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This study was conducted to estimate the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the nutrients and energy contained in banana peel, cassava peel, cocoa husk, copra waste, and sugarcane bagasse in GIFT Nile tilapia (initial body weight 22.38 ± 0.33 g). A reference diet was formulated to satisfy the nutrient requirement of the fish. Five test diets were formulated to contain 70% of the reference diet and 30% of each test ingredient. The experiment lasted 42 days. The ADCs of dry matter (DM), crude lipid (CL), ash, crude fiber (CF), total carbohydrate (TC), and gross energy (GE) were 16.19%, 6.56%, 11.40%, 38.98% and 15.68% for banana peel; the ADCs of DM, crude protein (CP), CL, ash, CF, TC, and GE were 69.11%, 31.61%, 61.07%, 68.88%, 73.14%, 71.24%, and 69.00% for cassava peel; the ADCs of DM, ash, CF, TC, and GE were 10.56%, 0.84%, 28.70%, 2.82%, and 8.459.69% for cocoa husk; the ADCs of DM, CP, CL, ash, CF, TC, and GE were 63.08%, 20.14%, 66.60%, 32.53%, 69.70%, 66.21%, and 64.06% for copra waste; and the ADCs of DM, CF, TC, and GE were 15.22%, 36.71%, 34.34%, and 15.55% for sugarcane bagasse in tilapia respectively. This experiment generated basic information for the use of these ingredients in diet formulation for tilapia. However, considering the relatively low ADCs of nutrients observed in the present experiment, further processing could be an interesting avenue in improving the nutritional value and digestibility of these ingredients.

An experiment was conducted to estimate the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of macronutrients and energy of local palm kernel cakes, rice bran, maize bran and sago flour in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (average initial body weight of 30.49 ± 0.38 g). A reference (basal) diet was formulated to contain 33% crude protein, 7% crude fat and 390 Kcal/100 g diet, all on a dry matter basis. The acid-insoluble ash was used in all the diets as the digestibility marker. The experiment lasted 37 days, including a growth phase of 28 days followed by a feces collection phase of 9 days. The results showed that the ADCs of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, ash, crude fiber, total carbohydrate and gross energy were 79.74%, 83.53%, 78.79%, 83.84%, 75.53%, 78.20% and 79.25% for the conventional palm kernel cake, 46.36%, 34.59%, 47.89%, 34.94%, 60.35%, 51.69% and 47.96% for refined palm kernel cake, 58.67%, 51.00%, 65.10%, 60.39%, 63.59%, 59.44% and 60.50% for rice bran, 79.24%, 94.03%, 80.34%, 99.69%, 83.83%, 76.85% and 78.61% for maize bran, and 33.74%, negative value, negative value, negative value, 8.49%, 47.65% and 35.96% for sago flour in tilapia, respectively. The present study generated original information on the digestibility of nutrients contained in these local foodstuffs, which represents a baseline, original information that could be used to formulate least-cost local feeds. However, to account for the changes in the nutrient content of these local associated with seasonality, plant variety and improvement in ingredient processing on the quality of the ingredients available on local markets, it would be interesting to collect additional samples, several times a year and run similar digestibility experiments on a regular basis, in order to have a comprehensive database that could be used by local feed miller to manufacture feed for small fish farm holders.

Indonesia is the world’s second largest producer and third largest consumer of seafood. Fish is therefore essential to the nation, both financially and nutritionally. Overfishing and the effects of climate change will, however, limit future landings of capture fisheries, so any increases in future seafood production will need to come from aquaculture. The ecological effects of aquaculture are dependent upon the choice of species, management, and where it is sited. In the present study we use life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate how possible interventions and innovations can mitigate environmental impacts related to the aquaculture sector’s growth. The mitigation potential of six interventions were also quantified, namely (1) FCR reductions for whiteleg shrimp, carp, and tilapia; (2) sustainable intensification of milkfish and Asian tiger shrimp polyculture; (3) shifting groupers from whole fish diets to pellets; (4) favoring freshwater finfish over shrimp; (5) renewable electricity; and (6) reduced food waste and improved byproduct utilization. If all six interventions are implemented, we demonstrate that global warming, acidification, eutrophication, land occupation, freshwater use, and fossil energy use could be reduced by between 28% and 49% per unit of fish. The addition of many innovations that could not be quantified in the present study, including innovative feed ingredients, suggest that production could double within the current environmental footprint. This does not, however, satisfy the expected 3.25-fold increase under a business-as-usual scenario, neither does it satisfy the government’s growth targets. We therefore also explore possible geographical areas across Indonesia where aquaculture expansions and ecological hotspots may conflict. Conclusively, we advocate more conservative production targets and investment in more sustainable farming practices. To accelerate the implementation of these improvements, it will be central to identify the most cost-effective aquaculture interventions.

