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The global unsustainable production and consumption patterns in the fashion and textile industry are a prevailing problem. With the rising trend of European brands reshoring their textile manufacturing and upcoming circular economy frameworks from the EU, the Turkish textile industry may face pressures to transform towards circularity in order to remain competitive. To address the research gap concerning prevalent challenges to implement circularity principles in the critical stage of product design, the purpose of this thesis is to explore the barriers to adopting circular product design in the Turkish textile sector from a manufacturers perspective. This study was conducted in Istanbul with eleven textile and apparel manufacturers of different kinds. To reach a nuanced understanding of each perspective, a qualitative research methodology, through semi-structured interviews with factory managers, was used. The empirical findings of barriers are categorised as internal (financial, responsibility, knowledge) and external (country- and industry-specific). Major internal barriers include prioritising profits over circularity, prioritising customer demand over circular design, and unfamiliarity with key concepts. Country-specific external barriers include lack of competent personnel in Turkey and harsh taxation policies. Industry-level barriers include insufficient resources, limited control over fast-fashion demands, and lack of innovative technologies. This thesis contributes to an increased understanding of the scarcely researched topic and enables practitioners to develop efficient policies and business strategies to ease sustainable business development. Future research is suggested to explore drivers and strategies to apply circular product design within the Turkish textile industry. Additionally, further research can be conducted where this study is replicated but from the perspective of brand retailers with procurement operations in Turkey.

With the increasing digitalization of society today, the use of IT in schools is naturally becoming ever more prevalent. The effects of the introduction of digital technology in classrooms have been studied for years, yet the strategies for how these new tools are best used still struggle to reach everyone who needs them. In this study, teachers and IT-educators have been interviewed about their views, hopes and concerns regarding current use of IT in primary education. The results show which opportunities and challenges schools face through use of IT and can be used in further development of education.

Purpose: App-based treatment of urgency (UUI) and mixed (MUI) urinary incontinence has proved to be effective. To further improve treatment, it will be beneficial to analyze baseline and treatment-related factors that are associated with satisfaction. Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted of data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) assessing an app for UUI or MUI treatment, encompassing 98 women for whom there was long-term treatment satisfaction data. All participants completed a short-term (15 weeks) and a long-term (15 months) follow-up questionnaire after being given access to treatment. The outcome was a 3-item question on current treatment satisfaction at the long-term follow-up. Factors potentially associated with the outcome were analyzed using the chi-square test, Student’s t test or logistic regression. Results: At the long-term follow-up, 58% of the women were satisfied with the treatment. The most important baseline variable associated with satisfaction was incontinence-related quality of life (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ) − Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Quality of Life Module) (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.58–0.97). Short-term follow-up variables associated with long-term treatment satisfaction were improvement in the ability to endure urgency (OR 4.33, 95% CI 1.43–13.12), and confidence in pelvic floor contraction ability (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.04–6.82). Conclusion: App-based treatment for UUI and MUI may be an alternative first-line treatment that is satisfactory to many women over the long-term. Furthermore, short-term treatment that focuses on improving the ability to endure urgency, and confidence in pelvic floor contraction ability, can also be recommended for long-term satisfaction.

