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Science and technological developments in the material field have been currently dedicated to a super strong material potential based on nanotechnology. The super strong material can be created from the mixture of epoxy-resin polymer and SiO2 (silicon dioxide) nanoparticles. Polymers exist as a nanoparticle adhesive due to nano-SiO2, which possesses a high amorphic level, resulting in a stronger, more flexible, and stiffer combination than the current super strong material. The advantages of nanocomposite polymer using epoxy- resin and nano-SiO2 produce strong and light products with an easier production process, utilizing local materials that can improve the following material quality. This study used four material variations, namely P30, P35, P40, and P45, combined with nanoparticles at 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. Based on the results, the highest compressive strength level was found on the PNK 40 EH2:1N1 mixture at 53.18 MPa with 1627 kg/m3 weight density. From the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) test results, the following mixture had the lowest amorphic phase, while Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) test results showed that the following mixture absorbed more hydrogen elements, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observation on the following material mixture had more organized particle distribution.

The effect of replacing the conventional coarse aggregate with wood shavings was evaluated relative to the 28-day compressive strength of the concrete. Six groups were studied: group-1 represented the normal concrete (NC-CTRL1), group-2 (TW-CTRL2) comprised the specimens that had the replacement of the coarse aggregate with raw wood shavings, group-3, group-4, group-5, and group 6 represented the specimens that had the coarse aggregate as coated (treated) wood shavings with cement paste (group-3 and -4) and with tile adhesive paste (group-5 and -6), with and without the effect of the emulsifier, respectively. The density of the TW-CTRL2 concrete was 31.4% lighter than NC-CTRL1. However, the compressive strength of TW-CTRL2 was 75% of the NC-CTRL1, but within the acceptable limits stated in ASTM standards. The findings of this study showed a potential to use the produced concrete as concrete masonry unit when compared with the values reported in previous studies. Compared with TW-CTRL2, the compressive strength increased 45% and 20% for the coated wood shavings with cement and tile adhesive pastes, respectively. The effect of using the emulsifier in the coating process of the wood shavings increased the compressive strength by 20%, and reduced the voids of the concrete by 3%.

The growing world population and urbanization have worsened noise pollution, driving the development of sound absorption (SA) research across the globe. This study aims to analyse the SA global research trends and discover the opportunities for future development or collaboration using systematic bibliometric analysis. A total of 2970 articles since 1913 were systematically retrieved. Results reveal that the most productive journal had taken 10.3 % of the total publications. A high correlation r = 0.87 was found between the number of co-authorship and the h-index of a scholar. China has the highest number of publications 55.3 % and most research focused on porous materials. Present findings could be helpful to further develop SA from a global level perspective.

Nanotechnology has become an important part of industrial construction, especially in concrete structural materials. Additionally, waste is a severe environmental problem when using paper can impact waste caused by waste. The inner nanocellulose is sourced from paper waste and then synthesized using natrium hydroxide (NaOH) and natrium hypochlorite (NaClO). Nanocellulose from waste paper was synthesized with a 5%, 10%, and 15% NaOH solution and a 2% NaClO solution with variations in heating time (2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours) at a temperature of 125C. The physical, chemical, and microstructural properties were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The XRD results show a higher amorphous percentage after chemical synthesis. A 15% concentration heated for 6 hours, resulted in 79.68% amorphous content, and the lowest amorphous percentage in 5% NaOH with a heating duration of 4 hours, resulting in 63.69% amorphous content. Conversely, if added, acid can reduce the amorphous content and increase the crystal structure. The results of the FT-IR analysis show that treatment using NaOH and NaClO can remove lignin and hemicellulose structures in cellulose fibers. The SEM results show that the size of the structure is smoother and cleaner after treatment with NaOH and NaClO. The results of the EDX test show that with the NaOH and NaClO treatment, the chemical content was close to the chemical content of OPC. Thus, nanocellulose can be used as a substitute for some cement materials in concrete mixtures.

