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Six protein energy-bars (B1-B6) were prepared for Pakistani-athletes using dates, dried apricots, Cheddar-cheese and whey-protein isolate. Bars B1-B3 contained 5 g Cheddar-cheese and 13 g whey-protein isolate while quantity of dates were 74, 68 and 65 g and apricots 8, 14 and 17 g respectively. Bars B4-B6 contained 8g Cheddar-cheese and 12 g whey protein isolate while dates and apricots were same as in bars B1-B3. Bars were sealed in aluminium foil, stored at 20 ± 5 °C for 45 days to evaluate their sensory, compositional, physicochemical, microbial, textural and antioxidant properties. All bars have good sensory attributes except B6 that showed (p < 0.05) lower acceptability. The pH, water activity and microbial count decreased (p < 0.05) in all the bars. Maximum hardness was noticed in bar B1 and lowest in B6 while highest firmness was recorded in B2 and lowest in B6. The increase (p < 0.05) of total phenolic content was noticed in B6 and the highest increase of total flavonoid content was estimated in B2 at day 45, while B5 showed the highest antioxidant-activity on the 30th day afterwards a decline was observed in all the bars. Study revealed that these bars have good sensory attributes, physical characteristics and shelf-stability and could be a healthy snack for athletes.

Popularity of drinking yogurts is increasing due to significant health benefits, on the go lifestyle and unique valuable ingredients. For the production of drinking yogurt, the present study was being carried out. Effect of various times and temperatures of pasteurization was studied in respect of stability of the product as well as concentration of Aloe Vera gel extract and strawberry pulp was being optimized. A varying heating times and different temperatures of pasteurization (70oC, 80oC, 90oC and 100oC for 5 and 10 minutes) were used in this process. With the storage at refrigeration temperature, evaluation of product for various attributes was carried out including physicochemical (pH, total solids, acidity and viscosity), microbiological (total plate count) and sensory. Effect of storage, time and temperature was seen on yogurt pH that decreased during storage while DY100/10 showed minimum decrease (0.39). Whereas, significant increase was observed in acidity during storage, as DY100/10 showed minimum increase (0.17) while reduction in viscosity was observed and DY100/10 showed minimum reduction (46.33). DY70/5 showed the maximum reduction in viscosity (50) and highest increase in acidity (0.22). During storage, nonsignificant increase in total solids was seen while DY100/10 showed maximum increase (0.3). Increase in storage time led to the decrease in number of total plate count and the sensory attributes (appearance, flavor, sensory acidity, body and texture) were affected significantly. During 20 days of storage, maximum scores were awarded to DY100/10 while minimum scores were obtained by DY70/5. From the present investigation it can be concluded that the best drinking yogurt with respect to shelf life and its sensory acceptance is DY100/10 with a storage period of 20 days.

Seven Pakistani brown rice cultivars (KS-282, SB, C-9, SUPRI, PK-386, IRRI-9 and IRRI-6) were investigated as an alternative raw material to develop directly expanded extrudates. Results indicated that bulk density remained constant in all rice cultivars, whereas SUPRI presented a higher length-breadth (LB) ratio and lower thousand kernel weight and starch content than other cultivars. Amylose content was higher in KS-282, C-9 and IRRI-9 and lowest in SB. SUPRI rice extrudates produced optimum expansion and crispiness with reduced hardness, piece and bulk density. Scanning electron micrographs showed more cell pockets and evenness in porosity per unit area in SUPRI brown rice extrudates, indicating more porous and crispier extrudates. It is also evidenced from the micrographs that cavities were evenly distributed and less ruptured in SUPRI brown rice. Consequently, SUPRI extrudates exhibited better microstructure, crispiness (No. of peaks 9), and porosity (0.838 ± 0.009) along with minimum piece density (0.038 ± 0.001 g/cm3) and hardness (17.85 ± 1.05 N). Conclusively, low amylose rice cultivar (SUPRI) perform better as substitute raw material for extrudates development.

