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This essay aims to highlight and explain the gender inequality, the sexual assault and the rape in Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale from a feminist perspective, using the theory of the individualist, interactionist and institutional approach to gender found in Wharton’s The Sociology of Gender. Research questions: How does gender inequality shape the characters in the novel? What does it mean for them? How can the gender inequalities seen in Gilead society, as well as the sexual violence in the novel, be explained using sociological perspectives on gender? Gender inequality, which is what leads to the sexual violence, is produced on every level of society, and especially at the institutional level of society, that is, the culture of the society.

The advent of significant volumes of freely available, global scale, remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) data has revolutionized the study of modern depositional systems, especially with reference to their application as analogues for hydrocarbon reservoirs. While it is possible to browse Google Earth (or similar packages) and identify modern analogues, to date there have been no systematic studies which have mapped and categorized depositional systems on a global scale. Furthermore the application of data from modern systems in reservoir studies has commonly been undertaken in a qualitative way. Where measurements of geobodies are made it is often manually and prone to user error and bias. The work presented in this study details a systematic approach to the challenge of utilizing modern data as reservoir analogues from the global mapping of sedimentary basins, through the global classification of shallow marine shorelines to the automated description of sediment body geometries to their implementation in reservoir models. In addition to improved reservoir analogue studies, many aspects of this work, such as the mapping of basins and the quantification of shoreline types, have implications for broader understanding of modern systems and their preservation in the stratigraphic record. Given that the rock record is wholly comprised of deposits that were laid down in sedimentary basins, it is appropriate to only select analogous for the rock record from modern systems that sit within basins. To this end it was necessary to map the distribution of modern sedimentary basins. This was achieved using GIS algorithms that combine data on surface gradient, geology, climate and tectonics. The key result is the first known map of the World’s current terrestrial basins. Analysis of the results suggest that only about 16% of the Earth land surface lies within a basin, the rest is in upland areas that are in long tern net erosion. Within that 16%, 60% is within an arid climate which is significantly more than 27% of the total land proportion. Analysis of tectonic setting suggests that intracratonic and foreland basins are the greatest proportion by area. Paralic systems are major reservoirs. Clastic coastlines are classified on the relative importance of wave, tide and fluvial processes in transporting and depositing sediments. While this classification has existed for over 40 years, there have been no previous attempts to classify the entire coastline of the World. Using a series of GIS datasets describing factors such as mean wave height, tidal range, fluvial discharge and shoreline shape it has been possible to produce a map within which the coastline is subdivided into 927,577 5 km segments, each of which is categorized on the primary and secondary controlling mechanism. This dataset shows that the World’s depositional coastlines are primarily wave dominated (62%) with a significant component being tide dominated (35%) and only 3% being dominated by fluvial deltas. Further analysis suggests that shoreline type is heavily influenced by complex interplay between climate, latitude, shelf width, tectonic setting, ocean basin morphology and plate tectonics. The data have been analyzed by two parameters which are easily definable in the ancient (palaeo-climate and tectonic setting) to produce a probability matrix for a given shoreline type. The last two articles explore methodologies for the extraction of geometric information from modern depositional environments and outcrop data in a quantitative, objective and automated workflow. This shows a methodology for describing spatial polygons by a centerline and a series of deviations from that centerline. The method described in the third article is applied to two modern systems (the Mitchell Delta in the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Congo River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) to show significant improvements in comparison to standard GIS routines. A linear regression line comparing a method based on the minimum bounding box (MBB) of a shape with the method developed here shows that MBB width was exaggerated up to 4.5 times and MBB length underestimated by as much as 0.31 times between the two datasets. As width and length of features are important parameters in object-based reservoir modeling, the potential skewed relationship of width to length ratio could reflect in associated reservoir models. By expanding on the method proposed in Paper III, the fourth paper shows that mapped 2.5D geobodies from virtual outcrops can automatically describe shape, length, width and centerline deviation. Those attributes are used to define complex shapes for object based modelling. The potential of this approach is illustrated on the non-marine portion of the Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation of the Book Cliffs in eastern Utah where data were extracted and a reservoir model was built. The results of the study are a step towards the more systematic use of modern systems as reservoir analogues and also shed light on the fundamental controls on the stratigraphic record.

Den frågeställning som denna uppsats ska besvara är följande: Vad har bönen för innebörd bland medlemmar inom Missionskyrkan i Gävle, privat och i gudstjänsten, och vad menas egentligen med bön enligt dem? Mitt mål med uppsatsen är att på ett beskrivande sätt försöka ta reda på om bönens innebörd bland aktiva, troende människor inom Missionskyrkan idag. Jag kommer att redogöra för vad bönen används till, hur den används och vad som egentligen menas med begreppet bön. Jag har försökt att göra det på ett enkelt sätt för att få det förståeligt även för den som inte har en djupare insikt i religionsvetenskap eller i teologi. Men också så att den som har det ska få ut något av uppsatsen.

Detta är en studie om skillnaden i dopsyn mellan Svenska kyrkan, Jehovas vittnen och Livets ord. Uppsatsen har haft som mål att försöka klargöra skillnader mellan dessa tre samfund i dopteologi om det överhuvudtaget finns någon, samt även skillnader och likheter mellan samfunden när det gäller det praktiska tillvägagångssättet att bli döpt inom respektive organisation. Jag har utifrån den litteratur jag kommit över om respektive samfund, samt en intervju med en förespråkare för en av organisationerna försökt mig på en någorlunda sammanfattande redogörelse av dilemmat. Då jag använt mig av ett traditionellt vetenskapligt perspektiv har jag inte lagt någon tyngdpunkt på intervjuer. Dock har jag på grund av praktiska omständigheter valt att intervjua en förespråkare för Livets ord, då jag har haft svårt att få tag i material från denna organisation. Målet med uppsatsen har varit att skriva en uppsats i ämnet eftersom jag inte har hittat någon uppsats som tar upp skillnaden mellan dessa organisationer. Detta kan verka konstigt då alla tre samfunden har bibeln som grund för sin ideologi. Målet med uppsatsen har också varit att på ett lättförståeligt sätt förklara detta fenomen. Min ambition har varit att läsare som inte har så mycket kunskap i ämnet ska kunna tillgodogöra sig detta arbete på ett bra sätt.