Saving energy, reducing greenhouse emissions, and the eco-friendly disposal of waste materials produced during manufacturing processes are significant challenges in urban communities around the world. Every year, over a million tons of glass bottles are disposed of. In fact, very few are recycled. In the present research, Nanopowder (NGP) (a waste product of glass bottles) was prepared by placing slag (GBFS) in fly ash (FA)-based alkali-activated mortars (AAMs). The key objective of the study was to measure the compressive strength performance and microstructure of the NGP blended AAMs. It was revealed that reusing these waste products enhanced the strength and microstructure properties of the AAMs that were produced. In the AAMs whereby 5% NGP was used to replace GBFS, compressive strength (above 16%), microstructure properties and durability were all enhanced with lowered water absorption. However, the strength performance of the mortar made up of 10% NGP was lower. Thus, the researcher concluded that there were clear environmental advantages of using the proposed AAMs consisting of NGP, which could significantly minimize global warming. As concrete remains the most used man-made material around the world, the reuse of AAMs could thus significantly reduce landfill requirements for glass waste that cannot be recycled for further glass production.

In recent days, the reduce of carbon dioxide emission, cost and energy consumption are the main concern in urban countries worldwide. Concrete is the main construction materials and the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)is primary binder in concrete industry. OPC industry cases many environmental problems such as carbon dioxide emission and high energy consumption. Alkali-activated paste, mortars and concrete are introduced as alternative materials to OPC in concrete production with lower energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission. In the experimental, the alkaline activator solution effects on fresh and hardened properties of binary blended alkali-activated mortars were evaluated. The wastes materials such as fly ash (FA) and ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) were incorporating with river sand to prepare the mortar specimens. To activate the blend, six dosage of alkaline activator solution were used for this purpose. The results of tested specimens shown the enhancement in flowabiliry of mortar with increasing content of alkaline solution. The highest strength was achieved with specimens’ mortar prepared with ratio 0.40 of alkaline solution to binder content at 28 days of age. For all prepared alkali-activated mortar’ specimens, a good direct relationship was found between the flexural, splitting tensile and compressive strength.

This paper aims to examine the effect of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (EFB) incorporating cement mortar on its structural performances. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were extracted from α-cellulose extracted from EFB using an acid hydrolysis process with a concentration of acid used was 64% w/v under the temperature of 45 °C for 60 minutes. The Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were mixed into the cement mortar ranging from 0 to 0.8% w/w and its mechanical properties were determined. The developed CNCs mortar was characterized for their compressive and flexural properties as well as microstructure. The influence of CNCs concentration, curing method, dispersion of CNCs on mortar’s mechanical performance was thoroughly examined to find out the optimum condition. Overall results revealed that an addition of 0.4% cellulose nanocrystals has shown to increase the compressive and flexural strength to 46% and 20%, respectively cured under the wrapping method. The hydration of cementitious composites also improved significantly with the addition of CNCs by the formation of highly crystalline of portlandite observed under the XRD test. This present work demonstrates the importance of palm oil empty fruit bunch waste as a sustainable resource of cellulose nanocrystals admixture to achieve structural strength of cement mortar and promotes green technologies in construction.

Globally, marine clay is found in coastal areas. It is often regarded as a profitless material because it affects building foundations, dredging and replacing it with a more suitable material before construction is therefore inevitable. However, the dumping of this marine clay after excavation has become a major problem in most countries like Singapore where dumping of clay is prohibited. Thus, the quest towards determining its potential use for sustainability. In that regards, this paper seek to investigate the characterization of two marine clay samples under microstructure examination through particle size analysis (PSA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to study the microstructural features of the marine clay under magnification in an attempt to examine its potential use as a pozzolana. Characterization is a very important stage in order to know the characteristics of a material before the initiation of any necessary modification. From the microstructure analysis, the PSA revealed that the particles are in micro size with less than 35% of the materials retained when wet sieved on 45 μm sieve. The XRF showed the chemical compositions of the marine clay with dominance of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silica oxide (SiO2) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3). These three oxides made up over 70% of the chemical constituents in both samples. From TGA/DTA, maximum weight loss occurred at the temperature range 400–650 °C and the percentage of kaolinite was determine to be 42.7% and 45.1% for S1 and S2 respectively. From the XRD, the structural pattern and crystal orientation of marine clay gave rise to a diffraction pattern showing a high intensity of quartz and kaolinite indicating yet again that the marine clay belongs to the kaolinite group with basic composition of aluminosilicate, hence can be used as a potential pozzolana.

