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Permafrost degradation is delivering bioavailable dissolved organic matter (DOM) and inorganic nutrients to surface water networks. While these permafrost subsidies represent a small portion of total fluvial DOM and nutrient fluxes, they could influence food webs and net ecosystem carbon balance via priming or nutrient effects that destabilize background DOM. We investigated how addition of biolabile carbon (acetate) and inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) affected DOM decomposition with 28‐day incubations. We incubated late‐summer stream water from 23 locations nested in seven northern or high‐altitude regions in Asia, Europe, and North America. DOM loss ranged from 3% to 52%, showing a variety of longitudinal patterns within stream networks. DOM optical properties varied widely, but DOM showed compositional similarity based on Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR MS) analysis. Addition of acetate and nutrients decreased bulk DOM mineralization (i.e., negative priming), with more negative effects on biodegradable DOM but neutral or positive effects on stable DOM. Unexpectedly, acetate and nutrients triggered breakdown of colored DOM (CDOM), with median decreases of 1.6% in the control and 22% in the amended treatment. Additionally, the uptake of added acetate was strongly limited by nutrient availability across sites. These findings suggest that biolabile DOM and nutrients released from degrading permafrost may decrease background DOM mineralization but alter stoichiometry and light conditions in receiving waterbodies. We conclude that priming and nutrient effects are coupled in northern aquatic ecosystems and that quantifying two‐way interactions between DOM properties and environmental conditions could resolve conflicting observations about the drivers of DOM in permafrost zone waterways., Key Points Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from diverse circumpolar regions showed compositional and optical commonalitiesAdded acetate and nutrients suppressed background DOM degradation but accelerated colored DOM breakdownDisconnect between DOM composition and function indicates intrinsic and extrinsic conditions interact to regulate DOM dynamics

Lithium has limited biological activity and can readily replace aluminium, magnesium and iron ions in aluminosilicates, making it a proxy for the inorganic silicate cycle and its potential link to the carbon cycle. Data from the North Pacific Ocean, tropical Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean and Red Sea suggest that salinity normalized dissolved lithium concentrations vary by up to 2%–3% in the Indo‐Pacific Ocean. The highest lithium concentrations were measured in surface waters of remote North Pacific and Indian Ocean stations that receive relatively high fluxes of dust. The lowest dissolved lithium concentrations were measured just below the surface mixed layer of the stations with highest surface water concentrations, consistent with removal into freshly forming aluminium rich phases and manganese oxides. In the North Pacific, water from depths >2,000 m is slightly depleted in lithium compared to the initial composition of Antarctic Bottom Water, likely due to uptake of lithium by authigenically forming aluminosilicates. The results of this study suggest that the residence time of lithium in the ocean may be significantly shorter than calculated from riverine and hydrothermal fluxes., Key Points: Li/Na ratios vary by up to 2%–3% in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Authigenic formation of aluminosilicates slightly deplete deep‐water lithium concentrations in the North Pacific. The residence time of lithium in the ocean is 240,000 ± 70,000 years, based on removal from North Pacific deep‐water., Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, MoES, Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004814, National Science Foundation USA, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.941888

Since the 1980–1990s, international research efforts have augmented our knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of the Arctic Ocean water masses, and recent studies have documented changes. Understanding the processes responsible for these changes is necessary to be able to forecast the local and global consequences of these property evolutions on climate. The present work investigates the distributions of geochemical tracers of particle fluxes and circulation in the Amerasian Basin and their temporal evolution over the last three decades (from stations visited between 1983 and 2015). Profiles of 230‐thorium (230Th) and 231‐protactinium (231Pa) concentrations and neodymium isotopes (expressed as εNd) measured in the Amerasian Basin prior to 2000 are compared to a new, post‐2000s data set. The comparison shows a large scale decrease in dissolved 230Th and 231Pa concentrations, suggesting intensification of scavenging by particle flux, especially in coastal areas. Higher productivity and sediment resuspension from the shelves appear responsible for the concentration decrease along the margins. In the basin interior, increased lateral exchanges with the boundary circulation also contribute to the decrease in concentration. This study illustrates how dissolved 230Th and 231Pa, with εNd support, can provide unique insights not only into changes in particle flux but also into the evolution of ocean circulation and mixing., Key Points Concentration decreases of 230Thd and 231Pad suggest an enhancement of particulate scavenging since the 2000s in the Amerasian BasinParticulate scavenging results from higher productivity and sediment resuspension from the shelvesPost‐2000s changes in intermediate and deep layers suggest enhanced lateral mixing between the margins and central areas of the basins

