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Clove or cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum) is one of Indonesia's commodities with high domestic and international potential, considering that this plant is used as raw material for the cigarette industry. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the production of Indonesian cloves, one of which is by using growth stimulators such as plant growth regulators (PGR). This study uses gibberellic acid (GA3) and smoke water as exogenous growth triggers. The treatment given was soaking S. aromaticum seeds in gibberellic acid (GA3) and liquid smoke for 24 h. The GA3 concentrations used were 100 ppm, 75 ppm, 50 ppm, and 25 ppm. Smoke water was obtained from the pyrolysis of coconut shells, and the concentrations used were 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3%. Observations were conducted for 11 weeks and divided into two phases, namely the germination phase and the vegetative growth phase. Parameters measured included germination percentage, radicle, and plumula length in the first phase, root length, plant height, and number and area of leaves in the second phase. The best results were achieved with the soaking treatment using 0.5% smoke water, which showed a significant increase in all observed growth parameters. This is due to the content of karrikin in smoke water, which acts like a growth hormone and triggers the performance of other growth hormones. In addition, karrikin plays an active role in the germination process by changing the morphology of the seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marginal land has low nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium). Addressing nutrient deficiencies on marginal land requires a strategic approach. Biological fertilizers like Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) enhance nutrient availability through symbiotic interactions. In addition, organic fertilizers such as compost could provide organic matter and improve soil structure to increase plant growth and productivity. Combining these three fertilizers with the addition of low doses of NPK fertilizer can increase the growth and productivity of maize crops on sub-marginal land. This study aims to determine the effect of AMF, consortium of PGPR, and a low dose of NPK on the growth and productivity of maize and soil nutrients on sub-marginal land by measuring plant growth up to 8 WAP (week after planting) (parameters: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, chlorophyll content, stomatal density) and productivity (parameters: cob length, cob weight with husk, fresh weight, dry weight) and levels of N, P, and K elements at 8 WAP in the soil after planting. All treatments showed an increase in the level of N and K elements, while the P element showed a decrease compared to the control (soil without treatment). Moreover, each parameter did not show a significant difference, but the P2 (Compost + PGPR consortium + AMF + 50% of NPK) treatment showed the best growth and productivity. Overall, the data showed the utilization of PGPR and AMF combination was able to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizer by 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reutealis trisperma oil is a new source for biodiesel production. The predominant fatty acids in this plant are stearic acid (9%), palmitic acid (10%), oleic acid (12%), linoleic acid (19%), and α-eleostearic acid (51%). The presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), linoleic acid, and α-eleostearic acid decreases the oxidation stability of R. trisperma biodiesel. Although several studies have suggested that the fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) enzyme is involved in the regulation of fatty acid desaturation, little is known about the genetic information of FAD2 in R. trisperma . The objectives of this study were to isolate, characterize, and determine the relationship between the R. trisperma FAD2 fragment and other Euphorbiaceae plants. cDNA fragments were isolated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The DNA sequence obtained by sequencing was used for further analysis. In silico analysis identified the fragment identity, subcellular localization, and phylogenetic construction of the R. trisperma FAD2 cDNA fragment and Euphorbiaceae. The results showed that a 923-bp partial sequence of R. trisperma FAD2 was successfully isolated. Based on in silico analysis, FAD2 was predicted to encode 260 amino acids, had a domain similarity with Omega-6 fatty acid desaturase, and was located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The R. trisperma FAD2 fragment was more closely related to Vernicia fordii (HM755946.1)., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2021.)

The data of root anatomical structure and the formation of aerenchyma tissues of five varieties of tobacco under waterlogging stress were obtained by modified paraffin method. Each tobacco varieties performed distinct anatomical adaptation response, including changes of cortical tissue, stele diameter, xylem diameter and the formation of aerenchyma under periodic waterlogging stress.