Background: The street children are exposed to many hazards and are prone to ill-health due to unhygienic and harsh livingconditions; they suffer from a wide range of diseases, ranging from common illnesses to growth and nutritional disorders and evenlife threatening conditions.Objective: This study was conducted to assess the common health problems and health status of street children and todetermine the health seeking behaviour of street children in Peshawar.Materials and methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted on 385 street children in Peshawar. Study duration wassix months. Non probability, snowball sampling technique was used. Semi structured questionnaire was used as datacollection tool.Results: Respiratory tract illnesses were the most common illness followed by fever and body-aches. 67% of street childrenwere aware of tertiary hospitals. 92.2% of the street children preferred going to Local Health Care worker (LHCW) for theirhealth issues. 30% of the street children had never visited a tertiary hospital. 21 % complained that the cost of health care washigh. 13.3% of the street children reported that the health care centres were overcrowded, 12% complained about long waitingperiod. 7% of the street children complained about the bad attitude of health care workers.Conclusion: The street children suffered from a wide range of ailments. Majority of street children were aware of tertiaryhospitals, yet an overwhelming majority of the street children preferred going to Local Health Care worker (LHCW) for theirhealth issues.Key words: Street children, Health status, Health seeking behaviour

The present study used descriptive sensory analysis (DSA) to compare Pizza cheeses prepared from various combinations of fresh Mozzarella and semi-ripened Cheddar cheeses and cooked under conventional and microwave cooking methods. A cheese sensory lexicon was developed, and descriptive sensory profiles of the Pizza cheeses were evaluated using a panel of semi-trained judges (n = 12). The following characteristics, flavor (cheddar, acidic, rancid, bitter, salty, creamy, and moldy), texture (stringiness, stretchability, firmness, and tooth pull), and appearance (meltability, oiliness, edge browning, and surface rupture) of Pizza cheeses were analyzed and compared with control samples. The sensory analysis of Pizza cheeses showed more preference toward a higher level of ripened Cheddar cheese (4 months), which was cooked using the microwave. However, the scores for texture properties were decreased with the addition of the semi-ripened cheese. The scores for stretchability and tooth pull were high in the microwave cooked samples compared with the conventionally cooked samples. The appearance attributes (meltability, oiliness, and edge browning) scores were increased with the increasing of ripened Cheddar cheese content while surface rupture was decreased. Microwave cooked Pizza cheese showed better meltability and oiliness but lower edge browning scores. The results showed that amalgamations of fresh Mozzarella and semi-ripened Cheddar cheese had a significant (p &lt, 0.05) and positive effects on the sensory qualities of Pizza cheeses.

This article aimed to assess the anti‐inflammatory and anticancer potential of water‐soluble peptide (WSP) extracts from buffalo and cow milk Cheddar cheeses. Anti‐inflammatory activity was evaluated on the basis of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated macrophage (RAW‐264.7) cells. A cell viability assay, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were performed to explore anticancer activity in a colon cancer model (HT‐29). The WSP extracts of both Cheddar cheeses effectively inhibited NO production in activated macrophages. Maximum growth inhibition was observed in the HT‐29 cells at concentrations of 400 and 500 μg/mL. A significant increase in cell population at G₀/G₁ phase of the cell cycle was observed. Moreover, the WSP extracts also induced extensive apoptosis in colon cancer cells.

Dairy products are associated with numerous health benefits. These are a good source of nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein (bioactive peptides), lipids, minerals, and vitamins, which are essential for growth, development, and maintenance of the human body. Accordingly, dairy bioactive peptides are one of the targeted compounds present in different dairy products. Dairy bioactive compounds can be classified as antihypertensive, anti-oxidative, immmunomodulant, anti-mutagenic, antimicrobial, opoid, anti-thrombotic, anti-obesity, and mineral-binding agents, depending upon biological functions. These bioactive peptides can easily be produced by enzymatic hydrolysis, and during fermentation and gastrointestinal digestion. For this reason, fermented dairy products, such as yogurt, cheese, and sour milk, are gaining popularity worldwide, and are considered excellent source of dairy peptides. Furthermore, fermented and non-fermented dairy products are associated with lower risks of hypertension, coagulopathy, stroke, and cancer insurgences. The current review article is an attempt to disseminate general information about dairy peptides and their health claims to scientists, allied stakeholders, and, certainly, readers.