Satellite data and models suggest that oceanic productivity is reduced in response to less nutrient supply under warming. In contrast, anthropogenic aerosols provide nutrients and exert a fertilizing effect, but its contribution to evolution of oceanic productivity is unknown. We simulate the response of oceanic biogeochemistry to anthropogenic aerosols deposition under varying climate from 1850 to 2010. We find a positive response of observed chlorophyll to deposition of anthropogenic aerosols. Our results suggest that anthropogenic aerosols reduce the sensitivity of oceanic productivity to warming from −15.2 ± 1.8 to −13.3 ± 1.6 Pg C yr−1 °C−1 in global stratified oceans during 1948–2007. The reducing percentage over the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Indian Oceans reaches 40, 24, and 25%, respectively. We hypothesize that inevitable reduction of aerosol emissions in response to higher air quality standards in the future might accelerate the decline of oceanic productivity per unit warming., Key Points Anthropogenic aerosol deposition alleviates the nutrient limitation in the oceansResponse of observed chlorophyll to anthropogenic aerosol deposition is modeledOver 1948–2007, the sensitivity of oceanic productivity to warming is reduced by 12.5%

Glaciated environments have been highlighted as important sources of bioavailable nutrients, with inputs of glacial meltwater potentially influencing productivity in downstream ecosystems. However, it is currently unclear how riverine nutrient concentrations vary across a spectrum of glacial cover, making it challenging to accurately predict how terrestrial fluxes will change with continued glacial retreat. Using 40 rivers in Chilean Patagonia as a unique natural laboratory, we investigate how glacial cover affects riverine Si and Fe concentrations, and infer how exports of these bioessential nutrients may change in the future. Dissolved Si (as silicic acid) and soluble Fe (0.45 μm) phases of both Si and Fe, which are not typically accounted for in terrestrial nutrient budgets but can dominate riverine exports. Dissolved Si and soluble Fe yield estimates showed no trend with glacial cover, suggesting no significant change in total exports with continued glacial retreat. However, yields of colloidal‐nanoparticulate and reactive sediment‐bound Si and Fe were an order of magnitude greater in highly glaciated catchments and showed significant positive correlations with glacial cover. As such, regional‐scale exports of these phases are likely to decrease as glacial cover disappears across Chilean Patagonia, with potential implications for downstream ecosystems., Key Points Si and Fe concentrations from 40 rivers in Chilean Patagonia reveal the impact of glacial cover on terrestrial nutrient cyclingColloidal and reactive particulate phases of Si and Fe are elevated in glacier‐fed rivers and dominate export budgetsRiverine exports of Si and Fe are likely to significantly change with continued glacial retreat, which may impact productivity in downstream ecosystems

Displaying Nitrogen (N) indicators on a global grid poses unique opportunities to quantify environmental impacts from N application in different world regions under a variety of conditions. Such calculations require the use of maps showing the geo‐spatial distribution of crop production. Although there are several crop maps in the scientific literature to choose from, the consequences of this choice for the calculation of N indicators still need to be evaluated. In this study we analyze the differences in results for N Use Efficiency (NUE) and N surplus calculated on the global scale using two different crop maps (SPAM and M3). For our calculations we used publicly available statistical and literature data combined with each crop map and carefully traced the origins of the differences in the results. Our results showed that the regions most affected by discrepancies caused by differences in crop maps (yields and physical area) are Central Asia and the Russian Federation, Australia and Oceania, and North Africa. However, we also found that the inclusion or exclusion of grass crops influences the results, as does the aggregation of crops to categories. Considering all these differences, we note that M3 seems to provide the more plausible results for the calculation of N indicators. Our analysis not only highlights the importance of determining the critical parameters for N indicator calculation, but also allows key parameters connected with N use and overuse to be identified on the global scale., Key Points Parameters like N surplus and NUE values are highly sensitive to the choice of crop mapAssumptions on grass crops also strongly influence N surplus and NUELeast bias in N indicators has been noted when using the M3 crop map

