16 results on '"Nurmi, Väinö"'
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2. Distributional Weights in Environmental Valuation and Cost-benefit Analysis: Theory and Practice
- Author
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Nurmi, Väinö and Ahtiainen, Heini
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Overadaptation to Climate Change? The Case of the 2013 Finnish Electricity Market Act
- Author
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Nurmi, Väinö, Pilli-Sihvola, Karoliina, Gregow, Hilppa, and Perrels, Adriaan
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Modelling of the public health costs of fine particulate matter and results for Finland in 2015
- Author
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Kukkonen, Jaakko, Savolahti, Mikko, Palamarchuk, Yuliia, Lanki, Timo, Nurmi, Väinö, Paunu,Ville-Veikko, Kangas ,Leena, Sofiev, Mikhail, Karppinen, Ari, Maragkidou, Androniki, Tiittanen, Pekka, and Karvosenoja, Niko
- Subjects
health, particulate matter, costs, modelling, integrated assessment, air quality - Abstract
We have developed an integrated tool of assessment that can be used for evaluating the public health costs caused by the concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ambient air. The model can be used in assessing the impacts of various alternative air quality abatement measures, policies and strategies. The model has been applied for the evaluation of the costs of the domestic emissions that influence the concentrations of PM2.5 in Finland in 2015. The model includes the impacts on human health; however, it does not address the impacts on climate change or the state of the environment. First, the national Finnish emissions were evaluated using the Finnish Regional Emission Scenarios model (FRES) on a resolution of 250 × 250 m2 for the whole of Finland. Second, the atmospheric dispersion was analyzed by using the chemical transport model SILAM and the source-receptor matrices contained in the FRES model. Third, the health impacts were assessed by combining the spatially resolved concentration and population datasets, and by analyzing the impacts for various health outcomes. Fourth, the economic impacts for the health outcomes were evaluated. The model can be used to evaluate the costs of the health damages for various emission source categories, for a unit of emissions of PM2.5. It was found that economically the most effective measures would be the reduction of the emissions in urban areas of (i) road transport, (ii) non-road vehicles and machinery, and (iii) residential wood combustion. The reduction of the precursor emissions of PM2.5 was clearly less effective, compared with reducing directly the emissions of PM2.5. We have also designed a user-friendly web-based tool of assessment that is available open access.
- Published
- 2020
5. Modelling of the public health costs of fine particulate matter and results for Finland in 2015
- Author
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Kukkonen, Jaakko, primary, Savolahti, Mikko, additional, Palamarchuk, Yuliia, additional, Lanki, Timo, additional, Nurmi, Väinö, additional, Paunu, Ville-Veikko, additional, Kangas, Leena, additional, Sofiev, Mikhail, additional, Karppinen, Ari, additional, Maragkidou, Androniki, additional, Tiittanen, Pekka, additional, and Karvosenoja, Niko, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Essays in environmental cost-benefit analysis
- Author
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Nurmi, Väinö, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Taloustieteen osasato, Doctoral Programme in Economics, Helsingin yliopisto, maatalous-metsätieteellinen tiedekunta, Taloustieteen tohtoriohjelma, Helsingfors universitet, agrikultur-forstvetenskapliga fakulteten, Doktorandprogrammet i ekonomi, Botzen, Wouter, Ollikainen, Markku, and Perrels, Adriaan
- Subjects
Ympäristöekonomia - Abstract
This thesis applies cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to certain environmental questions and through its results contributes to both the theoretical literature on CBA in environmental economics and practical issues in the application of CBA to environmental problems. The work comprises an introduction and four articles, which address three common thematic areas: 1) distributional issues, 2) climate change adaptation, and 3) urban ecosystem services. Article I contributes to the literature through analyses that i) provide a connection between the income effect and distributional issues; ii) compare weighting schemes both theoretically and empirically; iii) show how weights could be incorporated into a CBA in practice; and iv) demonstrate that results are sensitive not only to whether weights are applied, but also to the choice of the inequality parameter and spatial resolution. Article II analyzes whether over-investment in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation is a legitimate economic