The recovery of milk constituents from cheese whey is affected by various processing conditions followed during production of Ricotta cheese. The objective of the present investigation was to optimize the temperature (60–90 °C), pH (3–7) and CaCl2 concentration (2·0–6·0 mm) for maximum yield/recovery of milk constituents. The research work was carried out in two phases. In 1st phase, the influence of these processing conditions was evaluated through 20 experiments formulated by central composite design (CCD) keeping the yield as response factor. The results obtained from these experiments were used to optimize processing conditions for maximum yield using response surface methodology (RSM). The three best combinations of processing conditions (90 °C, pH 7, CaCl2 6 mm), (100 °C, pH 5, CaCl2 4 mm) and (75 °C, pH 8·4, CaCl2 4 mm) were exploited in the next phase for Ricotta cheese production from a mixture of Buffalo cheese whey and skim milk (9 : 1) to determine the influence of optimized conditions on the cheese composition. Ricotta cheeses were analyzed for various physicochemical (moisture, fat, protein, lactose, total solids, pH and acidity indicated) parameters during storage of 60 d at 4 ± 2 °C after every 15 d interval. Ricotta cheese prepared at 90 °C, pH 7 and CaCl2 6 mm exhibited the highest cheese yield, proteins and total solids, while high fat content was recorded for cheese processed at 100 °C, pH 5 and 4 mm CaCl2 concentration. A significant storage-related increase in acidity and NPN was recorded for all cheese samples.

Cheese is widely used as an ingredient in prepared foods to add taste, texture and nutritional quality. Mozzarella cheese is pasta filata product, manufactured in various shapes and used as pizza ingredient. Milk composition especially casein to fat ratio (C/F) is prime factor that dictate the functionality and sensory properties of Mozzarella cheese. Large restaurants do not purchase cheese from local manufacturer due to their non standardized manufacturing parameter which imparts variability in product quality. The study was aimed to standardize the mozzarella cheese manufacturing conditions with special reference to C/F and investigate its impact on the mozzarella cheese quality. Results showed significant (p

The aim of the study was to evaluate potential role of a water-soluble peptide (WSP) extracts derived from buffalo and cow milk Cheddar cheeses with special reference to their antihypertension and antithrombotic activities. The WSP fractions collected at different stages of ripening were tested to assess their degree of proteolysis, their peptides were profiled by RP-HPLC and in vitro assays for potential bioactivity were conducted. The peptide peak development was observed with slight differences in peaks number, area and height. Both angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory and antithrombotic activities increased progressively during ripening. In comparison, the highest activities were observed in peptide extracts obtained from buffalo milk Cheddar cheese, in a dose-dependent fashion.