Aims: To evaluate the long-term effect of the Tät®II app for treatment of urgency (UUI) and mixed urinary incontinence (MUI). Methods: Long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial, including 123 women ≥18 years old with UUI or MUI, without red-flag symptoms, and ≥2 leakages per week. All participants, regardless of group, had received the intervention, a treatment app, at the long-term follow-up. Long-term data were collected through web-based questionnaires 15 months after participants received the intervention. The app included pelvic floor muscle training, bladder training, psychoeducation, lifestyle advice, an exercise log, reminders, reinforcement messages, and tailored advice. The primary outcome was a change in incontinence symptoms (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire [ICIQ]—Urinary Incontinence Short Form [ICIQ-UI SF]), from baseline to follow-up. Other outcomes were urgency symptoms (ICIQ—Overactive Bladder Module (ICIQ-OAB)), quality of life (ICIQ—Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Quality of Life Module [ICIQ-LUTSqol]), and improvement (Patient's Global Impression of Improvement [PGI-I]). Results: Of the 123 women, 102 (83%) completed the long-term follow-up. The ICIQ-UI SF mean score improved from 11.5 to 7.6 (mean difference 4.0, 95% CI 3.2–4.7). The ICIQ-OAB improved from 6.7 to 5.5 (mean difference 1.3, 95% CI 0.9–1.6) and the ICIQ-LUTSqol improved from 38.0 to 30.9 (mean difference 7.1, 95% CI 5.7–8.5). Of the 102 women, 74 (73%) reported improvement. Conclusions: Self-management with the Tät®II app for UUI and MUI had a significant effect across all outcome measures also long-term and might serve as an alternative first-line treatment for these conditions.

Bakgrund: Bevarad 'privacy’ under förlossningen kan underlätta den fysiologiska födselns process och minska känslor av stress och otrygghet. Detta ger ökade förutsättningar att hantera smärta och minska lidande och leder även till minskat behov av interventioner. Rätten till ‘privacy’ i samband med födslar betonas i globala standarder för födslovården men upplevelser av ‘privacy’ vid födslar är lite studerat. Syfte: Att identifiera och syntetisera kvalitativ forskning om kvinnors och barnmorskors upplevelser av ‘privacy’ i samband med vaginala födslar. Metod: Kvalitativ metasyntes med metaetnografisk analysmetod. Resultatet baserades på 20 vetenskapliga artiklar framsökta i PubMed, Cinahl och Web of Science, granskade med JBIQARI. Resultat: Huvudtemat ‘Privacy’ som tillgången till resurser innefattar upplevelser av den fysiska miljön, mänskliga och personliga resurser samt av hur kultur och religion påverkar. Bevarandet av ‘privacy’ har en relationell komponent som påverkas av kvinnans och barnmorskans personliga resurser. Huvudtemat ‘Privacy’ som kontroll över tillgången till ens jag beskriver upplevelser av att ha eller förlora kontrollen samt av antalet personer i födslorummet. ‘Privacy’ innebär mer än den fysiska miljön, som känslan av att rummet är den födandes plats, vara huvudpersonen, känna trygghet och ha kontroll över vad som sker. Slutsats: Metasyntesen belyser att bevarad ‘privacy’ är betydelsefullt för välmående vid födslar. Globalt är bevarandet av ‘privacy’ otillräckligt. Miljön som kvinnorna önskar för bevarad ‘privacy’ har stora likheter den som krävs för att främja födselns fysiologi. Klinisk tillämpbarhet: Metasyntesen bidrar med konkreta åtgärder för att bevara kvinnans 'privacy' och kan vara till stöd i den enskilda barnmorskans arbete med att främja födselns fysiologi samt till barnmorskor och beslutsfattare vid utformning av arbetsrutiner och förlossningsenheter., Background: Preserved privacy during childbirth may facilitate the process of physiological birth and reduce feelings of stress and insecurity. This gives better preconditions to handle pain and reduce suffering, it also leads to a reduced need for medical interventions. The right to privacy in birth is emphasized in global standards for maternity care but experiences of privacy in childbirth is sparingly researched. Aim: To identify and synthesize qualitative research about women's and midwives' experiences of privacy in vaginal childbirth. Method: A qualitative meta-synthesis with meta-ethnographic analysis. The result was based on 20 scientific articles searched in PubMed, Cinahl and Web of Science reviewed with JBIQARI. Results: The main theme Privacy as the access to resources includes experiences of the physical environment, of human and personal resources and of the impact of religion and culture. The preservation of 'privacy' has a relational component which is influenced by the personal resources of the woman and the midwife. The main theme privacy as control of access to the self describes experiences of having or losing control and about the amount of people in the birth room. Privacy includes more than the physical environment, such as the feeling that the room is the birthing womans place, being the protagonist, feeling safe and having control of what is happening. Conclusion: The meta-synthesis highlights that preserved 'privacy' is important for well-being during births. Globally, the preservation of privacy is insufficient. The environment that the women desire for preserved 'privacy' has great similarities to the one required to promote the physiology of birth. Clinical applicability: The meta-sythesis contributes with concrete measures to preserve the woman's 'privacy' and can therefore support the individual midwife's work in promoting the physiology of birth as well as to midwives and decision-makers when designing work routines and delivery unit

