity. The objective of surrendering is to produce non-learning whereby all previous assumptions are shattered. One such environmental capacity is learner’s anonymous (LA) which is a structured environment to facilitate surrendering. In LA individuals suspend perceived notions of self in the pursuit of access to a larger whole through a group process methodology.

The paper develops a conceptual scheme that has not been developed to extend the Emery-Trist levels of organizational environments to afifth level consistent with premises laid in their milestone paper (Emery & Trist, 1965). The mounting contemporary evidence that can be observed in the salience of maladaptive responses to turbulent environments is the second reason for undertaking this challenge. More specifically, it is argued that the prevalence of stalemate, polarization, and monothematic dogmatism, the second-order maladaptive responses to the turbulent environment, leads to a frozen or a clinched order of connectedness as well as that of unevenly dynamic turbulent conditions. This approach facilitates the articulation of a different causal texture of an organizational environment than the previous four levels (placid random, placid clustered, disturbed reactive, and turbulent).

The relationships between varying patterns of organizational control and member consensus were investigated in thirty-two geographically separate units of a nationally organized delivery company. The hypotheses predicted that high rank-and-file control relative to that of upper echelons and a high amount of control exercised by members at all echelons would be positively associated with member consensus. The results fail to confirm the first hypothesis. The second hypothesis is supported-a high amount of total control is positively associated with both work-group consensus and hierarchical consensus. The results were seen as part of a larger organizational power syndrome.