This study aimed to develop goat’s milk cheese to conserve the major milk constituents. Household dahi (yoghurt) is an inexpensive source of starter cultures that contains several types of microorganism of which most are thermophilic in nature and can be used in the production of goat’s milk cheese. Different concentrations of dahi (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5%) were used to prepare the cheeses following the standard procedure for cheese manufacturing. The cheeses were analysed for their physicochemical, textural and organoleptic parameters. The highest yield was recorded for T1.0% (17.33%) and the lowest for T2.5% (15.58%). Significant (p < 0.05) differences were found for the pH, acidity and moisture content of the different goat’s milk cheese samples. The moisture content was highest in T0.5% (59.30) and lowest in T2.5% (52.20). The texture profile was significant (p < 0.05) for firmness, adhesiveness, gumminess and chewiness between the treatments. The sensory scores indicated that T1.0% was preferred by the panellists, followed by T1.5% and then the other treatments. It was concluded that goat’s milk cheese could be prepared with good quality characteristics using 1% dahi as the starter culture. Resumo Este estudo visou desenvolver queijo de leite de cabra para preservar os principais constituintes do leite. Dahi (iogurte) feito em casa é uma fonte barata de culturas do tipo starter que contém vários tipos de microrganismos, a maioria dos quais são termofílicos e podem ser usados para produzir queijo de leite de cabra. Concentrações diferentes de dahi (0,5%, 1,0%, 2,0% e 2,5%) foram usadas para preparar os queijos, seguindo o procedimento padrão para a fabricação de queijo. Os queijos foram analisados quanto a parâmetros físico-químicos, texturais e organolépticos. O rendimento maior foi registrado para T1,0% (17,33%) e o menor para T2,5% (15,58%). Diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) foram encontradas entre as diferentes amostras de queijo de leite de cabra para o pH, a acidez e a umidade. A umidade foi mais alta para T0,5% (59,30) e mais baixa para T2,5% (52,20). O perfil de textura foi significativo (p < 0,05) entre os tratamentos para firmeza, adesividade, gomosidade e mastigação. As notas sensoriais indicaram T1,0% como sendo a amostra preferida pelos provadores, seguida por T1,5% e os outros tratamentos. Foi concluído que queijo de leite de cabra pode ser preparado com boas características de qualidade usando-se 1% de dahi como a cultura tipo starter.

The adverse health effects of dietary sodium demand the production of cheese with reduced salt content. The study was aimed to assess the effect of reducing the level of sodium chloride on the texture, flavor, and sensory qualities of Cheddar cheese. Cheddar cheese was manufactured from buffalo milk standardized at 4% fat level by adding sodium chloride at 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, and 0.5% (wt/wt of the curd obtained). Cheese samples were ripened at 6 to 8 °C for 180 d and analyzed for chemical composition after 1 wk; for texture and proteolysis after 1, 60, 120, and 180 d; and for volatile flavor compounds and sensory quality after 180 d of ripening. Decreasing the salt level significantly reduced the salt-in-moisture and pH and increased the moisture-in-nonfat-substances and water activity. Cheese hardness, toughness, and crumbliness decreased but proteolysis increased considerably on reducing the sodium content and during cheese ripening. Lowering the salt levels appreciably enhanced the concentration of volatile compounds associated with flavor but negatively affected the sensory perception. We concluded that salt level in cheese can be successfully reduced to a great extent if proteolysis and development of off-flavors resulted by the growth of starter and nonstarter bacteria can be controlled.

