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Memories for events experienced during infancy and early childhood are rarely recollected later in life—a phenomenon termed infantile and childhood amnesia. The formation and retrieval of such episodic memories relies, in part, on the hippocampus. Characterizing the role of hippocampal development in offsetting infantile and childhood amnesia is key to understanding (i) why infantile and childhood amnesia occur and (ii) how episodic memory capacities develop in early ontogeny. Comparative research is necessary for this enterprise because many paradigms and techniques work better with humans or with non-human animals. The four papers in this symposium gather current work in developmental psychology, developmental cognitive neuroscience, and behavioral neuroscience that characterizes the complex and heterogenous developmental profile of behavioral gains in component processes underlying episodic memory capacity in humans and work on the mammalian hippocampus and how it accompanies development. By leveraging and triangulating multiple levels of analyses, we can gain insights that are unavailable using a siloed approach. This collection of work helps delineate clear future directions for a comparative approach in memory development.

Memories are stored as ensembles of engram neurons and their successful recall involves the reactivation of these cellular networks. However, significant gaps remain in connecting these cell ensembles with the process of forgetting. Here, we utilized a mouse model of object memory and investigated the conditions in which a memory could be preserved, retrieved, or forgotten. Direct modulation of engram activity via optogenetic stimulation or inhibition either facilitated or prevented the recall of an object memory. In addition, through behavioral and pharma)cological interventions, we successfully prevented or accelerated forgetting of an object memory. Finally, we showed that these results can be explained by a computational model in which engrams that are subjectively less relevant for adaptive behavior are more likely to be forgotten. Together, these findings suggest that forgetting may be an adaptive form of engram plasticity which allows engrams to switch from an accessible state to an inaccessible state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Does It Run In The Family?" booklets provide educational materials about family health history (FHH) and basic genetics to readers of all levels and are customizable for local communities. Purpose: The booklets were customized and provided to focus groups to evaluate their usefulness in conveying health information at a low reading level. Methods: Three focus groups with 19 participants reviewed the booklets. A semi-structured focus group guide was used. Transcripts were analyzed manually and coded for themes. Results: Five themes emerged across all three focus groups: appearance, organization, content, length, and reading comprehension of the booklets. Many participants noted that the booklets were attractive, well organized, contained useful information and were understandable. Participants indicated that the customized materials were interesting. Concerns were expressed about the booklets' length and lack of detailed information. Discussion: The focus groups revealed that literacy level, personalization of educational materials, the use of relevant pictures to emphasize topics, phrasing of the title and sentences, and the organization of information are important factors to consider when producing effective community education materials. Translation to Health Education Practice: The booklets are distributed through local health organizations to assist community members when obtaining FHH. (Contains 2 figures and 3 tables.)