concern and examines how the public reacts to major infrastructure investments. The results constitute a contribution to both the theoretical and empirical literature on the economics of climate change adaptation. Article III evaluates how potential innovations in weather services can reduce weather sensitivity and, consequently, decrease the negative effects of climate change on transport, particularly in the road transport sector. The article illustrates how innovations in the provision and use of weather and climate information can be beneficial for adapting to the changing climate and contributes to the empirical literature on the economics of climate change adaptation. Article IV presents a CBA of a relatively novel feature in the urban green portfolio: green roofs. The specific objectives of the research are i) to facilitate benefit-transfer of ecosystem services from one urban area to another by providing detailed information on valuation methods and the role of different assumptions and parameter values and ii) to include scenic values as a benefit item based on a formal and trackable analysis rather than on a guess. The article contributes to the empirical literature related to both the cost-benefit analysis of urban ecosystem services and the economics of climate change adaptation. Tässä tutkielmassa sovelletaan kustannushyötyanalyysiä (KHA) ympäristöön liittyviin kysymyksiin. Tulokset vievät eteenpäin sekä KHA-analyysin teoreettista kirjallisuutta että käytännön sovellettavuutta ympäristökysymyksiin. Työ koostuu neljästä artikkelista, joissa on kolme poikkileikkaavaa teemaa: 1) tulojakauma-kysymykset, 2) ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutuminen ja 3) urbaanit ekosysteemipalvelut. Artikkeli I pääkontribuutio kirjallisuuteen on i) luoda yhteys tulovaikutuksen ja tulojakauma-kysymyksen välille, ii) vertailla eri painotustapoja teoreettisesti ja empiirisesti, iii) osoittaa, miten painotukset voidaan käytännössä sisällyttää KHA:n, iv) näyttää tulosten herkkyys paitsi siihen, painotetaanko hyötyjä vai ei, myös siihen, mikä painotustapa valitaan ja mitä maantieteellistä tarkkuutta käytetään. Artikkeli II analysoi esimerkin avulla, onko liiallinen panostaminen ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumiseen ja onnettomuusriskien vähentämiseen todellinen huolenaihe. Liiallinen panostus määritellään taloudellisen tehokkuuden avulla. Tulokset myötävaikuttavat ilmastonmuutokseen liittyvän taloustieteen teoreettiseen ja käytännön kirjallisuuteen. Artikkelissa III arvioimme, miten sääpalveluihin liittyvät innovaatiot voivat vähentää yhteiskunnan sääherkkyyttä ja vähentää ilmastonmuutoksen tuomia negatiivisia vaikutuksia tieliikenteelle. Artikkelissa näytetään, miten sääpalveluiden jakeluun ja käytettävyyteen liittyvät innovaatiot ovat hyödyllisiä ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumiselle. Tulokset myötävaikuttavat ilmastonmuutokseen liittyvän taloustieteen käytännön kirjallisuuteen. Artikkeli IV käsittelee viherkattojen kustannushyötyanalyysiä. Tämän tutkimuksen päätavoitteet ovat: i) mahdollistaa tulosten siirtäminen toiselta urbaanilta alueelta toiselle antamalla mahdollisimman tarkat tiedot tutkimuksessa käytetyistä menetelmistä ja parametreista, ii) sisällyttää viherkattojen maisemahyödyt yhtenä hyötylajina mukaan. Tulokset myötävaikuttavat sekä ekosysteemipalveluihin liittyvän KHA:n käytännön kirjallisuuteen että ilmastonmuutokseen liittyvän taloustieteen käytännön kirjallisuuteen.
- Published
- 2019
7. Modelling of the public health costs of fine particulate matter and results for Finland in 2015
- Author
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Kukkonen, Jaakko, primary, Savolahti, Mikko, additional, Palamarchuk, Yuliia, additional, Lanki, Timo, additional, Nurmi, Väinö, additional, Paunu, Ville-Veikko, additional, Kangas, Leena, additional, Sofiev, Mikhail, additional, Karppinen, Ari, additional, Maragkidou, Androniki, additional, Tiittanen, Pekka, additional, and Karvosenoja, Niko, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. RESULTS OF EXPLORATIONS OF THE CS MARKET FOR THE FINANCIAL SECTOR Grant agreement 730500 EU-MACS European Market for Climate Services 23/12/2018 Deliverable 2.1
- Author
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Hamaker-Taylor, Robin, Perrels, Adriaan, Canevari, Laura, Nurmi, Väinö, Rautio, Tuukka, Rycerz, Amanda, and Larosa, Francesca
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. The variability of winter temperature, its impacts on society, and the potential use of seasonal forecasts in Finland
- Author
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Nurmi Väinö, Tuomenvirta Heikki, and Juga Ilkka
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Climatology ,Environmental science ,Atmospheric sciences - Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Modelling of the public health costs of fine particulate matter and results for Finland in 2015.