Whey is an excellent food ingredient owing to its high nutritive value and its functional properties. However, composition of whey varies depending on composition of milk, processing conditions, processing method, and its whey protein content. The aim of this study was to prepare a whey powder from raw whey and to determine the influence of different processing temperatures (160 and 180 °C) on the physicochemical, functional properties during storage of 180 days and on whey protein denaturation. Results have shown that temperature significantly (P < 0.05) affects the pH, acidity, non-protein nitrogen (NPN), protein total soluble solids, fat and lactose contents. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher foaming capacity (FC), foam stability (FS), whey protein nitrogen index (WPNI), and a lower turbidity and solubility index (SI) were observed in whey powder processed at 160 °C compared to whey powder processed at 180 °C. During storage of 180 days, slow but progressive changes were noticed on the physicochemical and functional properties of whey powder. Reverse phase-HPLC analysis revealed a significant (P < 0.05) effect of temperature on whey protein contents. Denaturation of β-Lactoglobulin is followed by α-lacalbumin, casein glycomacropeptide (CMP/GMP), and bovine serum albumin (BSA)., {"references":["Hoffman, J. R., & FALVO, M. J. (2004). Protein: which is best? Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 3, 118-130.","Spahn, G., Baeza, R., Santiago, L., & Pilosof, A. (2008). Whey protein concentrate/carrageenan systems: Effect of processing parameters on the dynamics of gelation and gel properties. Food Hydrocolloids, 22, 1504-1512.","Omole, J., Macdosnald, O., & Mathew, M. O. (2012). Proximate composition of whey from South West Nigeria. Advances in Bioresearch, 3, 14-16.","Foegeding, E. A., Davis, J. P., Doucet, D., & Mcguffey, M.K. (2002). 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The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of feed management on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) level in milk and subsequently on fatty acid profile of cheese. Twenty cows were divided into 2 groups, fed on grass silage and pasture feed with sunflower supplementation for 14 days. Milk samples were collected and analyzed for composition and fatty acid profile using gas chromatograph. Cheddar cheese was manufactured from both milk types and ripened for 120 days. During ripening, it was analyzed for composition and fatty acid quantification. The supplemented diet significantly increased the CLA content in milk. Similarly the cis-9, trans-11 CLA content in Cheddar cheese were more than twofold in case of supplemented diet as compared to grass silage. During ripening, CLA concentration remained stable. The sunflower supplementation showed no effect on cheese composition. Hence, supplemented pasture resulted in elevated CLA content in milk compared to grass silage.

The aim of the study was to compare the minerals and lactic acid profile of Cheddar cheese prepared from cow and buffalo milk. Milks standardized at 4% fat level were used to prepare Cheddar cheese. The cheese was prepared and stored for 120 days ripening at 4°C. Chemical composition and minerals contents were determined at one month intervals during ripening. Lactic acid concentration was estimated after 2 and 4 months of ripening. The results revealed that cheese from buffalo milk had significantly higher level of fat, protein, ash, lactose and lactic acid contents as compared to that prepared from cow milk. Sodium, calcium and potassium contents were also considerably higher in the cheese prepared from buffalo milk. During ripening, significant decrease in lactose and pH value, while increase in acidity and lactic acid contents was observed. However, ripening did not influence the minerals profile of the cheese. It was accomplished that buffalo milk Cheddar cheese is nutritionally superior to cow milk cheese.

Fortification of food with micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals is one of the main strategies used to combat micronutrient deficiencies. Fortification in common salt is a fruitful strategy because of the daily consumption of 5-12 g salt per person globally. Therefore double fortification of salt with iodine and iron could be a reasonable approach to prevent both iodine and iron deficiencies. It is reckoned that about two billion people are iodine-deficient worldwide. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy may affect the health status of both mother and fetus and increase infant mortality. Deficiencies of both these micronutrients during childhood affect somatic growth and cognitive and neurological function. Thyroid metabolism is negatively affected by iron deficiency and reduced effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis in areas of endemic goiter. High prevalence of iron deficiency among children may be reduced by the application of effective iodized salt programs. However, ensuring the stability and bioavailability of both iron and iodine as double-fortified salt is difficult. Iodine present in iodide or iodate form in dual-fortified salt is oxidized to free iodine in the presence of ferrous ions and oxygen and consequently loses its characteristics. Moreover, ferrous iron is more bioavailable but is readily oxidized to the less bioavailable ferric form. However, both forms of iron may lead to discoloration of the final product, which can be reduced by providing a physical barrier around the iron. Salt encapsulation is one of the best tools to provide a physical barrier for undesirable reactions and interactions during storage. In this review the concept of dual salt fortification, the impact of fortification on curing various life-threatening maladies, latest assessments of mineral deficiencies and the choice of fortificants are discussed.

Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is a prosperous source of polyphenols, especially catechins. In the current research, an effort was made to optimize the extraction conditions for maximum yield of catechins from the local green tea Qi-Men. For the purpose, three different solvents were used, i.e., aqueous ethanol (50%), aqueous methanol (50%), and water at different time intervals (20, 40, and 60 min). Green tea catechins were quantified through HPLC using a C18 column and UV detector. The antioxidant activity of green tea catechins was measured through in vitro tests including DPPH radical scavenging ability and antioxidant activity. Results showed that extraction through aqueous ethanol resulted in maximum yield of green tea catechins (17400 ± 0.19 mg/100 g green tea leaves. Moreover, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, and epicatechin ranged from 4.26 ± 0.09 to 6.4 ± 0.2, 12.1 ± 0.123 to 17.7 ± 0.3, 1.32 ± 0.03 to 1.81 ± 0.02, 5.48 ± 0.099 to 8.6 ± 0.2 g/100 g of dry-extract, ...

Yoghurt is very rich in proteins, mineral, vitamins and other nutrients. Concentrated whey (CW) of buffalo cheddar cheese was used at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% in buffalo milk to increase the solids with reduction of fat in set yoghurt. These yoghurt samples were compared with control sample for physicochemical characteristics like acidity, protein, lactose, total solids, pH, syneresis, water holding capacity (WHC) and viscosity for 21 days at intervals of 7 days. The high concentration of whey significantly (p

The objective of the study was to compare the sensory profile of Cheddar cheese prepared from cow and buffalo milk using indigenous and commercial cultures. Commercially available and locally isolated, indigenous starter cultures were used to prepare cow and buffalo milk Cheddar cheese. The cheese was ripened at 4 and 12°C and analyzed for descriptive sensory profile by a panel of 10 assessors after 60 and 120 d of ripening. On evaluation, the mean scores for odor, flavor, and texture attributes obtained for buffalo milk cheese were significantly higher than those obtained for cow milk cheese. For most of the traits, cheese samples prepared from indigenous cultures and ripened at higher temperature received higher descriptive scores compared with those of commercial cultures and ripened at lower degrees. Milk sources highly significantly affected the “creamy” and “sour” traits of odor; the “creamy,” “smoky,” and “soapy” flavors; and all the texture attributes except “maturity.” Starter cultures considerably influenced the production of “acidic,” “bitter,” “sweet,” and “sour” characteristics. The use of elevated ripening temperature showed noticeable effect on all the characteristics except the “creamy” odor and flavor. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis also showed that milk sources, starter cultures, and ripening temperatures significantly influenced the sensory characteristics.

Seasonal variation in milk composition has attained core attention for consistent quality of dairy products at a global scale. Due to escalating scientific awareness, consumers are tracking toward nutritionally enhanced milk based functional products that have elevated their market demand. The current research was planned to evaluate localities and seasonal variation in fat, protein, lactose and vitamins (A, E, C) in milk (mix cow and buffalo milk) available for processing. The seasonal duration ranged from April 2008 to March 2009. The fat, protein and lactose contents of milk from all zones significantly varied throughout the season. Moreover, fat (5.4%) & protein (3.22%) contents were high in February, while maximum lactose content (6.26%) was observed in January. Additionally, minimum fat (4.3%), protein (2.3%) and lactose (4.93%) contents were observed in summer months. Highest vitamin C content (6.68 mg/100 g) of milk was recorded in February, whereas vitamin A (264.5 IU/100) and vitamin E (0.226 mg/100 g) were obtained in August and June, respectively. It was noted that vitamin A and E contents were high in August and subsequently declined till March. Conclusively, the current exploration proved helpful to analyze seasonal variation in milk composition with special reference to vitamins for consistent quality end products.

