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The study investigated the acute effects of meals containing either salmon or veal in combination with carbohydrates with high or low glycemic index (GI) on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) (primary endpoint), appetite sensations, and energy intake (EI). Twenty-five overweight men and women ingested four iso-caloric test meals: salmon with mashed potatoes (high GI) (SM), salmon with wholegrain pasta (low GI) (SP), veal with mashed potatoes (VM) and veal with wholegrain pasta (VP). Energy expenditure was measured in the fasting state and six times postprandially for 25 min with 5-min breaks between each measurement. Appetite sensations were measured every 30 min. Blood samples, from arterialized venous blood, were drawn every 20 min until an ad libitum buffet-style lunch was served 3.5 h later. DIT was 40% higher after the SM meal compared to the SP meal (p = 0.002). Prospective food consumption was lower after the SM meal compared with the VP meal (p = 0.01). There were no differences in satiety, hunger, fullness, or ad libitum EI between the test meals (all p > 0.05). In conclusion, salmon with high GI carbohydrates increased DIT compared to salmon with low GI carbohydrates. This indicates that DIT is sensitive to the GI of the carbohydrates after intake of salmon but not veal.

The objective of this study was to investigate the acute effects of meals containing protein from either cod or veal in combination with high or low glycemic index (GI) carbohydrates, on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) (primary endpoint), appetite, energy intake (EI), as well as postpranidal ghrelin, glucose, and insulin responses. Twenty-three overweight men and women (mean ± SD age: 30.0 ± 7.6 y, BMI: 27.2 ± 1.4 kg/m2) consumed 4 test meals: cod with mashed potatoes (high GI carbohydrate), cod with wholegrain pasta (low GI carbohydrate), veal with mashed potatoes, and veal with wholegrain pasta (∼2010 kJ, ∼25.5 E% protein, ∼41.0 E% carbohydrate, ∼33.5 E% fat). Energy expenditure was measured at baseline and six times postprandially, each lasting 25 min. Additionally, appetite sensations were measured every half hour. Arterialized venous blood samples were drawn every 20 min until an ad libitum buffet-style lunch was served 3.5 h later. DIT did not differ between test meals (P > 0.05), and there were no differences in appetite sensations or ad libitum EI (all, P > 0.05). Meal-time interactions were found for glucose and insulin (P = 0.04 and P < 0.001). Pairwise comparisons revealed that glucose and insulin peaks were higher after the meals with high GI carbohydrates. No differences were found between meals with cod or veal in combination with carbohydrates with low or high GI on DIT, appetite sensations, or EI in overweight men and women. However, as expected meals with high GI carbohydrates resulted in higher glucose and insulin responses compared to meals with low GI carbohydrates regardless of protein source.

Aims: Exercise as well as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) treatment improves glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. We investigated the effects of exercise in combination with a GLP-1RA (liraglutide) or placebo for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.Methods: Thirty-three overweight, dysregulated and sedentary patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated to 16 weeks of exercise and liraglutide or exercise and placebo. Both groups had three supervised 60-minute training sessions per week including spinning and resistance training.Results: HbA1c levels dropped by 2.0 ± 1.2% (mean ± standard deviation) (from 8.2 ± 1.4%) in the exercise plus liraglutide group vs 0.3 ± 0.9% (from 8.0 ± 1.2%) with exercise plus placebo (p < 0.001), and body weight was reduced more with liraglutide (-3.4 ± 2.9 vs -1.6 ± 2.3 kg, p < 0.001). Compared to baseline, similar reductions were seen in body fat (exercise plus liraglutide: -2.5 ± 1.4%, (p < 0.001); exercise plus placebo: -2.2 ± 1.9%, (p < 0.001)) and similar increases were observed in maximal oxygen uptake (exercise plus liraglutide: 0.5 ± 0.5 l O2 per min (p < 0.001); exercise plus placebo: 0.4 ± 0.4 l O2 per min (p = 0.002)). Greater reductions in fasting plasma glucose (-3.4 ± 2.3 vs -0.3 ± 2.6 mM, p < 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (-5.4 ± 7.4 vs -0.6 ± 11.1 mmHg, p < 0.01) were seen with exercise plus liraglutide vs exercise plus placebo. The two groups experienced similar increases in quality of life during the intervention.Conclusions: In obese patients with type 2 diabetes, exercise combined with GLP-1RA treatment near-normalised HbA1c levels and caused a robust weight loss when compared to placebo. These results suggest that a combination of exercise and GLP-1RA treatment is effective in type 2 diabetes.

In patients with type 2 diabetes, both supervised exercise and treatment with the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) liraglutide may improve cardiac function. We evaluated cardiac function before and after 16 weeks of treatment with the GLP-1RA liraglutide or placebo, combined with supervised exercise, in 33 dysregulated patients with type 2 diabetes on diet and/or metformin. Early diastolic myocardial tissue velocity was improved by exercise in the placebo group (mean ± standard deviation [s.d.] -7.1 ± 1.6 to -7.7 ± 1.8 cm/s, P = .01), but not in the liraglutide group (-7.1 ± 1.4 to -7.0 ± 1.4 cm/s, P = .60; between groups, P = .02). Similarly, the mean ± s.d. ratio of early and atrial mitral annular tissue velocities improved in the placebo group (1.0 ± 0.4 to 1.2 ± 0.4, P = .003), but not in the liraglutide group (1.0 ± 0.3 to 1.0 ± 0.3, P = .87; between groups, P = .03). We found no significant differences in heart rate, left ventricular (LV) structure or function within or between the groups. In conclusion, the addition of liraglutide to exercise in sedentary patients with dysregulated type 2 diabetes may blunt the suggested beneficial effect of exercise on LV diastolic function.