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BackgroundContinuous monitoring of the vital signs of critical care patients is an essential component of critical care medicine. For this task, clinicians use a patient monitor (PM), which conveys patient vital sign data through a screen and an auditory alarm system. Some limitations with PMs have been identified in the literature, such as the need for visual contact with the PM screen, which could result in reduced focus on the patient in specific scenarios, and the amount of noise generated by the PM alarm system. With the advancement of material science and electronic technology, wearable devices have emerged as a potential solution for these problems. This review presents the findings of several studies that focused on the usability and human factors of wearable devices designed for use in critical care patient monitoring. ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to review the current state of the art in wearable devices intended for use by clinicians to monitor vital signs of critical care patients in hospital settings, with a focus on the usability and human factors of the devices. MethodsA comprehensive literature search of relevant databases was conducted, and 20 studies were identified and critically reviewed by the authors. ResultsWe identified 3 types of wearable devices: tactile, head-mounted, and smartwatch displays. In most cases, these devices were intended for use by anesthesiologists, but nurses and surgeons were also identified as potentially important users of wearable technology in critical care medicine. Although the studies investigating tactile displays revealed their potential to improve clinical monitoring, usability problems related to comfort need to be overcome before they can be considered suitable for use in clinical practice. Only a few studies investigated the usability and human factors of tactile displays by conducting user testing involving critical care professionals. The studies of head-mounted displays (HMDs) revealed that these devices could be useful in critical care medicine, particularly from an ergonomics point of view. By reducing the amount of time the user spends averting their gaze from the patient to a separate screen, HMDs enable clinicians to improve their patient focus and reduce the potential of repetitive strain injury. ConclusionsResearchers and designers of new wearable devices for use in critical care medicine should strive to achieve not only enhanced performance but also enhanced user experience for their users, especially in terms of comfort and ease of use. These aspects of wearable displays must be extensively tested with the intended end users in a setting that properly reflects the intended context of use before their adoption can be considered in clinical settings.

BackgroundThe patient monitor (PM) is one of the most commonly used medical devices in hospitals worldwide. PMs are used to monitor patients’ vital signs in a wide variety of patient care settings, especially in critical care settings, such as intensive care units. An interesting observation is that the design of PMs has not significantly changed over the past 2 decades, with the layout and structure of PMs more or less unchanged, with incremental changes in design being made rather than transformational changes. Thus, we believe it well-timed to review the design of novel PM interfaces, with particular reference to usability and human factors. ObjectiveThis paper aims to review innovations in PM design proposed by researchers and explore how clinicians responded to these design changes. MethodsA literature search of relevant databases, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, identified 16 related studies. A detailed description of the interface design and an analysis of each novel PM were carried out, including a detailed analysis of the structure of the different user interfaces, to inform future PM design. The test methodologies used to evaluate the different designs are also presented. ResultsMost of the studies included in this review identified some level of improvement in the clinician’s performance when using a novel display in comparison with the traditional PM. For instance, from the 16 reviewed studies, 12 studies identified an improvement in the detection and response times, and 10 studies identified an improvement in the accuracy or treatment efficiency. This indicates that novel displays have the potential to improve the clinical performance of nurses and doctors. However, the outcomes of some of these studies are weakened because of methodological deficiencies. These deficiencies are discussed in detail in this study. ConclusionsMore careful study design is warranted to investigate the user experience and usability of future novel PMs for real time vital sign monitoring, to establish whether or not they could be used successfully in critical care. A series of recommendations on how future novel PM designs and evaluations can be enhanced are provided.

Mouse cursor tracking has become a prominent method for characterizing cognitive processes, used in a wide variety of domains of psychological science. Researchers have demonstrated considerable ingenuity in the application of the approach, but the methodology has not undergone systematic analysis to facilitate the development of best practices. Furthermore, recent research has demonstrated effects of experimental design features on a number of mousetracking outcomes. We conducted a systematic review of the mouse-tracking literature to survey the reporting and spread of mouse variables (Cursor speed, Sampling rate, Training), physical characteristics of the experiments (Stimulus position, Response box position) and response requirements (Start procedure, Response procedure, Response deadline). This survey reveals that there is room for improvement in reporting practices, especially of subtler design features that researchers may have assumed would not impact research results (e.g., Cursor speed). We provide recommendations for future best practices in mouse-tracking studies and consider how best to standardize the mouse-tracking literature without excessively constraining the methodological flexibility that is essential to the field.