The effect of sodium chloride on the production of organic acids during ripening of buffalo milk Cheddar cheese at elevated temperature was evaluated. Buffalo milk Cheddar cheese was produced by adding sodium chloride at the rate of 0, 1 and 2% and stored for ripening at 4C and 12C for 120 days. The cheese was evaluated for organic acids i.e., lactic, acetic, citric, pyruvic, formic, butyric and maleic and mineral contents, including sodium, calcium and potassium at 60 and 120 days of ripening. The results showed that elevated ripening temperature accelerated the production of all organic acids and significantly increased their concentrations. However, during ripening, no effect on minerals profile was observed. High level of salt decreased the production of organic acids during ripening irrespective of ripening temperatures. Hence, it was concluded that elevated ripening temperature and enhanced sodium concentrations showed considerable effect on organic acids production. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Worldwide, Cheddar cheese is produced from cow's milk, but buffalo milk ranks at the top in Pakistan's milk production and, being nutritionally rich, is more suitable for cheese. Moreover, cheese ripening is a lengthy process and attempts to shorten the ripening time using a range of systems have had varying degrees of success. Organic acids are the major products of glycolysis during ripening and play an integral role in cheese quality. The addition of salt affects the cheese ripening and hence influences the production of organic acids. The project was designed with greater significance to determine the effect of sodium chloride on production of organic acids during accelerated ripening of buffalo milk Cheddar cheese. Practically, the project concluded that the optimal quantity of salt addition should be 1% in cheese manufacturing and recommended the ripening at 12C for 120 days in buffalo milk Cheddar cheese for better compositional profile.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the stability of chicken flavored textured soy protein (TSP) substitution for chicken meat in pizza toppings.Design/methodology/approach – TSP obtained from defatted soy flour was used to replace chicken at 25, 50 and 100 percent level in the pizza toppings. Patent grade wheat flour, TSP, boiled chicken, cheese, pizza shell and whole pizza were subjected to chemical analysis. Rheological properties of patent grade wheat flour were assessed by mixograph and farinograph. A panel of judges assessed sensory characteristics of pizza topping and whole pizza.Findings – Moisture, ash and protein contents of the whole pizza showed a rise when the amount of TSP was increased, while fat content decreased slightly with increase in TSP content. Mixographic studies showed 6 min mixing time and 44 percent peak height. The farinographic studies revealed water absorption, arrival time, dough development time, departure time and dough stability as 63.6 percent, 1.5, 8.5...

2 Abstract: The effect of Xylooligosacc haride (XO) enriched yogurt in addition to basal diet on seru m biochemical profile of albino rats assigned to 5 dietary treatments for a period of 21 days were studied. In all groups of rats (n = 5) serum glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides were observed. The weight gain in rats receiving yogurt was higher than those in control group. XO enriched yogurt showed significant improvement in minerals absorption. There was no significant change in serum cholesterol level of rats fed on yogurt with or without XO en richment but a fair reduction in serum glucose content was noted. XO as a functiona l ingredient can be incorporated in formulating dairy products with improved health benefits like lowering glucose levels.

PurposeLegumes are widely grown and are consumed as a source of plant protein throughout the world. They rank second after cereals with respect to their consumption order. Legumes have anti‐nutritional factors which make their uses limited. This study aims to check the effect of soaking and cooking on the anti‐nutrient contents and nutritional quality of the legumes.Design/methodology/approachFive legumes (white kidney bean, red kidney bean, lentil, chickpea, and white gram) frequently used by the masses were selected for soaking and cooking trials. Legumes were tested for their weight, volume, density, swelling capacity and water absorption capacity before soaking and cooking. Legumes were soaked in simple water, 2 per cent sodium chloride solution, acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate and cooked in a beaker with 1 : 5 seed water ratio to uniform soft mass. After soaking and cooking, legumes were tested for anti‐nutrients (phytic acid and tannin) and their nutritional quality.FindingsThe statistical analysis of the study results revealed that dark colour legume (red kidney bens) has a high level of phytic acid and tannin compared with light colour (white kidney beans and white grams). Soaking and cooking of legumes result in significant reduction in phytic acid and tannin contents. Maximum reduction of phytic acid (78.055) and tannin (65.81 per cent) was found for sodium bicarbonate soaking followed by cooking. These treatments also result in a slight reduction in nutrients such as protein, minerals and total sugars.Practical implicationsSoaking and cooking of legumes reduce their anti‐nutrients; phytic acid and tannin significantly. These treatments may be used domestically as well as commercially to increase the nutrients' availability from legumes to meet the problem of protein and minerals deficiencies.Originality/valueAlong with water different soaking solutions which are easily available in the market were used to test out their effect on the nutritional quality and safety. These may be used by the common people to raise their nutritional status.

