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Background: A medication error is defined as "any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the healthcare professional, patient, or consumer." A medication error might occur at any point during the medication-use process, such as when prescribing the medicines, during dispensing, and when the drug is taken by the patient. Objectives: This review focusing on the types of medication errors (MEs) which commonly occurs during prescribing and dispensing phase on the outpatient in Indonesia. Material and Methods: Articles related to MEs during prescribing and dispensing phase were collected from DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) and google scholar. The articles were reviewed and analyze to draw conclusions about the common type of MEs mostly occured on the outpatients. There were 10 articles (2003-2020) that have been reviewed, covering the types of MEs, MEs incidents and how to reduce the number of MEs incident. Results: Based on the reviewed articles, MEs commonly occured in the prescribing phase were incomplete data of patient's on the prescription include address, born date, weight and gender; unclear information on the prescription including, dosage, route of adminstration, illegible writing; uncomplete data on the doctor's information such as the practise license number wasn't listed, and there were no information on medicine interactions. MEs occured during dispensing phase were uncomplete data on the information about how to use, time of using, indication, the amount of the drug given, the side effects, the storage instruction, the strength or the doses of medicine, error in writing etiquette, error in compounding as well as there was no information related what to do if the patient forgot to take the medicines.

Latar Belakang: Penggunaan obat-obatan yang tidak rasional adalah masalah yang tersebar luas di semua tingkat pelayanan kesehatan, terutama di rumah sakit. Penggunaan antibiotik di rumah sakit yang tidak perlu atau berlebihan mendorong berkembangnya resistensi terhadap bakteri tertentu. Adanya hubungan yang erat antara penggunaan antibiotik yang salah dengan timbulnya resistensi bakteri penyebab infeksi nosokomial. Sehingga penting diketahui mekanisme kerja antibiotik agar pemberiannya sesuai dengan bakteri penyebab suatu penyakit. Isi: Mekanisme kerja dari antibiotik yang dikelompokkan menjadi 3 kelompok besar yaitu antibiotik yang menargetkan dinding sel bakteri, antibiotik yang menghalangi produksi protein baru, dan antibiotik yang menargetkan replikasi DNA atau DNA. Kesimpulan: Antibiotik yang menargetkan dinding sel bakteri adalah golongan ß-laktam (penisilin, cefalosporin, karbapenem, dan monobaktam), glikopeptida, daptomisin, kolistin. Adapun antibiotik yang menghalangi sintesis protein adalah rifamisin, aminoglikosida, makrolid dan ketolide, tetrasiklin dan glisilsiklin, kloramfenikol, klindamisin, streptogram, linezolid, nitrofurantoin. Sedangkan antibiotik yang menargetkan DNA atau replikasi DNA antara lain sulfa, kuinolon, metronidazol.

This study aimed to determine the effect of good corporate governance and earnings quality on firm value. The population in this study were companies included in the LQ 45 index for the 2017-2020 period, a total population of 45 companies included in the LQ 45 index, 31 companies were selected to be the research sample. As a result, the total observations made for 2017 to 2020 were 124 observations, while the research method used correlational research. The study results were as follows: institutional ownership, managerial ownership, the composition of the independent board of commissioners, audit committee, and earnings quality simultaneously affect the firm value variable by 84%, the rest of 16% was explained by other reasons outside the model. While partially, only the composition of the independent board of commissioners (IC) affected firm value (FV), while the variable institutional ownership (IO), managerial ownership variable (MO), audit committee variable (AC), and earnings quality variable (EQ) was no effect on firm value (FV).

Introduction: To observe the relation between Interleukin-1β with exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Methods: This study was designed for a cross-sectional study. 65 acute exacerbation COPD patients were selected. The serum level of Interleukin-1β was recorded. Results: Most of the subjects are men (95,4%), moderate smokers (41,5%), normal BMI (61,5%), more than 60 years old (73,8%), have more than 2 exacerbations in a year (67%), severe airway obstruction (41,5%) and mostly in group D (80%). The mean level of Interleukin-1β was 1.63 pg/ml range from 0,009-17,62 pg/ml. Kruskal Wallis analysis test noticed significant differentiation mean serum level of Interleukin-1β in several groups of GOLD. p0.05. Conclusions: there was no correlation between the severity of airway obstruction with serum level of IL-1β in acute exacerbation of COPD. there was a vicious trend of increasing IL-1β serum level according to the severity of airway obstruction mainly seen in GOLD 2, GOLD 3, and GOLD 4.

