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This study examined effects of caffeine (CAF) on power output (PO) selection and associated physiological responses during cycling at moderate and high intensities prescribed by RPE (0-10 scale). Participants (n = 9) (VO2peak: 55.4 ± 6.32 mL · kg-1 · min-1) cycled for 20 min at RPE4 and 20 min at RPE7 separated by 10 min recovery following caffeine (CAF) (6 mg · kg-1) and placebo (PLA) ingestion. PO, HR, serum lactate [La], VO2, VE, and RER were recorded every 5 min. Session RPE (S-RPE) was recorded following 10 min recovery. Repeated-measures ANOVA's, 2 (trial) x 4 (time pt), showed significantly greater PO during RPE4 for CAF (130 ± 23 W) vs PLA (112 ± 26 W) and during RPE7 (CAF: 165 ± 37 vs PLA: 143 ± 41 W). Overall HR, VO2, and VE were significantly greater for CAF vs PLA during RPE7. RER for RPE4 and RPE7 were not significantly different (CAF vs PLA). Overall [La] was significantly greater for CAF during RPE4 (CAF: 2.32 ± 0.94 vs PLA: 1.73 ± 1.09) and RPE7 (CAF: 3.22 ± 1.44 vs PLA: 2.22 ± 1.49). Paired T-tests for S-RPE revealed no significant difference for RPE4 (CAF: 4.0 ± 0.5 vs PLA: 3.7 ± 0.5) or RPE7 (CAF: 7.1 ± 0.3 vs PLA: 6.9 ± 0.6) despite greater PO for CAF. Although individual responses varied, the current study indicates caffeine ingestion results in elevated self-selected PO with significant systematic changes in associated physiological responses particularly at a higher intensity (RPE7). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verticillium nonalfalfae, causal agent of Verticillium wilt, is being considered as a biocontrol for the highly invasive Ailanthus altissima in Pennsylvania. This soilbome fungus is extremely virulent on Ailanthus and rapidly transmitted from diseased to healthy trees within Ailanthus stands. The rapid transmission of the fungus could be facilitated by root grafts, but neither root graft formation in Ailanthus nor Verticillium transmission by root grafts in trees has been reported. Here, V. nonalfalfae transmission between diseased and healthy Ailanthus trees via intraspecific root grafts and clonal growth is evaluated. Using air-spade excavation, dye translocation, and root graft inoculations, functional root grafts were detected between Ailanthus trees and transmission of V. nonalfalfae across root grafts demonstrated. Inoculation of one Ailanthus parent stem resulted in 187 root sprouts showing Verticillium wilt symptoms 12 months after inoculation. This study revealed that clonal growth and root grafts, normally advantageous growth habits, leave Ailanthus stands vulnerable to widespread V. nonalfalfae infection. This study also broadens the understanding of the Ailanthus-Verticillium pathosystem, growth strategies of invasive Ailanthus, and epidemiology of Verticillium wilt within trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Shergottites are the most common type of martian meteorites, making up ~90% of the martian meteorite collection, and have mafic and ultramafic compositions. The poikilitic shergottites are the most abundant shergottites, consisting of more than 20% of total samples [1,2]. Geochemically, poikilitic shergottites can be classified into enriched, intermediate, and depleted based on light rare earth element abundances and isotopic compositions [2-5]. The poikilitic shergottites have a unique bimodal texture representing the entire magmatic evolution of a poikilitic shergottite. Domain 1, the early stage poikilitic texture, is representative of slow cooling at depth (early-stage mineral assemblages). Domain 2, the non-poikilitic late-stage interstitial texture, is reflective of magmatic ascent and rapid cooling (late-stage mineral assemblages) [2,4]. Melt inclusions (MI) in each texture are olivine-hosted, with olivine being the earliest crystallizing mineral in the poikilitic shergottites. Thus, the MI can be representative of the compositions at the time of their formation. Here, we conducted major and trace element MI analyses on mineral phases located in MI to better constrain parental magma compositions, as the melt evolves from one domain to another, while also examining potential crustal contamination in the melt [2,4]. Through 176Lu/177Hf and 147Sm/143Nd isotopic analyses of mineral separates, we will determine crystallization ages and isotopic compositions for two poikilitic shergottites to constrain time of