Across the Southern Ocean, phytoplankton growth is governed by iron and light, while bacterial growth is regulated by iron and labile dissolved organic carbon (LDOC). We use a mechanistic model to examine how competition for iron between phytoplankton and bacteria responds to changes in iron, light, and LDOC. Consistent with experimental evidence, increasing iron and light encourages phytoplankton dominance, while increasing LDOC and decreasing light favors bacterial dominance. Under elevated LDOC, bacteria can outcompete phytoplankton for iron, most easily under lower iron. Simulations reveal that bacteria are major iron consumers and suggest that luxury storage plays a key role in competitive iron uptake. Under seasonal conditions typical of the Southern Ocean, sources of LDOC besides phytoplankton exudation modulate the strength of competitive interactions. Continued investigations on the competitive fitness of bacteria in driving changes in primary production in iron‐limited systems will be invaluable in refining these results., Key Points Competition for iron between phytoplankton and bacteria is modulated by the colimiting effects of light and dissolved organic carbonWhen enough labile dissolved organic carbon is present, bacteria can outcompete phytoplankton for ironPhytoplankton exudation may be insufficient to stimulate bacterial dominance in the absence of other dissolved organic carbon sources

Alkalinity, the excess of proton acceptors over donors, plays a major role in ocean chemistry, in buffering and in calcium carbonate precipitation and dissolution. Understanding alkalinity dynamics is pivotal to quantify ocean carbon dioxide uptake during times of global change. Here we review ocean alkalinity and its role in ocean buffering as well as the biogeochemical processes governing alkalinity and pH in the ocean. We show that it is important to distinguish between measurable titration alkalinity and charge balance alkalinity that is used to quantify calcification and carbonate dissolution and needed to understand the impact of biogeochemical processes on components of the carbon dioxide system. A general treatment of ocean buffering and quantification via sensitivity factors is presented and used to link existing buffer and sensitivity factors. The impact of individual biogeochemical processes on ocean alkalinity and pH is discussed and quantified using these sensitivity factors. Processes governing ocean alkalinity on longer time scales such as carbonate compensation, (reversed) silicate weathering, and anaerobic mineralization are discussed and used to derive a close‐to‐balance ocean alkalinity budget for the modern ocean., Key Points Titration and charge balance alkalinity differThe impact of biogeochemical processes on pH depends on environmental conditionsOcean alkalinity budget is balanced when the additional alkalinity input from riverine particulate inorganic carbon and sedimentary sources is included

Carbonate veins in the igneous basement and in the lithified sedimentary cover of the Cocos Ridge at International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Hole 344‐U1414A reveal the hydrologic system and fluid‐rock interactions. IODP Hole 344‐U1414A was drilled on the northern flank of the Cocos Ridge and is situated 1 km seaward from the Middle America Trench offshore Costa Rica. Isotopic and elemental compositions were analyzed to constrain the fluid source of the carbonate veins and to reveal the thermal history of Hole 344‐U1414A. The formation temperatures (oxygen isotope thermometer) of the carbonate veins in the lithified sedimentary rocks range from 70 to 92 °C and in the basalt from 32 to 82 °C. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the veins in the altered Cocos Ridge basalt range between 0.707307 and 0.708729. The higher ratios are similar to seawater strontium ratios in the Neogene. 87Sr/86Sr ratios lower 0.7084 indicate exchange of Sr with the igneous host rock. The calcite veins hosted by the sedimentary rocks are showing more primitive 87Sr/86Sr ratios, Key Points Oxygen and strontium isotope ratios of carbonate veins suggest seawater and hydrothermally modified seawater as fluid sourceIsotopic and elemental compositions reveal fluid‐rock interactions in the Cocos Ridge basalt and in the lithified sedimentary rocksIntraplate seamount volcanism in the area between the Galapagos hot spot and the Cocos Island acted as an additional heating source