The City of Surakarta, one of National Activity Center and also known as Eco Cultural City, has 171 cultural heritage objects have to be preserved. City development that leads to modernization, physically, is a threat to the existence of those cultural heritage objects.To minimize lost of these valuable objects, risk management method, which is based on the interaction between their vulnerability and hazard, could be carried out. This study was aimed to identify and categorize cultural heritage objects at the city, to analyze the risk of losing of cultural heritage objects, and to recommend future city spatial planning in relation to cultural heritage objects. This research was conducted through visual classification techniques on high resolution satellite imagery, Weighted Overlay, Overlay Analysis and Descriptive Analysis. Surakarta City's cultural heritage objects mostly have 100-200 years old which is dominated by traditional Javanese architectural styles. Cultural heritage objects are not fully in good condition, as many as 35 units were partially damaged, 9 units suffered total damage, and 5 units have experienced modernization. A total of 33 cultural heritage objects covered an area of 886,556 square meters (46.09%) are at a high risk of losing their existence. To protect the existence of cultural heritage, the result research should to considered of the city developtment program.

Nature hilly area at Padang Panjang at West Sumatera Province is proposed to be sustainable agroecopark (SAEP) with dairy cow as main object. This urban recreation park is a healthy and educative outdoor space which is needed for accomodating new normal life type due to Covid 19 pandemic Study carried out on 3.2 Ha open space land at the city edge to create a conceptual park plan which could accommodate family leisure activity, increase local people welfare, and protect local landscape. Data and method of analysis used are descriptive analysis for site condition; RRA and CVM analysis for community acceptability. Published materials, site mapping and observation, survey and FGD were method of data collecting. Only 21% relatively flat area will developed as park actvities and facilities areas, and the rest hilly part will be preserved. Local community support SAEP development due to its positive impacts, and negative tourism impacts will be minimized by introducing sustainable park management model. Problems of job opportunity, forage supply and traditional agricultural land preservation will be solved with management of agriculture system of surrounding area. SAEP will be developed as interactive educational park in form of integrated farming within local nature and culture.

Background, The fruit peels of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L)are organic garbage with many potential health benefits but have not been used optimally. Purposes This study aims to determine the sun protective factor (SPF) and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of rambutan rind. Methods The rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L) rind was extracted by maceration method using ethanol as solvent. A simple, rapid and reliable in vitro method was used to assess the SPF values by measuring the absorbance of diluted extract between 290-320 nm at every 5 nm intervals using Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry. The SPF values were calculated based on the recorded absorbance using a simple mathematic equation developed by Mansur. The antioxidant activity of rambutan rind was determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) assay whereas vitamin C as positive control. Results The SPF values of rambutan rind in concentration series of 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm were 6,47±0,45 , 9,26±0,28, 13,01±0,33, and 16,17±0,63 respectively. The IC50 value of rambutan rind was 41,47 ± 3,89 µg/ml whereas the IC50 value of vitamin C was 24,87 ± 0,69 µg/ml. Conclusion Based on the result, the ethanolic extract of rambutan rind has potential as sunscreen and antioxidant.