formation, sources, and therefore potential distribution of the shergottite suite on Mars. Methods: We examined a suite of five meteorites including: Allan Hills (ALHA) 77005, Northwest Africa (NWA) 11065, NWA 7755, NWA 10618, and NWA 11043 by conducting melt inclusion analyses in both poikilitic and nonpoikilitic textures. In situ major and minor elemental analyses of the MI using the JEOL JXA-8900 electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) at University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). A total of 14 MI were analyzed, 6 from domain 1, and 9 from domain 2. The parental trapped liquid (PTL) compositions were calculated for each MI using the present bulk composition (PBC) and Petrolog3, which allows for an accurate measurement of the magma composition at time of entrapment [4]. We conducted our thermodynamic modeling using MELTS software [4-8]. In situ analyses of trace elements within the MI were conducted at UNLV using the ESI 193 nm Excimer NWR193 laser ablation system, which is coupled with an iCAPTM Qc inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). 176Lu/177Hf and 147Sm/143Nd isotopic analyses were conducted on two poikilitic shergottites NWA 7755 and NWA 11043 at University of Houston (UH) using methods outlined in [9-11] Results: The olivine hosted MI have compositions of Fo57-71. The Mg# [= 100*molar MgO/(MgO+FeO)] of olivine hosting MIs in domain 1 has a range of 40-50, while the olivine Mg# in domain 2 MI is 35-47. Melt inclusions in domains 1 and 2 exhibit similar CaO contents, ranging from 3-10 wt.%. The Al2O3 content generally shows an increase from MI in domain 1 (8-16 wt.%) to MI in domain 2 (9-21 wt.%). The SiO2 measured in MI in domain 1 and 2 is the same (40-55 wt.%). Potassium enrichment (>1 K2O wt.%) is seen in MI in domain 1 (1 MI) and domain 2 (4 MI), showing enrichment is more prevalent in domain 2. The K2O/Na2O is variable (0.02-1.9) throughout the MI in both domains. The 176Lu/177Hf versus 176Hf/177Hf 5-point isochron yielded a crystallization age of 223 ± 46 Ma (MSWD = 0.24), and an initial 176Hf/177Hf ratio of 0.282167 ± 0.00001 for NWA 7755. Discussion: The overlap of the poikilitic shergottite PTL compositions with olivine-phyric PTL composition ranges from previous studies [2,4,12-14] suggest that poikilitic shergottites and olivine-phyric shergottites may share a petrological link and similar petrogenesis/magmatic history. The PTL compositions of poikilitic shergottites are not as primitive and cover a smaller Mg# range (36-50) compared to that of the olivine-phyric PTL ranges (20-56). The variability of the K2O/Na2O ratio between the samples suggest that poikilitic shergottites may go through a common process during melt evolution resulting in the addition of K-rich metasomatized material. Parallel rare earth element profiles of the MI compared to bulk rock trace element data for all analyzed samples suggest that the MI are all sampling melts from a single source. Northwest Africa 7755's crystallization age and 176Lu/177Hf composition is identical within uncertainty to other enriched shergottites ages and source compositions suggesting NWA 7755 shares a long-lived geochemical source with these samples [12]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined hydration status, sweat losses, and the effects of flavoring and electrolytes on fluid intake for women ( n = 27, age = 24 ± 4 years) walking at a self-selected pace for ~1 h on a 1 km outdoor path during summer mornings or evenings. Over five consecutive days, participants consumed ad libitum one non-caloric beverage containing: (1) water (W), (2) acidified water (AW), (3) acidified water with electrolytes (AWE), (4) acidified water with flavor (AWF), and (5) acidified water with flavor and electrolytes (AWFE) in a counter-balanced order during walks and a 1-h recovery period. Walk Wet bulb globe temperature (26.2 ± 1.8 °C) and pace (6.0 ± 0.5 km/h) did not differ among beverages ( P > 0.05). Thirty-four percent of pre-walk urine specific gravity samples exceeded 1.020. Flavoring (AWF 700 ± 393 mL; AWFE 719 ± 405 mL) did not result in greater consumption ( P > 0.05) over W (560 ± 315 mL), with all three beverages exceeding grand mean sweat losses (528 ± 208 mL). Addition of electrolytes did not influence ( P > 0.05) the intake between AW versus AWE or AWF versus AWFE. The results of this study indicate that the majority