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Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is a clean and green technology for extracting polyphenols and antioxidants from roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) as nutraceutical ingredients and high-value co-products development. To increase the SC-CO2 fluid affinity towards polar compounds, general regard as a safe (GRAS) solvent, ethanol-water was added in a small amount as a modifier. Dry roselle calyces were extracted using modified SC-CO2 and conventional methods (Soxhlet and Shaking Water Bath) to determine whether the SC-CO2 technology may improve the extraction of phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The results showed that the SC-CO2 extract had a significantly higher yield of total phenolic and flavonoid content than the conventional extraction method. The conventional method produces a redder but lighter extract than SC-CO2 extraction. SC-CO2 also had a higher antioxidant activity as measured by DPPH radical scavenging. These results suggest that SC-CO2 technology increases the quantity and quality of roselle calyces’ extract. The findings increased the reliability of using this technique to produce high-value products from this high-value plant. Roselle as a low-cost sustainable local crop source, as well as SC-CO2 as a clean energy process with low environmental impact, excellent solvent recyclability, and reduced chemical use, could increase the market value of antioxidant-rich extract.

Todays, medicinal plants have been of great importance to the health of people and societies in Malaysia, and the entire world. Piper betle leaves, a member of family Piperaceae is an edible plant. The leaves of Piper betle have been traditionally utilized in India for inhibition of oral diseases. Scientific research shows that the leaves possess many biological activities with a good medicinal and commercial value. Nowadays, advance technologies have been used to develop high quality products. This study concentrates on supercritical fluid extraction technology which carbon dioxide, CO 2 play as a solvent. The purpose of this study was to optimize and look into the effects of supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO2) extraction process variables, namely pressure (10–30 MPa), temperature (40–80 °C) and CO 2 flowrate (2-8 mL/min) on global oil yield and percentage of Eugenol in Piper betle Leaves. The result shows that as the pressure, temperature and flow rate of CO 2 increased the oil yield of Piper betle leaves increased. However, further increased, resulting in decreasing the amount of global oil yield. Meanwhile, the percentage of Eugenol increased as the CO 2 flow rate increased. However, as the pressure and temperature increased, the percentage of Eugenol decreased. Second order polynomial model was used to express the extracted oil and percentage of Eugenol with the both results was satisfactory. The best conditions to maximize the global oil yields and percentage of Eugenol extracted were 19.0 MPa, 40.0 °C and 7.0 mL/min leading to 0.228g of oil and 8.21 % of Eugenol. The most dominant factor for both responses was CO 2 flowrate. The results show a good fit to the proposed model and the optimal conditions obtained were within the experimental range with the value of R 2 was 69.06% for global oil yield and 82.79% for amount of Eugenol.

Pithecellobium Jiringan (P. Jiringan) is traditionally known as natural herb consists of several medicinal compounds (vitamin E). Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2) has been proven as potential method to extract interest compound from herbs. By altering pressure and temperature, the specific compound can be extracted. In this study, the SC-CO2 operating conditions are pressure (20.68 MPa to 55.16 MPa) and temperature (40°C to 80°C) in one hour extraction regime was used to extract vitamin E from P. jiringan. The quantification of vitamin E was analysed with Gas Chromatography Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). The responses are overall oil yield and vitamin E yield. The overall oil yield was obtained at the highest condition of 55.16 MPa and 80°C with asymptotic yield of 8.06%. In contrast, the highest amount of vitamin E obtained is 0.0458mg/g sample (80.14 ppm) at the lowest extraction condition of 20.68 MPa and 40ᵒC.

Pithecellobium Jiringan (Jack) Prain (P.Jiringan) merupakan salah satu daripada sumber tumbuhtumbuhan yang mengandungi komponen antioksidan. Tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk mengkaji kesan-kesan parameter kaedah penyarian bendalir lampau genting dengan menggunkan karbon dioksida sebagai pelarut (SC-CO2) ke atas hasil minyak dan untuk mengukur kebolehlarutan minyak P.Jiringan didalam (SC-CO2) dan mengkorelasi data kebolehlarutan minyak P.Jiringan dengan model Chrastil dan del Valle & Aguilera. Kajian ini telah dijalankan pada suhu antara 40oC sehingga 70oC dan pada tekanan antara 27.58 MPa sehingga 44.82 MPa. Tempoh pengekstrakan adalah 60 minit. Penemuan hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa hasil minyak meningkat dengan peningkatan tekanan dan peningkatan suhu. Pada keadaan suhu malar, kebolehlarutan minyak meningkat dengan peningkatan kepadatan CO2. Analisis keputusan menunjukkan bahawa data keterlarutan minyak P.Jiringan telah berjaya dipadankan dengan model Chrastil. Di samping itu, SC-CO2 memberikan hasil minyak tertinggi berbanding dengan ASE dan proses pengekstrakan Soxhlet. Kata kunci: Kebolehlarutan; Model Chrastil; penyarian bendalir lampau genting; Pithecellobium Jiringan (Jack) Prain Pithecellobium Jiringan (Jack) Prain (P.Jiringan) is one of the medicinal plant sources that consist of antioxidant compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction parameters on oil yields and to measure the solubility of P.Jiringan oil in SC-CO2 and correlated the data with Chrastil and del Valle & Aguilera models. The experimental were conducted at temperatures ranging from 40oC to 70oC and pressure from 27.58 MPa to 44.82 MPa. The extraction duration was 60 minutes. The result shows that the oil yields increase as the pressure and temperature increase. The solubility of oil increased as the density of CO2 increased at constant temperature. An analysis of the results show that the solubility experimental data correlated with the Chrastil’s model was successfully matched. In addition, SC-CO2 give the highest oil yields compared to accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and soxhlet extraction process. Keywords: Chrastil’s model; Pithecellobium Jiringan (Jack) Prain; solubility; supercritical fluid extraction

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2) Extraction was applied to extract piper betel linn leaves. The piper betel leaves oil was used antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anticancer and antistroke. The aim of this study was to optimize the conditions of pressure, temperature and flowrate for oil yield and total phenolic content. The operational conditions of SC-CO2 studied were pressure (10, 20, 30 MPa), temperature (40, 60, 80 °C) and flowrate carbon dioxide (4, 6, 8 mL/min). The constant parameters were average particle size and extraction regime, 355pm and 3.5 hours respectively. First order polynomial expression was used to express the extracted oil while second order polynomial expression was used to express the total phenolic content and the both results were satisfactory. The best conditions to maximize the total extraction oil yields and total phenolic content were 30 MPa, 80 °C and 4.42 mL/min leading to 7.32% of oil and 29.72 MPa, 67.53 °C and 7.98 mL/min leading to 845.085 mg GAE/g sample. In terms of optimum condition with high extraction yield and high total phenolic content in the extracts, the best operating conditions were 30 MPa, 78 °C and 8 mL/min with 7.05% yield and 791.709 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g sample. The most dominant condition for extraction of oil yield and phenolic content were pressure and CO2 flowrate. The results show a good fit to the proposed model and the optimal conditions obtained were within the experimental range with the value of R2 was 96.13% for percentage yield and 98.52% for total phenolic content.