Denser population in a city leads to a serious noise pollution problem. In order to control the ambient noise effectively, a sound insulation brick is desired. However, conventional bricks have poor sound barrier system and is made from unsustainable materials that consume high energy. Hence, this paper introduces a feasibility study on rock wool waste utilisation in a double-layer concrete brick (a combination of aerated concrete and solid concrete) as a potential technique to improve the sound barrier system in brick walls. Currently, rock wool waste is one of the synthetic wastes, which are massively dumped into the landfill by the industry or building demolition castoffs every year. However, rock wool waste has the potential to be recycled and reused as a sound insulation material because it still has the fibrous structural characteristic. Aerated concrete is generally known as an acoustic material; hence, this paper reviews on the implementation of rock wool waste in the aerated concrete layer to improve noise absorption performance. The optimum sound absorption and the thickness of aerated concrete were subsequently integrated with the solid media to transmit sound and indirectly improve the overall brick strength to form a double-layer concrete brick and facilitate the invention of sustainable bricks.

Blended concrete has later strength development with long maturity strength development. An accelerator is thus needed to enhance the early strength development of concrete. This paper shows the combination of ground palm oil fuel ash and eggshell powder that was designed for later and early strength development, respectively. Two types of eggshell powder were utilised in concrete: uncarbonised eggshell powder and decarbonised eggshell powder. The study was initiated with compression test for concrete curing at age 1, 3, 7, and 28 days followed by rapid evaluation test of setting time to investigate the preliminary performance between materials. The results revealed decarbonised eggshell powder as a high accelerator that can improve the early age of concrete strength development. Meanwhile, despite showing the best performance, uncarbonised eggshell powder is a very low accelerator thus not fit the purpose. In conclusion, the combination of ground palm oil fuel ash (rich with silica oxide) and decarbonised eggshell powder (rich with calcium oxide) provided dual function, where ground palm oil fuel ash and decarbonised eggshell powder took later and early strength development, respectively. The combination between silica oxide and calcium oxide in cementitious materials has potential to be utilised to enhance the early age of a blended concrete strength development.

The application of copious and low-cost waste items, mainly from neat resources, has developed extra demanding than always. This paper debates the utilization of bamboo waste as original and new things in the building industry. The study comprises rudimentary characteristics, containing the morphology of the ingredients in terms of variations in the composition procedure. The bamboo ash was recycled as cement respect to with 10%, 20% and 30% replacement. The materials characteristic of bamboo ash, strength activity index, fresh state properties and strength properties of concrete were examined too. The concrete was cast in 100×100×100 mm cube size and compared with conventional concrete. The result how that bamboo ash show pozzolanic properties and 20% cement replacement by bamboo ash give comparable strength with control specimens at 28 days, which achieved the target design strength. The total outcomes have exposed that the addition of bamboo ash can produce concrete with more power, higher class and sustainability.

Masonry mortar is one of the mostly used building materials in construction industry; as nearly all walls made with bricks are finished with mortar. This mortar is generally made with cement and sand. Conventionally masonry mortar with fly ash are often made with Ordinary Portland Cement. In this study, mortar mixes were made by replacing the masonry cement up to 50% of fly ash with an increment of its content by 10%. Six mortar mixes with 1:4 volumetric cement-to-aggregate ratios using natural sand were then tested to obtain the flow and strength properties. The results found that the masonry mortars incorporating with fly ash had superior properties as compared to the mortar without ash content (control specimen). The addition of fly ash increases the flow, particularly when the replacement content was above 40%. Mortar with high volume fly ash has also shown to attain a comparable strength with that of the control mix. Considering a better workability and acceptable strength properties, the results demonstrated that high volume replacement of fly ash is a viable alternative for producing environmental friendly masonry cement mortar.

The road base layer as a primary foundation for the flexible pavement needs to provide adequate strength for the working load. The road base layer which is constructed from a gradation of aggregate must distribute the stress as wide as possible to reduce the load per square area. The action of stress distribution on the road base layer mostly relies on its grain-to-grain interaction. This research used the natural crushed aggregate (NCA) and the recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as the road base materials. Physical models were conducted to evaluate the stress distribution under a static load. The physical model was using a box with a dimension of 620 mm x 620 mm x 500 mm. There were three layers for the physical model such as the road base layer, sub-base layer, and subgrade layer. The thickness of each layer was 200 mm, 100 mm, and 200 mm respectively. A static load with a maximum of 20 kN in the increment of 1 kN was added. The result of the scaled-model was not as similar to the theory of Boussinesq related to the stress distribution. The characteristic of the materials will show a different behavior of the stress distribution.