Understanding how people rate their confidence is critical for the characterization of a wide range of perceptual, memory, motor and cognitive processes. To enable the continued exploration of these processes, we created a large database of confidence studies spanning a broad set of paradigms, participant populations and fields of study. The data from each study are structured in a common, easy-to-use format that can be easily imported and analysed using multiple software packages. Each dataset is accompanied by an explanation regarding the nature of the collected data. At the time of publication, the Confidence Database (which is available at https://osf.io/s46pr/) contained 145 datasets with data from more than 8,700 participants and almost 4 million trials. The database will remain open for new submissions indefinitely and is expected to continue to grow. Here we show the usefulness of this large collection of datasets in four different analyses that provide precise estimations of several foundational confidence-related effects.

Purpose: To systematically develop a farm safety intervention for farmer peer learning groups, to support safe working practice adoption. Design/Methodology/Approach: An iterative, multi-actor process was used, guided by the Intervention Mapping framework and the Socio-Ecological Model. The target peer learning groups were Irish dairy farmer discussion groups (DDGs). Literature review, semi-structured interviews, surveys, and participant observation informed an initial intervention design, which provided a starting point for collaborative intervention development. The final design comprised two intervention approaches, A and B, differing in frequency and discussion length. In a seven-month cluster-randomised, controlled pilot study, 76 DDGs implemented the design. Findings: The designs were standardised but adaptable to individual group interests and schedules. Pre-pilot feedback from farm advisors (intervention deliverers), and farmer and advisor recruitment, indicated good intervention acceptability initially. Challenges were experienced during implementation, but 52% of DDGs participating in the infrequent, long discussions approach ('A') and 72% of those in the frequent, short discussions approach ('B') completed at least some of the protocol. Practical implications: The multi-actor approach resulted in two flexible, acceptable designs, responsive to group culture and dynamics. Frequent, short discussions were acceptable to a greater number of groups than infrequent, long discussions. Theoretical implications: The Socio-Ecological Model, combined with multi-actor Intervention Mapping, provided a robust framework for the development of acceptable, practical, evidence-based farm safety and health promotion initiatives. Originality/Value: The systematic public health research-driven approach evolved iteratively to a DDG practice-driven approach, through integration of Intervention Mapping with collaborative multi-actor design.

It is commonly agreed that, in most scenarios, deception involves cognitive demands. Prime amongst these demandsis competition between a default true response and an alternative false response. What is less understood are issuessurrounding the mechanistic underpinnings of how and when this competition enacts its influence during responding. Inprevious work (Duran, Dale, & McNamara, 2011), we have used an action dynamics paradigm to capture millisecond-timing information in how people use their mouse movements to respond yes or no to autobiographical information. Inthe current study, we employed a similar paradigm to collect response data from hundreds of anonymous participants,who freely used an interactive touchscreen exhibit at a public science museum exhibit, aiming to replicate and extendour previous findings. As expected, during false responding, the truth appears to be initially activated and dissipatescontinuously over the course of the response.

Computerised paradigms have enabled decision making re-searchers to gather rich data on human behaviour, includinginformation on motor execution of a decision, e.g., by track-ing mouse cursor trajectories. As the number and complexityof mouse-tracking studies rapidly increase, more sophisticatedmethodology is needed to analyse the decision trajectories.Here we present a new computational approach to generat-ing decision landscape visualisations based on mouse-trackingdata. Decision landscape is an analogue of energy potentialfield mathematically derived from velocity of mouse move-ment during a decision. Visualised as a 3D surface, it pro-vides a comprehensive overview of motor evolution of deci-sions. Employing the dynamical systems theory framework,we develop a new method for generating decision landscapesbased on arbitrary number of trajectories. The decision land-scape visualisation have potential to become a novel tool foranalysing mouse trajectories during decision execution, whichcan provide new insights into the dynamics of decision mak-ing.

In economics, “willingness to pay” reflects subjective value which has been employed to price goods, and morerecently, negative outcomes. The current project proposes a protocol for the behavioural assessment of fear-related avoidancebased on how much an individual is willing to pay to avoid their fears.The proposed protocol consists of a “card game” interface in which participants make choices in several stages. Duringbaseline, participants chose between two decks that provide differential point rewards. Across a series of experimental blocks,feared stimuli (e.g. a spider image) were presented in addition to rewards when the richer deck was chosen. Rewards were thenmanipulated, in a staircase fashion, to establish the value of the feared stimulus. Mouse and eye movements were tracked inan attempt to track cognitive processes during decision-making and avoidance. Preliminary results indicate sensitivity of theprotocol, and strengths and weaknesses will be discussed.