Studiens syfte är att bidra med kunskap kring vilka kompetenser och metoder förskollärare upplever att de behöver och använder sig utav vid samlingssituationer för att barn ska ges möjlighet till utveckling och lärande. Studien är kvalitativ och har genomförts med semistrukturerade intervjuer där sex förskollärare deltog. Intervjuerna har analyserats med tematisk analys vilket möjliggjorde att teman synliggjordes för att besvara studiens syfte. Det framkom i resultatet att förskollärares positiva inställning, öppna förhållningssätt, förmåga att kunna lyssna på barn och en tro på att barn kan lära, är centralt i studiens innehåll. Med hjälp av sin kompetens kan förskollärare veta vilka metoder de kan använda i samlingssituationer. Det mest framträdande arbetssättet som framkom i studien är att förskollärare behöver ha ett medforskande arbetssätt. Kompetenser som synliggjordes som betydelsefulla var exempelvis didaktisk kompetens, förskollärares utvärderingskompetens och flexibilitet hos förskollärare.

Under det senaste decenniet har världen blivit varse om fenomenet ”incels”. Incels har uppbå-dat stor medial uppmärksamhet till följd av två massmord utförda av män som identifierade sig som incels, vilket har föranlett att en relativt endimensionell bild av incels har fått fäste: incels beskrivs som arga och farliga män som hatar kvinnor för att de förnekas sex. Hur väl stämmer dessa beskrivningar överens med incels egna uppfattning? Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka incel-fenomenet närmare, hur personer som definierar sig som incels relaterar till jaget, communityt och omvärlden. Fokus är på incels syn på andra män, kvinnor, kärlek, sex och förhållanden. Uppsatsen baseras på passiva observationer av tre onlineforum där incels möts. Empirin består av konversationer från forumen. Analysen utfördes med hjälp av teore-tiska bidrag om sex, alienation, misslyckande och kärlek i modern tid. Studiens mest betydel-sefulla resultat är hierarkin baserad på utseende som incels reproducerar för sig själva, andra män och kvinnor, samt rangordningens negativa effekter på hur incels relaterar till sex, förhål-landen och kärlek. Uppsatsen visar att etiketten incel och den gemenskap som skapats kring den inte enbart är synonymt med ilska och hat. Sorg, förtvivlan och solidaritet mellan brustna hjärtan är viktigare aspekter i konstruerandet av incelcommunityt.