Lime peel (Citrus aurantifolia) contains flavonoids as antioxidants that prevent free radicals , and antioxidants are used to repair skin cells damaged by free radicals. Therefore, a research was conducted with the aim of formulating antioxidant cream preparations using lime peel extract. The extraction was carried out by maceration using ethanol 96% solvent, which was then fractionated with ethyl acetate as solvent. The ethyl acetate extract obtained was formulated into cream preparations with extract concentrations of 3%, 6%, and 9%. The formula obtained was tested for its physical and stability, and then for its antioxidant activity. The results showed that the physical properties of the cream preparation meet with requirements for the physical stability based on the organoleptic test parameters, homogeneity, pH and viscosity. Similarly, the antioxidant activity test of cream against the DPPH free radicals showed that formula 1 with an extract concentration of 3% gives an average IC 50 value of 28.24 mg / ml; formula 2 with an extract concentration of 6% gives an average IC 50 value of 22.97 mg / ml; and formula 3 with an extract concentration of 9% gives an average IC 50 value of 14.80 mg / ml. Based on the results, it was concluded that the lime peel extract are formulated into a cream preparation with type M / A. Formula 3 with an extract concentration of 9% is the best formula with the greatest antioxidant activity. Keywords :antioxidant, ethyl acetate, extract, lime peel, cream Kulit jeruk nipis ( Citrus aurantifolia ) mengandung flavonoid yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan yang dapat menangkal radikal bebas. Antioksidan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memperbaiki sel-sel kulit yang rusak akibat radikal bebas dan menangkal radikal bebas.Oleh karena itu dilakukan penelitian dengan tujuan untuk memformulasi sediaan krim antioksidan dengan menggunakan ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis. Ekstraksi dilakukan secara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%, yang selanjutnya difraksinasi dengan pelarut etil asetat. Ekstrak etil asetat yang diperoleh diformulasi menjadi sediaan krim dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 3%, 6%, dan 9%. Formula yang diperoleh diuji fisik dan stabilitasnya, selanjutnya dilakukan uji aktivitas antioksidannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sifat fisik sediaan krim yang dihasilkan memenuhi syarat kestabilan fisik berdasarkan parameter uji organoleptik, homogenitas, pH dan viskositas. Uji aktivitas antioksidan krim terhadap radikal bebas DPPH menunjukkan bahwa formula 1 dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 3% memberikan nilai IC 50 rata-rata sebesar 28,24 mg/ml; formula 2 dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 6% memberikan nilai IC 50 rata-rata sebesar 22,97 mg/ml; dan formula 3 dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 9% memberikan nilai IC 50 rata-rata sebesar 14,80 mg/ml. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis dapat diformulasikan menjadi sediaan krim dengan tipe M/A, Formula 3 dengan konsentrasi ekstrak sebesar 9% adalah formula terbaik dengan aktivitas antioksidan paling besar. Kata kunci : antioksidan, etil asetat, ekstrak, kulit jeruk nipis, krim

Mahakam Ulu Regency is a new municipality that had been developed in 2012. Ujoh Bilang City is the new Capital City that planned as the Capital City of Mahakam Ulu Regency. The natural condition and local culture in this city create strong local characters. There are some natural and cultural condition in Ujoh Bilang City such as Geological Karst, fertile alluvium soil (nearby the Mahakam River), liveable Dayak culture that should be protected, and attended to the ecological landscape values. The aim of this study is to see the landscape character of Ujoh Bilang New Town and implement the ecological landscape approach which considers the bio-physics and cultural elements in developing and planning the city. The Methods in this study are include qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis was described by scientific description while the qualitative analysis was used for land suitability analysis with biophysics aspect such as slope, soil, geological condition, and town structure. The local culture values are also considered.

Buah Jamblang mengandung banyak komponen polifenol yang dapat berfungsi sebagai penangkal radikal bebas. Radikal bebas yang tidak dapat terhindarkan sehari-hari adalah radiasi sinar UV. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan aktivitas UV protektif dari ekstrak buah jamblang. Ekstrak yang diuji meliputi ekstrak etil asetat, ekstrak etanol dan ekstrak air yang diperoleh melalui metode maserasi. Penentuan Aktivitas UV protektif dilakukan melalui penentuan Nilai SPF dengan menggunakan persamaan yang dikembangkan oleh Mansur. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh data ekstrak etil asetat dengan nilai SPF sebesar 17,56 (kategori proteksi ultra), kemudian ekstrak air dengan nilai SPF sebesar 7,49 (kategori proteksi ekstra), dan ekstrak etanol dengan nilai SPF sebesar 3,31 (kategori proteksi minimal). Ekstrak etil asetat memiliki aktivitas yang paling baik dibandingkan dengan ekstrak etanol dan air.Kata Kunci : UV, Jamblang, Tabir Surya

Isoflavon dalam kecambah kedelai hitam ( Glycine soja ) berada dalam bentuk glikosida. Hidrolisis dengan asam dapat mengubah isoflavon glikosida menjadi isoflavon aglikon dan glukosa. Isoflavon diperoleh melalui ekstraksi dengan pelarut etanol dan campuran etanol dan HCL secara maserasi.. Penelitian bertujuan membandingkan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak tanpa hidrolisis dan yang dihidrolisis. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengekstraksi senyawa isoflavon dari ekstrak etanol dengan pelarut etil asetat. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian aktivitas antioksidan dengan mengukur jumlah DPPH yang tereduksi dari senyawa antioksidan sampel menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 517 nm. Aktivitas antioksidan dihitung sebagai %pengikatan DPPH oleh sampel, kemudian ditentukan nilai IC 50 sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai IC 50 ekstrak etil asetat kecambah kedelai hitam tanpa hidrolisis sebesar 341,88 ppm dan ekstrak terhidrolisis sebesar 179,204 ppm. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak terhidrolisis memiliki aktivitas antioksidan 2 kali lebih kuat dari ekstrak tanpa hidrolisis. Kata kunci : kecambah, kedelai hitam, hidrolisis,, aktivitas antioksidan.