Framing decision options as gains or as losses affects how we evaluate those options. The current study assessedthe effects of gain- and loss-framing on the acquisition of outcome values across decisions and on the dynamics of computermouse responses to those decisions. In a series of 36 decisions per block, four arbitrary symbols were presented, two of whichwere assigned high points (e.g., 20) and two of which were assigned low points (e.g., 5). Participants (N=86) learned to choosehigh values and avoid low values when values were positive and to choose low values and avoid high values when they werenegative. Loss-framed outcomes (i.e., negative valence) were learned faster and more reliably. Response trajectories followingacquisition were slower, more curved and exhibited greater vacillation when choosing between two poor outcomes. Theseeffects were stronger when poor outcomes were negatively valenced.

The notion that cognitive processes ”leak” into motor output of decisions inspired much recent process-tracingresearch. In mouse-tracking, an increasingly popular decision-making paradigm, difficult choices lead to increased curvatureof the mouse trajectories towards the unchosen option. Here we explore whether traces of a decision process can be found inits motor output in a more naturalistic setting. Our subjects performed a series of choices between a smaller reward now and alarger reward at some delay. Using Kinect camera, we recorded subjects’ walking trajectories when they moved towards theirpreferred option displayed in one of the corners across the room. We found that deviation of subjects’ trajectories from theideal trajectory increased with delay when they preferred the ”later” option, and decreased with delay in trials where the ”now”option was chosen. Our results suggest that walking trajectory of a person can provide information about their ongoing thoughtprocesses.

The ability to see or hide one's own image is a typical feature of videoconferencing platforms. Previous research, informed primarily by self-reported data, has suggested that enabling self-view mode is associated with videoconferencing fatigue, particularly for women. Our goal in this study is to test this assumption by gathering neurophysiological evidence. We conducted an experiment using electroencephalography (EEG) with 32 volunteers (16 men and 16 women), who each participated in a live video meeting with the self-view mode both on and off. Our findings confirm the effects of self-view on fatigue, with significantly greater alpha activity when self-view was on than when it was off. Alpha activity did not change significantly across a 20-minute session, and was not significantly different for men or women. Thus, our study does not replicate previous findings that women experience greater videoconferencing fatigue because of the increased self-awareness generated when viewing themselves on a screen. We discuss why our EEG findings may diverge from prior self-reported studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three experiments investigated responding consistent with transitive class containment, a feature of hierarchical classification. Experiment 1 replicated key components of a preliminary attempt to model hierarchical classification (Griffee & Dougher, 2002) and tested for responding consistent with transitive class containment. Only 2 out of 5 participants showed the expected pattern. Experiment 2 tested whether repeated exposures to the Experiment 1 protocol would give rise to the expected pattern more reliably. None of 3 novel participants demonstrated the pattern. In Experiment 3, physically similar stimuli used in Experiments 1 and 2 were replaced across testing cycles by arbitrary stimuli. Transitive-class-containment-consistent responding was observed in all 3 novel participants. Implications, limitations and future research are discussed. (Contains 3 tables and 4 figures.)

Responding to temporal relational statements that include the original events (e.g., A... B) in a reversed order (e.g., 'B after A') is less accurate and more time-consuming than responding to such statements when they retain the original order of presentation (e.g., 'A before B'). The current study assessed whether this effect was limited to temporal relational responding by estimating the effect of reversal on magnitude statements (e.g., 'B bigger than A') as well as temporal statements. Participants (N = 40) completed temporal and magnitude relational judgement tasks in blocks consisting of a training phase and a testing phase. The order of relational tasks was counterbalanced across participants; participants learned the second type of relational task faster than the first. During testing, reversal of the order of stimuli in both temporal and magnitude relations reduced accuracy and increased response latencies suggesting that the reversal effect was not limited to temporal relations. The findings support the position that a general relational effect, such as mutual entailment, may underlie the increased difficulty of reversed temporal relational statements. Keywords Relational frame theory * Relational responding * Nonarbitrary relations * Temporal relations * Magnitude relations * Sequence, Relational frame theory (RFT) is a behavior analytic approach that proposes that arbitrarily applicable relational responding (i.e., relational framing) constitutes the basis of human language and cognition (Hayes, Barnes-Holmes, & [...]