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Agricultural extension plays a vital role in closing the capacity gaps of smallholder farmers throughout low- and middle-income countries, and there is an increasing interest to improve extension outcomes due to its central role in improving livelihood outcomes. Central to this interest is widening the scope of extension content to cover essential agribusiness skills, which, due to the challenges in breaking down this nuanced content into culturally appropriate content and delivery, have been largely absent from agricultural extension. This research details an approach used in Papua New Guinea to develop a series of learner- and problem-centred coursebooks to assist smallholder farmers to overcome the dominant agribusiness challenge facing smallholders throughout the world -- accessing finance. The coursebooks were designed from 'the space between', an emerging perspective of community membership where deep content knowledge and anthropological insights of the learning culture combine to envision new ways for nuanced content to be culturally placed. The approach detailed in this research can serve as an important reference to other practitioners working to design extension curricula for agribusiness skills within agricultural extension.

Aims: The aim of this study was to explain the process through which Australian nurses and midwives provide abortion care to people affected by gender‐based violence (GBV). Design: A constructivist grounded theory study. Methods: This study took place between 2019 and 2021. The lead author conducted semi‐structured interviews with 18 Australian nurses and midwives who provided abortion care. Participants were recruited through pro‐abortion, nursing and midwifery networks using a snowballing technique. Data collection and analysis proceeded using purposive and theoretical sampling until we reached data saturation. Findings: Participants revealed they underwent a process of working with or against the system contingent on the degree to which the system (the interconnected networks through which a pregnant person, victimized by trauma, travels) was woman centred. When participants encountered barriers to person‐centred abortion care, they bent or broke the law, local policy and cultural norms to facilitate timely holistic care. Though many participants felt professionally compromised, their resolve to continue working against the system continued. Conclusion: Conservative abortion law, policies and clinical mores did not prevent participants from providing abortion care. The professional obligation to provide person‐centred care was a higher priority than following the official or unofficial rules of the organizations. Impact: This study addresses the clinical care of people accessing abortions in the context of GBV. Nurses and midwives may act out against the law, organizational policies and norms if prevented from providing person‐centred care. This research is relevant for any location that restricts abortion through stigma, pro‐life influences or politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine how problem gambling interacts with gendered drivers of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women to exacerbate this violence. Interviews were conducted with 48 female victims of IPV linked to a male partner's gambling; 24 female victims of IPV linked to their own gambling; and 39 service practitioners from 25 services. Given limited research into gambling-related IPV, but a stronger theoretical base relating to IPV against women, this study used an adaptive grounded theory approach. It engaged with existing theories on gendered drivers of violence against women, while also developing a grounded theory model of individual and relationship determinants based on emergent findings from the data. Gambling-related IPV against women was found to occur in the context of expressions of gender inequality, including men's attitudes and behaviors that support violence and rigid gender expectations, controlling behaviors, and relationships condoning disrespect of women. Within this context, the characteristics of problem gambling and the financial, emotional and relationship stressors gambling causes intensified the IPV. Alcohol and other drug use, and co-morbid mental health issues, also interacted with gambling to intensify the IPV. Major implications. Reducing gambling-related IPV against women requires integrated, multi-level interventions that reduce both problem gambling and gendered drivers of violence. Gambling operators can act to reduce problem gambling and train staff in responding to IPV. Financial institutions can assist people to limit their gambling expenditure and families to protect their assets. Service providers can be alert to the co-occurrence of gambling problems and IPV and screen, treat, and refer clients appropriately. Public education can raise awareness that problem gambling increases the risk of IPV. Reducing gender inequality is also critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem gambling provides a strong motivation for perpetrating economic abuse. This study explores the interaction between problem gambling and economic abuse, and how this economic abuse is reinforced by other forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) and underpinned by gendered drivers of violence against women. Interviews were conducted with 18 women with lived experience of economic abuse perpetrated by a male partner with a gambling problem and analyzed using adaptive grounded theory. The women reported that their partner subjected them to numerous forms of economic exploitation (e.g. fraudulent use of her credit card) and economic control (e.g. preventing her from accessing money) to fund his gambling. Patterns of psychological and physical abuse reinforced this economic abuse. Gendered drivers of this violence underpinned this behavior including their partner's perceived entitlement to subordinate, control, and manipulate them. The resulting financial stress undermined the women's capacity to leave the relationship, extending their victimization and deprivation. This integrated exploration highlights that problem gambling and gendered drivers of violence interact to create a context where economic abuse and other forms of violence are perpetrated to obtain money for gambling. Interventions by gambling operators, financial institutions, and support services are needed to reduce gambling-related economic abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts a gendered perspective exploring how gambling by a male partner contributes to intimate partner violence (IPV) against women. Unstructured interviews with 30 women with lived experience of male partner violence linked to his gambling were analyzed using adaptive grounded theory. Gendered drivers of violence set the context for IPV experienced by these women. Their male partners held strict patriarchal views about gender roles, controlled decision-making, restricted the woman's independence, and condoned using violence against women. Gambling by the male partner interacted with these gendered drivers to increase the frequency and severity of IPV. They prioritized their gambling above the family's welfare, controlled household finances, and coerced the woman into providing money. Gambling created situations that increased IPV, including anger over losses, family stressors and conflicts, with violent backlash silencing the woman's objections. Violence intensified as the gambling escalated, with short-term cycles of violence directly linked to gambling events. Women experienced financial, psychological, physical and sexual abuse, and patterns of coercive control that maintained a climate of fear. These findings reveal the centrality of gender inequality within intimate relationships as a foundation for IPV, which is then exacerbated by the perpetrator's gambling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean seed systems for vegetatively propagated crops can play an important part in improving rural livelihoods but continue to face adoption challenges. Using exploratory case-based methodology, this research explored the adoption of a clean seed system for sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) among farmers in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. The research further explored the outcomes driven by adoption and how system design influences adoption and outcomes. Data were collected through a baseline survey (n = 73) in 2017, and an end-line survey (n = 94) in 2020, with observation and field notes used to validate and verify survey results. Results provide insight into how a pragmatic approach to design, led by local extension staff, can provide a contextually relevant system that inspired widespread adoption. Adoption of clean seed has created a new market for vines, connected commercial farmers and commercial feedlots to improved agricultural inputs while increasing the interest of farmers in investing in complementary technologies to get the most from clean seed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]