Incidences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and Vibrio infections have increased over recent decades. Numerous studies have tried to identify environmental factors driving HABs and pathogenic Vibrio populations separately. Few have considered the two simultaneously, though emerging evidence suggests that algal blooms enhance Vibrio growth and survival. This study examined various physical, nutrient, and temporal factors associated with incidences of HABs, V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus in South Carolina coastal stormwater detention ponds, managed systems where HABs often proliferate, and their receiving tidal creek waters. Five blooms occurred during the study (2008–2009): two during relatively warmer months (an August 2008 cyanobacteria bloom and a November 2008 dinoflagellate bloom) followed by increases in both Vibrio species and V. parahaemolyticus, respectively, and three during cooler months (December 2008 through February 2009) caused by dinoflagellates and euglenophytes that were not associated with marked changes in Vibrio abundances. Vibrio concentrations were positively and significantly associated with temperature and dissolved organic matter, dinoflagellate blooms, negatively and significantly associated with suspended solids, but not significantly correlated with chlorophyll or nitrogen. While more research involving longer time series is needed to increase robustness, findings herein suggest that certain HAB species may augment Vibrio occurrences during warmer months., Key Points We examined environmental factors associated with algal blooms, Vibrio vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus in coastal stormwater ponds Vibrio incidences were positively associated with temperature, followed blooms during warmer months, but not correlated with chlorophyllAlgal blooms may augment Vibrio in systems considered here under future environmental conditions, posing public health concerns

Frequent Aureoumbra lagunensis blooms in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida, have devastated populations of seagrass and marine life and threaten public health. To substantiate a more reliable remote sensing early‐warning system for harmful algal blooms, we apply varimax‐rotated principal component analysis (VPCA) to 12 images spanning ~1.5 years. The method partitions visible‐NIR spectra into independent components related to algae, cyanobacteria, suspended minerals, and pigment degradation products. The components extracted by VPCA are diagnostic for identifiable optical constituents, providing greater specificity in the resulting data products. We show that VPCA components retrieved from Sentinel‐3A Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) and a field‐based spectroradiometer are consistent despite vast differences in spatial resolution (~50 cm vs. 300 m). Furthermore, the VPCA components associated with A. lagunensis in both spectral datasets indicate high correlations to Ochrophyta cell counts (R2 ≥ 0.92, p, Key Points A novel remote sensing method sees brown tide in Indian River Lagoon, Florida, separate from suspended sediment and cyanobacteriaHandheld optical instrument and satellite measurements, confirmed by cell counts, and pigment concentrations agree with minimal errorThe water quality harmful algal bloom identification approach can be used with a variety of sensors across a wide range of water bodies

Anthropogenic activities have led to increases in nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from river systems, but there are large uncertainties in estimates due to lack of data in tropical rivers and rapid increase in human activity. We assessed the effects of land use and river size on N2O flux and concentration in 46 stream sites in the Mara River, Kenya, during the transition from the wet (short rains) to dry season, November 2017 to January 2018. Flux estimates were similar to other studies in tropical and temperate systems, but in contrast to other studies, land use was more related to N2O concentration and flux than stream size. Agricultural stream sites had the highest fluxes (26.38 ± 5.37 N2O‐N μg·m–2·hr–1) compared to both forest and livestock sites (5.66 ± 1.38 N2O‐N μg·m–2·hr–1 and 6.95 ± 2.96 N2O‐N μg·m–2·hr–1, respectively). N2O concentrations in forest and agriculture streams were positively correlated to stream carbon dioxide (CO2‐C(aq)) but showed a negative correlation with dissolved organic carbon, and the dissolved organic carbon:dissolved inorganic nitrogen ratio. N2O concentration in the livestock sites had a negative relationship with CO2‐C(aq) and a higher number of negative fluxes. We concluded that in‐stream chemoautotrophic nitrification was likely the main biogeochemical process driving N2O production in agricultural and forest streams, whereas complete denitrification led to the consumption of N2O in the livestock stream sites. These results point to the need to better understand the relative importance of nitrification and denitrification in different habitats in producing N2O and for process‐based studies., Key Points Land use, not stream size, was the strongest predictor of nitrous oxide (N2O) flux and concentration from the Mara River headwatersAgricultural land use showed the highest N2O flux, while livestock watering holes in the showed the lowest, similar to forest sitesNitrification appears to be an important source of N2O in agricultural and forest sites, while denitrification dominates in livestock sites