- Author
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Kukkonen, Jaakko, Savolahti, Mikko, Palamarchuk, Yuliia, Lanki, Timo, Nurmi, Väinö, Paunu, Ville-Veikko, Kangas, Leena, Sofiev, Mikhail, Karppinen, Ari, Maragkidou, Androniki, Tiittanen, Pekka, and Karvosenoja, Niko
- Abstract
We have developed an integrated tool of assessment that can be used for evaluating the public health costs caused by the concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM
2.5 ) in ambient air. The model can be used in assessing the impacts of various alternative air quality abatement measures, policies and strategies. The model has been applied for the evaluation of the costs of the domestic emissions that influence the concentrations of PM2.5 in Finland in 2015. The model includes the impacts on human health; however, it does not address the impacts on climate change or the state of the environment. First, the national Finnish emissions were evaluated using the Finnish Regional Emission Scenarios model (FRES) on a resolution of 250 × 250 m² for the whole of Finland. Second, the atmospheric dispersion was analyzed by using the chemical transport model SILAM and the source-receptor matrices contained in the FRES model. Third, the health impacts were assessed by combining the spatially resolved concentration and population datasets, and by analyzing the impacts for various health outcomes. Fourth, the economic impacts for the health outcomes were evaluated. The model can be used to evaluate the costs of the health damages for various emission source categories, for a unit of emissions of PM2.5 . It was found that economically the most effective measures would be the reduction of the emissions in urban areas of (i) road transport, (ii) non-road vehicles and machinery, and (iii) residential wood combustion. The reduction of the precursor emissions of PM2.5 was clearly less effective, compared with reducing directly the emissions of PM2.5 . We have also designed a user-friendly web-based tool of assessment that is available open access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Innovations in weather services as a crucial building block for climate change adaptation in road transport
- Author
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Pilli-Sihvola, Karoliina, Nurmi, Väinö, Perrels, Adriaan, Harjanne, Atte, Bösch, Patrick, Ciari, Francesco, Pilli-Sihvola, Karoliina, Nurmi, Väinö, Perrels, Adriaan, Harjanne, Atte, Bösch, Patrick, and Ciari, Francesco
- Abstract
The road transport sector is facing rising uncertainties in planning and operations due to climate change induced changes in weather variability and extreme events. However, because of the high level of uncertainty related to the future climate, adaptation measures should be robust so as to retain the option value of the portfolio of measures. As an example of such a measure, this paper evaluates how foreseen innovations in weather services could reduce weather sensitivity and, consequently reduce the negative effects of climate change in the sector. The study is based on a theoretical framework on climate change adaptation and valuation of weather and climate services using the Weather Service Chain Analysis. We apply these frameworks to the road transport sector with a special emphasis on drivers’ decision making before and during a trip. We show that improved weather information, including more accurate weather forecasts, new applications and information dissemination channels can decrease the vulnerability of the mode to projected shifts in extreme weather patterns due to climate change.
- Published
- 2016
12. Cost-benefit analysis of green roofs in urban areas : case study in Helsinki
- Author
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Nurmi, Väinö, Votsis, Athanasios, Perrels, Adriaan, and Lehvävirta, Susanna
- Subjects
green roofs ,urban green ,ekosysteemipalveluiden arvottaminen ,kustannushyötyanalyysi ,economics of green roofs ,viherkatot ,ecosystem services ,storm-water management - Abstract
This report presents a green roof cost-benefit analysis. Green roofs are roofs that are partially (or almost completely) covered with vegetation; between the roofing membrane and the vegetation there may be several technical layers. In this report we discuss the benefits and costs of lightweight self-sustaining vegetated roofs that do not require structural modifications from the building. The costs and benefits have been analysed in Helsinki, Finland. Green roofs offer various kinds of ecosystem services that are often scarce especially urban areas. These services accrue benefits to urbanites. However, ecosystem services do not generally have a market price, thus we had to use ecosystem valuation methods to estimate the benefits. Based on the valuation, the most significant benefits were: an increased lifespan of the roof, energy savings due to increased isolation and cooling, improved storm-water management, better air-quality