För och nackdelar med ett human traffickingnarrativ Human trafficking har, under 2000-talet, erhållit mycket uppmärksamhet, något som har resulterat i uppkomsten av ett dominerande internationellt traffickingnarrativ. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka och problematisera Europarådets Group of experts on action against trafficking in human beings (GRETA:s) narrativ om barntrafficking. Motiveringen till detta är att narrativ påverkar och avgör hur kampen mot barntrafficking förs. Om narrativet är konstruerat på ett sätt som inte speglar verkligheten kan detta hämma kampen. Uppsatsens avgränsning är GRETA:s narrativ om barntrafficking i Bosnien och Hercegovina, som tar sig uttryck i uppsatsen primärmaterial: Report con-cerning the implementation of the council of Europe convention on actions against trafficking in human beings by Bosnia and Hercegovina, 2017. Analysen har utförts med hjälp av Edward Snajdrs teoretiska bidrag om huvudnarrativ och human trafficking. Uppsatsens metodologiska val består av en form av narrativanalys, Narrative Policy Framework, samt Joanne Martins dekonstruktivistiska verktyg. Analysen av GRETA:s rapport genomförs med målet att besvara hur GRETA:s narrativ om barntrafficking är uppbyggt och i vilken utsträckning gruppen reproducerar det dominerande internation-ella human traffickingnarrativets antaganden. De mest framträdande resultaten berör narrativets karaktärer och tystnaden som finns kring vissa aspekter av trafficking. Till exempel GRETA:s reproducering av den låsta uppfattningen om offers roll och vem skurken i traffickingnarrativet är. De mest påtagliga tystnaderna rör två former av barn-trafficking och offers behov av psykiatrisk vård. GRETA:s narrativ vilar dock på goda principer, men gruppen skulle dra nytta av att vidga sin syn på trafficking av barn och utmana de antaganden som GRETA reproducerar., The pros and cons of a human trafficking narrative. Human trafficking has, in the 21st century, received substantial attention, which has resulted in the manifestation of a dominant international trafficking narrative. The pur-pose of this essay is to examine and problematize the European Councils Group of ex-perts on action against trafficking in human beings (GRETA:s) narrative regarding child trafficking. This is motivated by the fact that narratives are powerful and have the capacity to influence and determine how the fight against child trafficking is conducted. If the narrative is constructed in a manner that does not reflect reality, it could hamper the fight. The essay concerns GRETA:s narrative regarding child trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is expressed in the essay’s primary material: Report concerning the implementation of the council of Europe convention on actions against trafficking in human beings by Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2017. The analysis has been executed with assistance from Edward Snajdrs theoretical contributions regarding the theory of master narratives and human trafficking. The methodological choice of the essay consists of a form of narrative analysis, Narrative Policy Framework, and Joanne Martins tools for deconstruction. The enquiry of GRETA:s report is done with the purpose to answer how GRETA:s narrative regarding child trafficking is constructed and how the group repro-duces the assumptions of the dominant international human trafficking narrative. The most prominent results concern the narrative characters and the silence surrounding certain aspects of trafficking. For instance, GRETA:s reproduction of the fixated perception regarding the role of victims and who the trafficking narratives villain is. The most distinct silence concerns two forms of child trafficking and victims need for psychiatric care. GRETA:s narrative, however, is based on good principles, but the group would benefit from an expanding it’s perceptio

Background: Urinary incontinence is common among women, with prevalence most often reported to be between 25% and 45%. The most common type is stress urinary incontinence (SUI), defined as leakage upon exertion. First-line treatment includes pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) and lifestyle advice. eHealth, the use of information and communication technology for health, can lower barriers to seeking help, save time and provide easily accessible care. In other conditions, the use of mobile technology has been argued to improve adherence to, and serve as a support for, self-management leading to improved symptom control. Aim: To evaluate self-management of urinary incontinence via eHealth with respect to clinically relevant improvement, treatment effect and factors associated with success. This thesis focuses on self-management of SUI via the mobile app Tät®. Methods: This thesis is based on four papers (I-IV) with data from three different studies (1-3). Studies 1 and 2 were randomised controlled trials, to which adult, community-dwelling women with at least weekly SUI were recruited via the website of the research project. In study 3, we studied the use of the Tät® app once it had been made freely available after study 2. All users with urinary incontinence that were 18 years of age or older were included. All interventions were developed within the research project, focused on PFMT and included lifestyle advice In study 1, participants were randomised to either internet-based or brochurebased SUI management. Data from both groups were analysed for correlation with the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) questionnaire and the changes in validated symptom (ICIQ-UI SF) questionnaire and in the quality of life (ICIQ-LUTSqol) questionnaire. We then determined a minimal important difference (MID) for non-face-to-face treatment of SUI. (Paper I) In study 2, participants were randomised to three months of self-management with the Tät® app or to control group (