The six Coral Triangle countries—Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste—each have evolving systems of marine protected areas (MPAs) at the national and local levels. More than 1,900 MPAs covering 200,881 km2 (1.6% of the exclusive economic zone for the region) have been established within these countries over the last 40 years under legal mandates that range from village level traditional law to national legal frameworks that mandate the protection of large areas as MPAs. The focus of protection has been primarily on critical marine habitats and ecosystems, with a strong emphasis on maintaining and improving the status of near-shore fisheries, a primary food and economic resource in the region. This article brings together for the first time a consistent set of current data on MPAs for the six countries and reviews progress toward the establishment of MPAs in these countries with regard to (i) coverage of critical habitat (e.g., 17.8% of the coral reef habitat...

The Coral Triangle is a global priority for conservation and since the creation of the Coral Triangle Initiative in 2007 it has been a major focus for a multi-lateral conservation partnership uniting the region's six governments. The Coral Triangle (CT) Atlas was developed to provide scientists and managers with the best available data on marine resources in the Coral Triangle. Endorsed as an official supporting tool to the Coral Triangle Initiative, the CT Atlas strives to provide the most accurate information possible to track the success of the conservation efforts of the Initiative. Focusing on marine protected areas and key marine habitats, the CT Atlas tested a process to assess the quality, reliability, and accuracy of different data layers. This article describes the mechanism used to evaluate these layers and to provide accurate data. Results of the preliminary quality control process showed errors in reputable datasets, outdated and missing data, metadata gaps, and a lack of user instructions to...

The Coral Triangle (CT) includes some or all of the land and seas of six countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste (CT6). It covers only 1.1% of the world's area, but is the global hotspot for marine biodiversity and a rich spawning area for tuna. One-third of the CT6 population and millions more from outside the region are dependent on these resources. However, a range of human pressures threaten the biological health and diversity in the CT, affecting the food security and livelihoods of these people. A set of Crisis Sentinel Indicators (CSI) has been proposed to discuss the current state of affairs of the Coral Triangle based on the three dimensions of sustainability: Ecological, Socioeconomic, and Governance indicators. Furthermore, a Pressure-State-Response (PSR) analysis was performed for each CT6 country, using the three dimensions of sustainability, to capture and discuss the local state of affairs.

The viability of mixed-feeding schedules utilizing low-and high-protein diets for the production of monosex hybrid red tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticuswas evaluated. Male red tilapia juveniles (mean initial weight 16.8±0.08 g) stocked at a rate of 159 fish/m3 in canvas tanks (3.05m × 0.92m × 1.22m) were grown under five different feeding schedules for 24 weeks. Two schedules, using low (25%, A) and high (35%, B) dietary protein were designated as control. Three mixed-feeding schedules tested were: the feeding of 1 day of low protein diet followed by 3 days of high-protein diet (1A/3B); 2 days of low-protein diet followed by 3 days of high-protein diet (2A/3B); and 3 days of low-protein diet followed by 3 days of high-protein diet (3A/ 3B). Results showed that growth performance parameters, such as specific growth rate (% SGR), percent gain, and weight gain were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for fish maintained on the feeding schedule of 3A/3B. Similarly, the feed conversion ratio...

The influence of stocking density on the growth, feed utilization and population characteristics of red hybrid tilapia (Oreo-chromis mossambicus×O. niloticus) raised in portable canvas tanks was in...