This research investigates the effect of CFRP plate length on flexural behaviour of GFRP strengthened reinforced concrete beam. CFRP plate was placed on the bottom of the beam to act as tension reinforcement. Ten beams were tested, largely divided into over designed and under designed reinforced beams. Each group had one steel reinforced concrete beam, one GFRP reinforced concrete beam and three GFRP reinforced concrete beam with different length of CFRP plate at the bottom of beam. Tested parameters included flexural strength, stress–strain relationship and deflection. Results indicated that all strengthened beams had improved structural performance where the maximum flexural strength increased by 102% and maximum deflection reduced by 35%. The CFRP plate can significantly improve the load-bearing capacity of strengthened GFRP concrete beams.

This paper presents a flexural strength study of concrete incorporated with textile fine grained mortar (TFGM) as a strengthening laminate. TFGM is a combination of fine grained mortar (FGM) with alkali resistant glass fabric (AR glass). Fine grained sand with 600 �m maximum size was used in FGM and fly ash (FA) or rice husk ash (RHA) has been used as a partial substitute for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The potential of TFGM as strengthening laminate was tested under monolithic load with three point flexure loading. The TFGM were laid in layers of two, four, six, and eight. Results shown a promising flexure enhancement of up to three times of unstrengthened concrete when eight layers of both RHA and FA were laid. Load bearing capacity and ductility of the samples increased about 200% and 61%, respectively, compared to control samples as well. The outcome shows a highly potential use of agro-waste as cement replacement to produce load bearing structural components.

Environmental concern raised by the production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), is behind the search for greener construction materials and remediation. One such material is alkali activated mortars (AAMs). It is well known that the high molarity of sodium hydroxide (12–16 M) and high content of sodium silicate (sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide higher than 2.5) have negative impacts on the environment. Driven by this idea, we prepared some binary alkali activated mortars by combining palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) at varying ratios. The effect of low concentration alkaline solution on the fresh, mechanical and durable properties of alkali activated was determined. The ratio of sodium hydroxide (molarity 4 M) (NH) to sodium silicate (NS) in the mixture was kept at 0.75. Microstructures of the prepared alkali activated mortars were analyzed using SEM, XRD and FTIR measurements. The achieved high strength (≈72 MPa at age of 28 days) of the alkali activated mortars was attributed to the synergy between GBFS and POFA. Partial replacement of GBFS with POFA was demonstrated to be beneficial for improving the compressive strength, durability and resistance against sulphuric acid attack. Meanwhile, calcium aluminium silicate hydrate (CASH) gel was discerned to be the main reaction product of POFA and GBFS in these binary systems. It was established that the proposed AAMs can contribute towards the development of sustainable materials.

The world is experiencing high rates of urbanisation and it has slowly become an alarming social process, especially in developing countries. This has demanded an urgent investigation on human thermal comfort, especially in tropical climates. In this study, a surrogate human sensor (SHS) was developed to establish a linkage between human skin surface and SHS with the surrounding environments. Black plastic corrugated cardboard was used in the SHS fabrication as its thermal conductivity was close to the thermal conductivity and emissivity of the human epidermal skin layer. The SHS was designed to correlate with human skin surface temperature and a regression model was developed. The regression equation was obtained for the human skin temperature prediction (Th) by using SHS. Statistical analysis of the ANOVA (F = 13,700; ρ

Massive waste rock wool was generated globally and it caused substantial environmental issues such as landfill and leaching. However, reviews on the recyclability of waste rock wool are scarce. Therefore, this study presents an in-depth review of the characterization and potential usability of waste rock wool. Waste rock wool can be characterized based on its physical properties, chemical composition, and types of contaminants. The review showed that waste rock wool from the manufacturing process is more workable to be recycled for further application than the post-consumer due to its high purity. It also revealed that the pre-treatment method—comminution is vital for achieving mixture homogeneity and enhancing the properties of recycled products. The potential application of waste rock wool is reviewed with key results emphasized to demonstrate the practicality and commercial viability of each option. With a high content of chemically inert compounds such as silicon dioxide (SiO2), calcium oxide (CaO), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) that improve fire resistance properties, waste rock wool is mainly repurposed as fillers in composite material for construction and building materials. Furthermore, waste rock wool is potentially utilized as an oil, water pollutant, and gas absorbent. To sum up, waste rock wool could be feasibly recycled as a composite material enhancer and utilized as an absorbent for a greener environment.