AIMS: To evaluate the effect of a mobile app treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women. METHODS: Randomized controlled trial, conducted 2013-2014 in Sweden. Community-dwelling adult women with ≥1 SUI episode/week recruited through our website and randomized to app treatment (n = 62) or control group (postponed treatment, n = 61). One participant from each group was lost to follow-up. Intervention was the mobile app Tät(®) with a treatment program focused on pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), and information about SUI and lifestyle factors. Primary outcomes, 3 months after randomization: symptom severity (International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire Urinary Incontinence Short Form [ICIQ-UI SF]); and condition-specific quality of life (ICIQ Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Quality of Life [ICIQ-LUTSqol]). RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-three women were included (mean age 44.7), with moderate/severe SUI (97.5%, 120/123), mean ICIQ-UI SF score 11.1 (SD 2.8) and mean ICIQ-LUTSqol score 34.4 (SD 6.1) at baseline. At follow-up, the app group reported improvements in symptom severity (mean ICIQ-UI SF score reduction: 3.9, 95% confidence interval 3.0-4.7) and condition-specific quality of life (mean ICIQ-LUTSqol score reduction: 4.8, 3.4-6.2) and the groups were significantly different (mean ICIQ-UI SF score difference: -3.2, -4.3to -2.1; mean ICIQ-LUTSqol score difference: -4.6, -7.8 to -1.4). In the app group, 98.4% (60/61) performed PFMT at follow-up, and 41.0% (25/61) performed it daily. CONCLUSIONS: The mobile app treatment was effective for women with SUI and yielded clinically relevant improvements. This app may increase access to first-line treatment and adherence to PFMT.

Human trafficking är ett världsomspännande problem som kränker individers mänskliga rättigheter och som även kränker deras värdighet som människor. Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera och problematisera svenska myndigheters arbete kring trafficking. Trafficking är ett fenomen som kan uppfattas på många olika sätt. På grund av detta är det därför väsentligt att myndigheternas arbete är kompatibelt med hur verkligheten ser ut för att trafficking ska kunna stoppas. Analysen av myndigheterna har genomförts genom att med hjälp av Sule Tomkinson resonemang om problematiken med den rådande bilden av vad trafficking är och Carol Bacchis approach för att granska myndighetspolicys representation av ett problem. Uppsatsen är avgränsad till Sverige och primärmaterialet består av nuvarande regerings Nationella strategi för att förebygga och bekämpa mäns våld mot kvinnor och Polismyndighetens Lägesrapport 17- människohandel med sexuella och andra ändamål. Motiveringen till att nyttja dessa två dokument som primärmaterial är att regeringen och Polismyndigheten är vitala instanser för Sveriges arbete mot trafficking. Analysen av Polismyndighetens rapport och regeringens nationella strategi har gjort för att kunna besvara hur trafficking som problem representeras hos svenska myndigheter samt om det går att genom Tomkinson problematisera den rådande bilden av trafficking i Sverige. Efter att ha analyserat berörda myndigheters representation av trafficking som problem går det att konstatera att det finns brister i representationen av trafficking. Brister som att trafficking likställs med sexuell exploatering och prostitution. Tillsammans med att andra former av trafficking så som tvångsarbete försummas. Det finns en problematik med regeringens respektive Polismyndighetens representation och bild av trafficking för att den upprätthåller samt bekräftar de normer som dominerar den globala uppfattningen om vad trafficking innebär.