Sesuai dengan visi Kementerian Kesehatan Indonesia yaitu masyarakat yang mandiri untuk hidup sehat, dan untuk mewujudkan derajat kesehatan yang optimal bagi masyarakat maka diselenggarakan upaya kesehatan dengan pemeliharaan, peningkatan kesehatan (promotif), pencegahan penyakit (kuratif) dan pemulihan kesehatan (rehabilitatif) yang dilaksanakan secara menyeluruh, terpadu dan berkesinambungan serta diselenggarakan bersama antara pemerintah dan masyarakat. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, upaya kesehatan harus dilaksanakan secara integral oleh seluruh komponen, baik pemerintah, tenaga kesehatan maupun masyarakat . Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Tingkat Pengetahuan Masyarakat Tentang Penggunaan Obat Influenza Secara Swamedikasi di Desa Waeputeh Kecamatan Topoyo Kabupaten Mamuju Tengah Provinsi Sulawesi Barat. Penelitian dilaksanakan terhadap 78 responden di Desa Waeputeh dengan memberikan kuesioner yang Data penelitian akan berupa skor nilai yang kemudian dipersentasekan lalu dimasukkan ke dalam kategori yang telah dibuat yaitu rendah ( 0 % - 33,3 %), sedang (33,4 % - 66,7 %), dan tinggi (66,8 % - 100 %). Skor persentase yang dilihat dari Tingkat Pendidikannya yaitu SD-SMP (22,43 %), SMA (48,28 %), >SMA (76,25 %). Dimana persentase skor perolehan rata-rata adalah (48,99 %), Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa Tingkat Pengetahuan Masyarakat Tentang Penggunaan Obat Influenza Secara Swamedikasi di Desa Waeputeh termasuk dalam kategori sedang ( 48,99 %). Kata Kunci : Pengetahuan, Swamedikasi, Influenza

Revitalisasi sektor pertanian pada dasarnya adalah menempatkan kembali arti pentingnya pertanian secara proporsional dan kontekstual, baik di perdesaan maupun perkotaan. Melihat kondisi pertanian di daerah perkotaan, khususnya DKI Jakarta, dan hubungannya dengan berbagai masalah lingkungan, perlu dirancang dan dirumuskan kebijakan yang komprehensif untuk pengembangan pertanian perkotaan berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis faktor-faktor kunci yang mempengaruhi keberlanjutan dan kebijakan pengembangan pertanian perkotaan. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah MDS (multi-dimensional scaling) dan teknik Rap-Ur-Agri (Rapid Appraisal for Urban Agriculture). Analisis faktor kunci menggunakan leverage factor yang diikuti dengan penentuan indeks keberkelanjutan dan skenario kebijakan pengembangan pertanian dengan menggunakan metode analisis prospektif. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa status keberlanjutan pengembangan pertanian perkotaan pada kondisi existing menunjukkan nilai indeks 48,70 persen atau kurang berkelanjutan. Faktor kunci keberlanjutan pertanian perkotaan mencakup empat aspek dan kebutuhan stakeholder mencakup empat aspek pengembangan sistem pertanian perkotaan. Kebijakan pengembangan pertanian perkotaan berkelanjutan di wilayah DKI Jakarta perlu dilakukan dengan pendekatan integratif dengan mempertimbangkan enam faktor kunci penentu keberlanjutan: (1) Luas pekarangan, (2) Pengembangan komoditas dan teknologi ramah lingkungan, (3) Penyuluhan dan kelembagaan pertanian, (4) Perluasan lahan/ruang usaha tani, (5) Kerjasama antar stakeholder, dan (6) Pemberian insentif pertanian. Opsi kebijakan adalah perluasan lahan/ruang usaha tani, pengembangan komoditas dan teknologi ramah lingkungan dan pengembangan kelembagaan pertanian.