During the Oligo‐Miocene, major phases of phosphogenesis occurred in the Earth's oceans. However, most phosphate deposits represent condensed or allochthonous hemipelagic deposits, formed by complex physical and chemical enrichment processes, limiting their applicability for the study regarding the temporal pacing of Miocene phosphogenesis. The Oligo‐Miocene Decontra section located on the Maiella Platform (central Apennines, Italy) is a widely continuous carbonate succession deposited in a mostly middle to outer neritic setting. Of particular interest are the well‐winnowed grain to packstones of the middle Miocene Bryozoan Limestone, where occurrences of authigenic phosphate grains coincide with the prominent carbon isotope excursion of the Monterey event. This unique setting allows the analysis of orbital forcing on phosphogenesis, within a bio, chemo, and cyclostratigraphically constrained age‐model. LA‐ICP‐MS analyses revealed a significant enrichment of uranium in the studied authigenic phosphates compared to the surrounding carbonates, allowing natural gamma‐radiation (GR) to be used as a qualitative proxy for autochthonous phosphate content. Time series analyses indicate a strong 405 kyr eccentricity forcing of GR in the Bryozoan Limestone. These results link maxima in the GR record and thus phosphate content to orbitally paced increases in the burial of organic carbon, particularly during the carbon isotope maxima of the Monterey event. Thus, phosphogenesis during the middle Miocene in the Mediterranean was controlled by the 405 kyr eccentricity and its influence on large‐scale paleoproductivity patterns. Rare earth element data were used as a tool to reconstruct the formation conditions of the investigated phosphates, indicating generally oxic formation conditions, which are consistent with microbially mediated phosphogenesis., Key Points: Phosphogenesis during the Monterey event forced by 405 kyr eccentricity controlled paleoproductivityGamma radiation is directly linked to phosphogenesis via U enrichment of authigenic phosphateTrace elements show the phosphates formed under microbially mediated and well‐oxygenated conditions

We describe the basis of a theory for interpreting measurements of two key biogeochemical fluxes—primary production by phytoplankton (p, μg C · L−1 · day−1) and biological carbon export from the surface ocean by sinking particles (f, mg C · m−2 · day−1)—in terms of their probability distributions. Given that p and f are mechanistically linked but variable and effectively measured on different scales, we hypothesize that a quantitative relationship emerges between collections of the two measurements. Motivated by the many subprocesses driving production and export, we take as a null model that large‐scale distributions of p and f are lognormal. We then show that compilations of p and f measurements are consistent with this hypothesis. The compilation of p measurements is extensive enough to subregion by biome, basin, depth, or season; these subsets are also well described by lognormals, whose log‐moments sort predictably. Informed by the lognormality of both p and f we infer a statistical scaling relationship between the two quantities and derive a linear relationship between the log‐moments of their distributions. We find agreement between two independent estimates of the slope and intercept of this line and show that the distribution of f measurements is consistent with predictions made from the moments of the p distribution. These results illustrate the utility of a distributional approach to biogeochemical fluxes. We close by describing potential uses and challenges for the further development of such an approach., Key Points Measurements of ocean NPP and POC export are well described by lognormal distributionsThe lognormal forms the basis of a theory for analyzing such measurementsNPP and POC export can be related predictably via their distributions' moments