AIMS: To determine whether changes in questionnaire scores on symptoms and condition-specific quality of life reflect clinically relevant improvements in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed questionnaires collected during a randomized controlled trial in women with SUI, that received pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) in two different formats. We included 218 women that answered validated self-assessment questionnaires at baseline and at a 4-month follow-up. We registered changes on two questionnaires, the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF) and the Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Quality of Life (ICIQ-LUTSqol). We compared these score changes to responses from the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) questionnaire. Differences were analyzed with the Spearman rho and one-way-ANOVA. The minimum important difference (MID) was the mean change in score for women that experienced a small improvement. RESULTS: The PGI-I correlated significantly to both the ICIQ-UI SF (r = 0.547, P < 0.0001) and ICIQ-LUTSqol (r = 0.520, P < 0.0001). Thus, larger reductions in symptoms or quality of life scores were associated with greater impressions of improvement. The changes in ICIQ-UI SF and ICIQ-LUTSqol scores were significant across all PGI-I groups from "no change" to "very much improved" (P < 0.05). The MIDs were 2.52 (SD 2.56) for ICIQ-UI SF and 3.71 (SD 4.95) for ICIQ-LUTSqol. CONCLUSIONS: The change in ICIQ-UI SF and ICIQ-LUTSqol scores after PFMT reflected clinically relevant improvements in women with SUI. The MIDs established for this population may facilitate future research, treatment evaluations, and comparisons between studies., Article first published online: 2014-08-22

Bakgrund För att åstadkomma säkra livsmedel krävs en tydlig kommunikation mellan livsmedelsföretagare och livsmedelsinspektör. Alla som arbetar med livsmedel måste kunna hantera de faror som kan uppstå vid en bristande livsmedelssäkerhet. Betydelsen av hur kommunikationen fungerar mellan verksamhetsutövare och livsmedelsispektör är relativt outforskad liksom verksamhetsutövarnas inställning till livsmedelssäkerhet. Syfte Syftet med studien var att belysa inställningen till livsmedelssäkerhet bland verksamhetsutövare inom restaurangbranschen samt hur de uppfattar kommunikationen med livsmedelsinspektören vid en kontroll. Metod Åtta kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med verksamhetsutövare inom restaurangbranschen. Personerna som valdes ut för intervju var de som vid respektive verksamhet vanligtvis hade kontakt med livsmedelsinspektören. Vid intervjutillfällena användes en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades ordagrant samma dag. Därefter analyserades materialet med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat Verksamhetsutövarna upplevde att de hade ett bra samarbete med livsmedelsinspektörerna. Enligt dem bygger ett gott samarbete på förståelse, god kommunikation och respekt för varandra. Vidare menade verksamhetsutövarna att en tvåvägskommunikation är betydelsefull. Man ansåg att livsmedelssäkerhet är en nödvändig och viktig del av arbetet för att garantera säker mat. Verksamhetsutövarna hade en del förslag på hur livsmedelsinspektörena kunde bli ännu bättre, exempelvis uppdateringar om lagförändringar. Slutsats Vikten av ett bra samarbete mellan verksamhetsutövare och livsmedelsinspektör visades vara betydelsefull liksom att det finns en tvåvägskommunikation. En ökad information till verksamhetsutövare vid nya lagförändringar skulle vara fördelaktigt då alla snabbare kan få ta del av de nya besluten och raskare rätta sig efter dessa. Studien visade på at, Background In order to achieve food safety a clear communication between operators and food inspectors is required. Anyone who is processing and working with food must know the hazards that may occur when a lack of food safety occurs. The importance of communication between operators and food inspectors is relatively unexplored as well as the operators attitudes towards food safety. Objective The aim of the study was to highlight the setting to food safety among operators in the restaurant business, and how they perceive communication with food inspector during an inspection. Method Eight qualitative interviews were conducted with operators in the restaurant business. The persons who were selected for the interview were the people how usually had contact with the food inspector. At the interview sessions, a semi-structured interview was used. The interviews were recorded and the data material was transcribed the same day. The material was analyzed using qualitative analysis. Results The operators mentioned that they had a good cooperation with the food inspector. According to the participants a good cooperation is built on good communication, understanding and respect for each other. Furthermore, the operators raise the importance in having a two-way communication. They felt that food safety is necessary and an important part of the work to ensure safe food. The operators had some suggestions on the development of the food inspector, for example, updates about legislative changes. Conclusion The importance of a good cooperation between the operators and food inspectors was found to be significantly important as well as a two-way communication. An increase in the information about new legislative changes to the operators would be beneficial so that everyone can take part of the new decisions and comply with them more rapidly. The study showed that knowledge and education in food safety was highly valued.