of women will consume fluids in excess of their sweat losses within 1 h post-walk. Over half of consumption took place during walks, highlighting the importance of fluid availability during exercise. Great among-subjects variability in sweat losses and fluid intake support the need for promoting individualized hydration strategies based on the changes in body mass for athletic populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frontotemporal dementia is the fourth most common cause of dementia in the United States and characteristically presents with an early decline in social conduct, impaired regulation of interpersonal conduct, emotional blunting, and general loss of insight, with relative preservation of memory. This a case of frontotemporal dementia in a 46-year-old woman who presented with existing diagnoses of borderline personality disorder and major depressive disorder. She had been repeatedly evaluated for suicidality and mood lability, which led to her most recent hospitalization, the first at our facility. When the individual's outpatient psychiatrist was contacted following admission, the patient's major depressive disorder was considered largely refractory to treatment. It is the opinion of the authors that the patient's history of borderline personality disorder and the fact that frontotemporal dementia is a relatively uncommon condition delayed her accurate diagnosis. This case illustrates the difficulty faced by the clinician in recognizing a relatively uncommon condition, frontotemporal dementia, when a patient presents with psychiatric symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ninety-six females portrayed dramatic moods (angry, happy, or no role) in a morning session. After hearing a confederate (C) evaluate them (insult or no insult) in a cognitively separate afternoon session, Ss used shock to evaluate the “creativity” of the C's responses to stimulus words. E sex was also varied. Noninsulted Ss were aggressive in the presence of a female E. Insult increased aggressiveness more for angry role play Ss having a male E than for those having a female E. Implications for behavior disinhibition are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This study compared the effects of ingesting water (W), a flavored carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) or a flavored non-caloric electrolyte (NCE) beverage on mood, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and sprint power during cycling in recreational exercisers. Methods Men (n = 23) and women (n = 13) consumed a 24–h standardized diet and reported 2–4 h post-prandial for all test sessions. After a familiarization session, participants completed 50 min of stationary cycling in a warm environment (wet bulb globe temperature = 25.0°C) at ~ 60-65% of heart rate reserve (146 ± 4 bpm) interspersed with 5 rest periods of 2 min each. During exercise, participants consumed W, CE, or NCE, served in a counterbalanced cross-over design. Beverage volume was served in 3 aliquots equaling each individual’s sweat losses (mean 847 ± 368 mL) during the familiarization session. Profiles of Mood States questionnaires (POMS) were administered and blood glucose levels were determined pre- and post- sub-maximal cycling. Following sub-maximal exercise, participants completed 3 30–s Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnT) with 2.5 min rest between tests to assess performance. Results Blood glucose was higher (p AnT for CE (6.1 ± 1.7 mmol/L) compared to W (4.9 ± 1.5 mmol/L) and NCE (4.6 ± 1.2 mmol/L). Nonetheless, there were no differences among treatments in peak (642 ± 153, 635 ± 143, 650 ± 141 watts for W, NCE, and CE, respectively; p = 0.44) or mean (455 ± 100, 458 ± 95, 454 ± 95 watts for W, NCE, and CE, respectively; p = 0.62) power for the first WAnT or mean (414 ± 92, 425 ± 85, 423 ± 82 watts, respectively; p = 0.13) power output averaged across all 3 WAnT. Likewise, RPE during submaximal exercise, session RPE, and fatigue and vigor assessed by POMS did not differ among beverage treatments (p > 0.05). Conclusions Carbohydrate ingestion consumed by recreational exercisers during a 1–h, moderate-intensity aerobic workout did not alter mood or perceived exertion, nor did it affect subsequent anaerobic performance under the conditions of this study. Drinking caloric sport beverages does not benefit recreational exercisers in a non-fasted state.