A single ton of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) demands around 4.0 G Joule energy and creates about a ton of CO2 emission. As part of our effort to preserve the environment, the incorporation of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) or fully replaced by alkali-activated slag (AAS) as an alternative binder to OPC. This concrete is environmental-friendly and also eases concerns in energy usage, raw material, and manufacturing cost for the traditional concrete. The cementitious properties of GGBFS and AAS promote their usage in the concrete matrix. Partial inclusion of slag for cement produces OPC or fully replaced by AAS is getting more attention as it is more pumpable, chemically stable, and resistant to an aggressive environment. This paper reviews the source, clean production and chemical compositions of the GGBFS and AAS. This literature review also objects to provide reviews on the properties, hardening conditions, and behaviors of GGBFS and AAS -based concrete composites as well as to synopsize the research development trends to generate comprehensive insights into the potential applications of GGBFS and AAS concrete as raw building materials for making sustainable and greener concrete composites, towards industrializing ecofriendly buildings today.

Environmentally sustainable construction materials with reduced carbon footprint have ever-growing demand worldwide. Based on this factor, some modified cement concrete mixtures incorporated with optimum ratio of fly ash (FA) and effective microorganism (EM) were produced. The strength performance, water absorption, resistance to aggressive environments (sulfuric acid and sulphate) and microstructures of the proposed concretes was evaluated. Four different ratios of FA replacing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) were used to select the optimum composition. The water content was replaced with the EM solution of 5, 10, 15, and 20%. The FA and EM incorporating OPC in the concrete matrix were found to enhance the mechanical and durability characteristics of the modified concretes. The early compressive strength of proposed concrete was enhanced over 30% and the durability was improved against the harsh environment due to the incorporation of OPC with 10% of FA and EM. The optimum concrete obtained with the FA and EM of 10% was asserted to be environmentally beneficial towards less global warming.

Being a plant with open cellulose structure, such potential has gone untapped due to its tendency to take up excessive resin during the mixing process. Hence, this paper presents the potential of utilizing an agricultural waste; palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as micro-filler in polymer concrete (PC). Two types of POFA fillers – ground (GPOFA) as fine filler and unground (UPOFA) as coarse filler were investigated in different contents. For comparison purpose, GPOFA was paired with calcium carbonate while UPOFA was with silica sand. Filler characteristics were studied through microstructural examination, particle size distribution, nitrogen absorption test, morphology image, and thermal analyses. Forty polymer blended and polymer concrete mixes were prepared for flowability and compression tests, respectively. Then, miniature crushed specimens were tested using Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) to investigate porosity and morphology of PC, respectively. Results showed that POFA had their physical features changed significantly after surface modifications. The ground POFA gives superior filling ability and high PC compressive strength. Additionally, good dispersion characteristic of POFA could reduce porosity in PC as well. It can be concluded that POFA can be potentially utilized as effective PC filler after being subjected to some physical modifications and mixing it with appropriate mix design.

Marine kaolin can be found easily at the coastal regions in Malaysia. During infrastructure works, huge quantities were excavated and is treated as unsuitable soil material (USM). This study offers a value-added solution to convert marine kaolin into supplementary cementitious material (SCM) through thermal activation. 10% replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement is incorporated together with Effective Microorganism (EM) into the mortar mix. The usage of EM between 5% and 25% with interval of 5% were manipulated to enhance the properties of the mortar mix. The intention of incorporating both marine kaolin and EM as mortar mix was to observe the significant effects on heat transfer. As a result, the surface temperature of the mortar mix was reduced up to 8% and the thermal conductivity shows appropriate insulating materials.