and sound insulation especially in the air craft noise zones. In addition, other potentially significant benefits include aesthetic benefits, health benefits and improved biodiversity. Only a share of the green roof benefits accrues to the owner of the property while other benefits are distributed among the population of a larger area. Thus, benefits can be classified into private and public benefits. In the cost-benefit analysis we found that private benefits are in most cases not high enough to justify the expensive investment of a green roof instalment since the costs are incurred solely by the private decision makers (e.g. developers, real estate buyers). The cost estimates are based on supplier interviews and the additional costs of green roof were compared to a reference bitumen roof. The cost-benefit calculations hint that with a higher rate of implementation and realization of public benefits, the green roofs would be a good investment. However, because the private benefits are not high enough to justify a green-roof installation for a private decision-maker at the current cost level, the rate of implementation can be expected to stay low without corrective policy instruments. Policy instruments could include supportive policies that add incentives for private decision-makers to install green roofs and/or administrative orders. Raportissa esitetään viherkattojen kustannus-hyötyanalyysi. Viherkatoiksi kutsutaan yleisesti sellaisia kattoja, joiden päälle on istutettu kasvillisuutta; kattopinnan ja kasvillisuuden välissä on lisäksi useita erilaisia teknisiä kerroksia. Tutkimuksessa keskityttiin kevyisiin ja helppohoitoisiin viherkattoihin, joiden asentamiseen ei yleensä vaadita rakenteellisia muutoksia. Kustannuksia ja hyötyjä on arvioitu Helsingin kaupunkiolosuhteissa. Viherkatot tarjoavat erilaisia ekosysteemipalveluita, joista voi olla varsinkin kaupunkiolosuhteissa niukkuutta. Näistä palveluista saadaan erilaisia hyötyjä kaupungin asukkaille. Hyödyille ei ole olemassa markkinahintaa, joten arvioimme hyötyjä ekosysteemipalveluiden arvottamismenetelmien avulla. Arvioimistamme hyödyistä merkittävimmät olivat kattopinnan pidentynyt käyttöikä, energiansäästö paremman eristävyyden ja viilentävän vaikutuksen ansiosta, hulevesien imeytyminen ja hulevesipiikkien hallinta, ilmanlaadun parantuminen ja äänieristävyys lentomelualueilla. Näiden lisäksi merkittäviä hyötyjä ovat myös esteettiset hyödyt, viherympäristön luomat terveyshyödyt ja parantunut biodiversiteetti. Ekosysteemipalvelut hyödyttävät joiltain osin viherkattojen rakennuttajaa, asukasta tai kiinteistön omistajaa ja joiltain osin laajempaa joukkoa. Viherkattojen hyödyt voidaankin jakaa rakennuksen omistajan tai asukkaan hyötyihin (yksityiset hyödyt) ja koko yhteisön hyötyihin (julkiset hyödyt). Havaitsimme, että yksityiset hyödyt eivät ole monessa tapauksessa tarpeeksi suuret perustelemaan kallista alkuinvestointia. Alkuinvestoinnin eli viherkaton kustannukset selvitimme kattavalla viherkattojen toimittajien haastattelukierroksella, jossa selvitimme yleisimmin tarjolla olevan esikasvatettuihin maksaruohomattoihin perustuvan viherkaton hinnan verrattuna referenssikattoon eli bitumikattoon. Mikäli koko yhteisön saavuttamat hyödyt lasketaan mukaan, viherkatot voivat varsinkin tiheästi rakennetuilla alueilla olla kannattava investointi koko yhteisön kannalta. Koska yksityisten päätöksentekijöiden kustannukset ovat usein suuremmat kuin hyödyt, jää viherkattojen käyttöönottoaste luultavasti hyvin pieneksi. Tästä syystä erilaisten kannustimien kehittäminen varsinkin kantakaupungin alueella voisi olla järkevää.
- Published
- 2013
13. Green Roof Cost-Benefit Analysis: Special Emphasis on Scenic Benefits
- Author
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Nurmi, Väinö, primary, Votsis, Athanasios, additional, Perrels, Adriaan, additional, and Lehvävirta, Susanna, additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Innovations in weather services as a crucial building block for climate change adaptation in road transport
- Author
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Pilli-Sihvola, Karoliina, primary, Nurmi, Väinö, additional, Perrels, Adriaan, additional, Harjanne, Atte, additional, Bösch, Patrick, additional, and Ciari, Francesco, additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Weather Conditions, Weather Information and Car Crashes
- Author
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Perrels, Adriaan, primary, Votsis, Athanasios, additional, Nurmi, Väinö, additional, and Pilli-Sihvola, Karoliina, additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Expected impacts and value of improvements in weather forecasting on the road transport sector
- Author
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Nurmi, Pertti, primary, Perrels, Adriaan, additional, and Nurmi, Väinö, additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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