Background Recent studies have shown associations between relative abundances of specific gut microbes and cognitive function; however, few studies have explored the potential interplay between the gut microbiome and food insecurity in association with the risk of cognitive impairment (RCI). This study investigated the role of food insecurity as an effect modifier between the gut microbiome, including groups of gut microbes (microbial cliques), and RCI. Methods Data came from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin and its ancillary Wisconsin Microbiome Study. The analytical sample (n = 360) included adult participants with complete data on food insecurity, RCI, and 16S rRNA sequencing data from stool samples. A "mini-cog" memory test was implemented to assess RCI. Food insecurity was assessed using a set of survey-based questions. Alpha diversity and individual taxa associations with RCI were estimated using linear regression. Microbial cliques associated with RCI were identified using an interpretable machine-learning-based algorithm. All analyses were stratified by food insecurity level, and regression models were adjusted for relevant confounders. Results Food insecurity status was weakly associated with RCI (b = 0.06, 95%CI=[0.00, 0.12]). Gut microbiome a-diversity had an inverse association with RCI in both the food secure (b=-0.08, 95%CI=[-0.15, -0.02]) and insecure groups (b=-0.09, 95%CI=[-0.26, 0.07]). Bacteroides sp. was associated with RCI in the food secure group only (b = 0.09, 95%CI= [0.05, 1.36]. We identified two microbial cliques whose associations with RCI were modified by food insecurity status. The presence of the microbial clique with either Eisenbergiella or Eubacterium was more strongly associated with RCI for the food-insecure group (β = 0.29, p < 0.0001) than the food-secure group (β = 0.05, p < 0.001). Alternatively, a microbial clique representing the presence of Ruminococcus torques , Bacteroides , CAG-352F, and/or Eubacterium had a stronger association with RCI for the food-secure group (β = 0.1, p < 0.0001) than the food-insecure group (β = 0.07, p = 0.01). Conclusions Food insecurity may modify the relationship between the gut microbiome and RCI. These findings suggest environmental and lifestyle factors in potential prevention strategies against RCI.

Background: Motor vehicle crashes among teen drivers often involve passengers in the teen's vehicle and occupants of other vehicles, and the full cost burden for all individuals is largely unknown. This analysis estimated direct hospitalisation and emergency department charges for teen-involved crashes by teen culpability, comparing charges for the teen driver, passengers and occupants of other vehicles., Methods: Probabilistic linkage was performed to link the Iowa police crash reports with Iowa emergency department and Iowa hospital inpatient data. Teen drivers aged 14-17 involved in a crash from 2016 through 2020 were included. Teen culpability was determined through the crash report and examined by teen and crash characteristics. Direct medical charges were estimated from charges through linkage to the Iowa hospital inpatient and the Iowa emergency department databases., Results: Among the 28 062 teen drivers involved in vehicle crashes in Iowa between 2016 and 2020, 62.1% were culpable and 37.9% were not culpable. For all parties involved, the inpatient charges were $20.5 million in culpable crashes and $7.2 million in non-culpable crashes. The emergency department charges were $18.7 million in teen culpable crashes and $6.8 million in teen non-culpable crashes. Of the $20.5 million total inpatient charges in which a teen driver was culpable, charges of $9.5 million (46.3%) were for the injured teen driver and $11.0 million (53.7%) for other involved parties., Conclusions: Culpable teen-involved crashes lead to higher proportions of injury and higher medical charges, with most of these charges covering other individuals in the crash., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

This study compared hydration efficiency of a carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO) beverage consumed in a bolus (BOL) vs. a metered (MET) drinking pattern during recovery from exercise induced hypohydration. Participants ( n = 10) lost 2 - 2.5% of body mass from sweating during a morning exercise session. Participants were then assigned to either consume a carbohydrate/electrolyte/protein beverage in a bolus (BOL) or metered incremental consumption (MET) (counterbalanced) pattern post exercise. Total rehydration beverage administered during recovery equaled 125% of fluid lost during exercise. BOL was administered within the first hour of recovery, MET was administered 25% during the first 30 min, then 12.5% every 30 min for the next 4 hours. Mean (±SD) intake was 2475 ± 324 mL (MET) and 2525 ± 293 mL (BOL) ( p = 0.22). Mean urine production was significantly greater for BOL (1167 ml ± 293 ml) than MET (730 ml ± 324 ml) ( p = 0.003). Hydration efficiency (fluid ingested vs. fluid retained as percent) was significantly greater for MET (69.1 ± 15.4) than BOL (53.7 ± 9.7) ( p = 0.004). Results indicate that, across a ~ 6-hour recovery, a metered drinking pattern improves fluid retention and therefore, hydration efficiency when a carbohydrate-protein beverage is consumed. More research is needed in paradigms characterized by unlimited fluid availability.