Grouting technology is playing an increasingly important role in construction engineering. Various types of grout are available but cement slurry grouts are often selected for injection works due to better workability. Meanwhile, in repair works, cement-sand grout often preferred as the fine aggregates gives better volume stability for large repair area. However, theoretical research on the use of waste material to improve the rheological properties of cement-sand grout is still lacking. For grouts, rheology is a factor of prime importance to the transport, injection and pumping of the material. Cement-sand grouts often have poorer fluidity due to friction created by the sand. Since grouts typically contain cement, therefore fly ash can be a good option to improve the workability of the grout. This paper studies time dependent behaviour of the grout by measuring the flow times and viscosity of cement-sand grout containing high volume fly (HVFA) up to 1 hour from the time of mixing. The result indicates that replacement of HVFA reduces the flow time of the grout and maintained good fluidity up to 1 hour. The viscosity test showed that the grouts, at fresh state, behaved like a Bingham fluid by exhibiting lower viscosities for the mixtures containing fly ash at 0, 60 and 120 minutes. In conclusion, the use of large quantities of fly ash in grouts significantly enhances fluidity of the cement-sand grouts. Methodology comparison also resulted in new knowledge for best method flow test for fly ash grout.

This paper presents an experimental study concerning the properties of concrete prepared with waste products generated from steel industry, namely electric arc furnace steel slag (EAFS) and steel sludge. A series of mixes with varying contents of EAFS or steel sludge up to 20% as cement replacement was prepared to assess several crucial aspects, such as workability, compressive strength , initial surface absorption test (ISAT), water absorption, and heavy metals of leaching test . Alteration on concrete microstructure was studied to determine the roles and the interaction mechanism with cement matrix . The experimental outputs signified that 10% replacement of EAFS and steel sludge with sufficient workability enhanced the compressive strength, especially in later age of concrete strength development. Both initial surface absorption and water absorption capacities were enhanced at similar percentage of replacement of EAFS and steel sludge, thus minimising permeability properties. Leaching test outcomes revealed that the inclusion of the two steel by-products into concrete did not pose any threat to the environment. The morphology evidence showed that concrete containing EAFS and steel sludge appeared denser as compared to normal concrete. Therefore, concrete containing EAFS and steel sludge possesses high potential for application in light of green and advanced concrete technology.

In the urban regions worldwide, saving energy, lowering carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and disposing waste arising from the manufacturing of diverse consumer products remain major challenges. Annually, million tons of glass bottle wastes are generated and only a few percent are recycled. In this study, glass bottles waste Nano powder (BGWNP) was prepared by replacing ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) in fly ash-based alkali-activated mortars (AAMs). The main aim was to evaluate the energy consumption, cost effectiveness, mechanical and chemical properties of the achieved BGWNP blended AAMs. Reuse of such wastes was found to enhance the mechanical and durability properties of the resultant AAMs as well as reduced CO2 emissions. For AAM incorporating 5% of BGWNP as GBFS replacement, the CO2 emission reduced (over 6%), compressive strength enhanced (above 16%) and the durability improved with reduced water absorption. Additionally, it lowered the binder cost and energy consumption by 3.4 and 1.3%, respectively. Furthermore, AAM composed of 10% BGWNP revealed reduced strength performance. It was concluded that the proposed AAMs obtained using BGWNP offer definitive environmental benefits by minimizing global warming. Given that concrete still is the most used man-made material universally, such proposition would significantly reduce the landfill requirements for glass waste that is unsuitable for recycled glass production.

This manuscript presents a study on a green corrosion inhibitor extracted from Elaeis guineensis (EG) leaves for mild steel (MS) exposed to acidic condition. Weight loss measurement was conducted at various temperatures to investigate the corrosion inhibitive behaviour of the aqueous extract in 1 M HCl solution. Results demonstrated that both inhibition efficiency (η%) and surface coverage (θ) had increased with increasing inhibitor concentration, but decreased with increasing temperature. After immersion for 72 h, the inhibition efficiency were between 60.48% at 319 K and 73.81% at 298 K. Adsorption of extract onto the MS surface was shown to obey Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm while the free energy value (𝝙Gads) indicated that the adsorption was characteristic of physisorption. Formation of a protective film onto the metal surface was substantiated by SEM and EDX analyses. The study demonstrated that EG leaves is a potential metal corrosion inhibitor in acidic condition.