Tesis (Magister en Aplicaciones Espaciales de Alerta y Respuesta Temprana a Emergencias)--Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, 2017. Maestría conjunta con el Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales "Mario Gulich"-CONAE La eutrofización es un fenómeno que afecta a muchos cuerpos de agua en todo el mundo. En casos severos, la eutrofización puede llevar a grandes floraciones de algas. El Embalse San Roque, ubicado en la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina, no es ajeno a este proceso y en los últimos años se ha observado un incremento en las concentraciones anuales máximas de algas como consecuencia de eventos de floracion. Frente a esto, el monitoreo de la calidad de su agua es clave ya que es la fuente de abastecimiento más importante de la ciudad de Córdoba. La teledetección es una herramienta fundamental para complementar los monitoreos in situ tradicionales y comprender los procesos que ocurren en el Embalse. En este trabajo de tesis se generó un algoritmo semi-empı́rico obtenido a partir de datos satelitales del sensor MODIS y de mediciones in situ realizadas por la Secretarı́a de Recursos Hı́dricos de la Provincia de Córdoba. A partir de este modelo se obtuvo una serie temporal de concentración de Clorofila-a entre los años 2001 y 2014. Del análisis de dicha serie se puede concluir que el estado del agua del Embalse ha empeorado en los últimos 5 años (2010-2014). respecto de los primeros cinco de la serie (2001-2005). Además, se desarrolla un método de detección de floraciones algales a partir de la serie temporal de concentración de Clorofila-a (Cl-a) entre los años 2001 y 2014. A partir de la detección de las fechas de eventos de floración y caracterización de las mismas, es posible definir el rango de valores de Cl-a en los que el Embalse San Roque está en evento de floración ası́ como su estacionalidad, lo que permite generar una alerta cuando el cuerpo de agua se encuentra en estado de floración algal, fenómeno que puede afectar la salud humana. Eutrophication is a phenomenon that affects many water bodies around the world. In severe cases, eutrophication can lead to large algae blooms. San Roque Dam, located in the province of Cordoba, Argentina, is also subject to this process and in recent years there has been a disproportionate increase in algae concentration due to bloom events. In this context, monitoring the quality of water is crucial because it is the most important source of water supply for Cordoba city. Remote sensing is a fundamental complement to traditional in situ monitoring and aids to understand the processes occurring in the dam. In this thesis a semiempirical algorithm was obtained from MODIS data and in situ chlorophyll-a measurements, provided by the Ministry of Water Resources of Cordoba Province. From this model, a daily time chlorophyll-a time series was obtained from 2001 to 2014. Statistical analysis of the series indicate that water quality of the reservoir has worsened when comparing sets of last (2014-2010) and first (2010-2014) five years. Also a method to detect algae blooms was developed based on a time series of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in the period 2001-2014. By detecting algae bloom dates and their statistic characterization, it is possible to define the range of Chl-a values in which the San Roque Dam is going through a bloom event and its seasonality, which allows generating an alert when the dam is in bloom event, which can be a problem to human health Fil: German, Alba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación; Argentina. Fil: German, Alba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales. Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales Mario Gulich; Argentina.

Most of the Earth System Models (ESMs) project increases in net primary productivity (NPP) and terrestrial carbon (C) storage during the 21st century. Despite empirical evidence that limited availability of phosphorus (P) may limit the response of NPP to increasing atmospheric CO2, none of the ESMs used in the previous Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment accounted for P limitation. We diagnosed from ESM simulations the amount of P need to support increases in carbon uptake by natural ecosystems using two approaches: the demand derived from (1) changes in C stocks and (2) changes in NPP. The C stock‐based additional P demand was estimated to range between −31 and 193 Tg P and between −89 and 262 Tg P for Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6 and RCP8.5, respectively, with negative values indicating a P surplus. The NPP‐based demand, which takes ecosystem P recycling into account, results in a significantly higher P demand of 648–1606 Tg P for RCP2.6 and 924–2110 Tg P for RCP8.5. We found that the P demand is sensitive to the turnover of P in decomposing plant material, explaining the large differences between the NPP‐based demand and C stock‐based demand. The discrepancy between diagnosed P demand and actual P availability (potential P deficit) depends mainly on the assumptions about availability of the different soil P forms. Overall, future P limitation strongly depends on both soil P availability and P recycling on ecosystem scale., Key Points None of the ESMs used in the IPCC AR5 accounted for the effect of P limitation on the increase in NPP and carbon storageFuture additional P demand was estimated to have very large uncertainties under different climate scenarios and approachesFuture P limitation strongly depends on soil P availability, litter P turnover, the C:P stoichiometry of plant, and the P content in soil organic matter

Biological productivity in many ocean regions is controlled by the availability of the nutrient phosphorus. In the Mediterranean Sea, aerosol deposition is a key source of phosphorus and understanding its composition is critical for determining its potential bioavailability. Aerosol phosphorus was investigated in European and North African air masses using phosphorus near-edge X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (P-NEXFS). These air masses are the main source of aerosol deposition to the Mediterranean Sea. We show that European aerosols are a significant source of soluble phosphorus to the Mediterranean Sea. European aerosols deliver on average 3.5 times more soluble phosphorus than North African aerosols and furthermore are dominated by organic phosphorus compounds. The ultimate source of organic phosphorus does not stem from common primary emission sources. Rather, phosphorus associated with bacteria best explains the presence of organic phosphorus in Mediterranean aerosols.