2 Abstract: Mozzarella cheeses prepared from buffalo, cow and mixture of cow and buffalo milks using commercially available starter cultures (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus) were analyzed for moisture, fat, protein, ash, pH, acidity and calcium content at different storage days (2, 16, 31, 45 and 60). Cheeses were also evaluated for meltability (to assess the functionality of cooked cheeses) and for various sensory attributes (taste, flavor, texture and overall acceptability) during storage. Cheese composition was significantly affected by milk sources. Buffalo cheese had higher nutritional value while cheese made from mixture of cow and buffalo milk had more meltability and scored more points in all sensory attributes.

2 Abstract: Enrichment of yoghurt with xylooligosaccharide (XO) at different levels was studied with physicochemical and sensory analysis. Yoghurt prepared by incorporation of XO were compared for these characteristics to the yoghurt containing stabilizer (gelatin, 0.4% w/w) in addition to XO. Moisture contents, pH, acidity and total solids were studied. These attributes were significantly affected by the use of stabilizer and rate of XO incorporation. Use of gelatin produced better results in terms of lowering syneresis and improved appearance, body and texture. Addition of XO upto 3.5% did not influence taste and overall acceptability but higher levels contributed aftertaste.

The effect of packaging materials on the physicochemical and rheological characteristics of iron-fortified wholemeal flour (WMF) during storage was determined. WMF was fortified with three fortificants, namely ferrous sulfate (30 ppm), ferrous sulfate + ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (20 + 20 ppm) and elemental iron (60 ppm). Each flour was also fortified with 1.5 ppm folic acid. Moisture, flour acidity and peroxide value increased during storage, while protein and fat contents decreased. Highest conversion of Fe2+ into Fe3+was observed in flour fortified with ferrous sulfate (2.72%), followed by that fortified with ferrous sulfate + EDTA (1.49%) and elemental iron (1.06%). Water absorption and dough viscosity of iron-fortified flours increased during storage. The flour containing ferrous sulfate was most acceptable regarding sensory characteristics, followed by samples containing ferrous sulfate + EDTA. Fortified flours were more stable during storage than unfortified. Addition of EDTA increased the stability of flours and fortificants. The fortified flours stored in polypropylene bags proved more stable than those stored in the tin boxes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The main role of packaging is to protect the product during handling, distribution and storage against environmental and mechanical hazards. The success of a fortification program depends on the stability of micronutrients and food to which these are added. Chemical changes during storage badly affect chapatti making and sensory properties. Exposure of the fortificant to any factor including heat, moisture, air or light, and acid or alkaline environments during processing, packaging, distribution, or storage affects its stability. Flour containing elemental iron and ferrous sulfate with EDTA remained stable up to 42 days. The unfortified flour and flour containing ferrous sulfate remained stable for 21 days in tin boxes and 28 days in the polypropylene bags. Wheat flour milling industry would be benefited from this research if government is keen to launch iron fortification program in the country to curb iron deficiency anemia among population.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a significant challenge in developing countries. It increases the risk of premature delivery and low birth weight. In children, IDA retards growth, impairs cognitive performance, and reduces physical activity. It also accelerates the mortality and morbidity rate in women. The key factors responsible include dietary elevated iron demand, socioeconomic, and disease status. To overcome IDA, disease control measures, dietary diversification, supplementation and iron fortification in food have been adopted. Iron fortification in food is considered a long term and sustainable strategy in the present scenario. For an efficient fortification program, the combination of iron fortificants and food vehicle must be safe, acceptable, and consumed by the target population. Moreover, it should not adversely affect acceptability and stability of the end product.