Oaks (Quercus spp.) are a dominant genus in forests across the United States that have been declining due to fire suppression and forest mesophication. The reduction of these species may alter forest hydrologic and biogeochemical cycling. Canopy-derived nutrients and interspecific temporal distribution of leaves were quantified under oak and hickory (Carya spp.) species in Mississippi during 2014-2016. Throughfall quantity and chemistry were measured during every storm event under oak and hickory species. Interspecific leaf litter was collected weekly to quantify the timing of leaf fall and leaf litter nutrient content. Throughfall volume and solute fluxes were impacted by seasonality. Mg2+ and DOC were greater in throughfall than precipitation. Leaf loss was slower in oak species during leaf fall. Slower decay in oak litter may correlate with higher C/N ratios compared to hickory species. Results of this study indicate oak species are an important contributor to forest hydrology and nutrient cycling.

International audience; Future climate change is predicted to significantly impact ocean circulation and, potentially, to reduce ocean oxygenation. Paradoxically, the transition from the warm Pliocene, often held as an analog for a future, warmer Earth, to the cool Pleistocene appears to accompany a decrease in intermediate water oxygenation. The Plio-Pleistocene cooling begins with the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation, around 3.0-2.7 million years ago (Ma). High latitude cooling and extension of the polar ice caps led to cooling of the deep ocean and shoaling of the thermocline. The transition culminated in the cooling of the whole surface ocean and establishment of strong zonal and meridional atmospheric circulation from 2.0 Ma. A compilation of high-resolution nitrogen isotope records from the eastern equatorial Pacific, North Pacific, and the Arabian Sea and a global multi-site survey, indicates that regional intensification of oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) and expansion of water column denitrification accompanied the cooling and circulation changes at ~2.0 Ma. Large-scale open ocean suboxia intensified with the inception of a modern polar frontal system, despite lower temperatures and thus higher initial oxygen contents of the mode waters themselves. This likely reflects the increased importance of aged mode waters as the principle conduit of nutrients and oxygen to the OMZs. These results stress how climate-related changes in circulation may complicate our ability to predict ocean biogeochemical changes on a changing Earth.

Copper (Cu) is an unusual micronutrient as it can limit primary production but can also become toxic for growth and cellular functioning under high concentrations. Cu also displays an atypical linear profile, which will modulate its availability to marine microbes across the ocean. Multiple chemical forms of Cu coexist in seawater as dissolved species and understanding the main processes shaping the Cu biogeochemical cycling is hampered by key knowledge gaps. For instance, the drivers of its specific linear profile in seawater are unknown, and the bioavailable form of Cu for marine phytoplankton is debated. Here we developed a global 3‐D biogeochemical model of oceanic Cu within the NEMO/PISCES global model, which represents the global distribution of dissolved copper well. Using our model, we find that reversible scavenging of Cu by organic particles drives the dissolved Cu vertical profile and its distribution in the deep ocean. The low modeled inorganic copper (Cu') in the surface ocean means that Cu' cannot maintain phytoplankton cellular copper requirements within observed ranges. The global budget of oceanic Cu from our model suggests that its residence time may be shorter than previously estimated and provides a global perspective on Cu cycling and the main drivers of Cu biogeochemistry in different regions. Cu scavenging within particle microenvironments and uptake by denitrifying bacteria could be a significant component of Cu cycling in oxygen minimum zones., Key Points Phytoplankton uptake of ligand‐bound copper is necessary to meet phytoplankton copper requirementsReversible scavenging is responsible for the linear profile of dissolved copperLigands are important drivers of the surface Cu cycling