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A traditional house is a symbol that represents a certain environmental area with their culture. However, there is a number of urban configuration in DI Yogyakarta that reflects the influence of Dutch colonization (1816-1941). This is characterized by a collection of contrasts and overlays of different forms of architecture and urbanism. This legacy of colonial architecture and urban planning has ignited different perspectives on the sustainable development of rural areas and the diversification of the rural economy. The purpose of this study was to examine and identify the Limasan house of DI Yogyakarta with a pyramid-shaped roof as its hallmark. Therefore, using a qualitative research method, that of grounded theory, the different influences of colonial architecture for sustainable design development in line with research objectives were investigated. The results showed the identification of factors that influence the well-being of buildings’ residents and the interaction of the external and internal environment of buildings. This current study contributes to shedding light on the meaning and representation of Yogyakarta’s Limasan house design with a scientific approach

The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WPS) is increasing worldwide and is relatively high among youth and young adults. It has been shown, both experimentally and clinically, that WPS exposure adversely affects the cardiovascular and hematological systems through the generation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Our study aimed to evaluate the impact of WPS exposure on erythrocytes, a major component of the hematological system, of BALB/c mice. Here, we assessed the effect of nose-only WPS exposure for four consecutive weeks on erythrocyte inflammation, oxidative stress, and eryptosis. The duration of the session was 30 min/day, 5 days/week. Control mice were exposed to air. Our results showed that the levels of C-reactive protein, lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase, and total nitric oxide (NO) were significantly increased in the plasma of WPS-exposed mice. The number of erythrocytes and the hematocrit were significantly decreased in WPS-exposed mice compared with the control group. Moreover, there was an increase in the erythrocyte fragility in mice exposed to WPS compared with those exposed to air. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase, LPO, reduced glutathione, catalase, and NO were significantly increased in the red blood cells (RBCs) of WPS-exposed mice. In addition, erythrocytes of the WPS-exposed group showed a significant increase in ATPase activity, Ca2+, annexin V binding, and calpain activity. Taken together, our findings suggest that WPS exposure elevated inflammation and oxidative stress in the plasma and induced hemolysis in vivo. It also caused alterations of RBCs oxidative stress and eryptosis in vitro. Our data confirm the detrimental impact of WPS on erythrocyte physiology.

This research looked at a viscoelastic Bingham hybrid Al2O3-Ag/water nanofluid’s natural convection in an inverted-T-shaped enclosure. It has been done using the mesoscopic simulation via the multiple-relaxation-time (MRT)-lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). And it employed highly effective graphics processing unit (GPU) computing to proceed with the investigation. The hybrid nanofluid’s viscosity is determined by the size of the nanoparticles and the velocity gradient, and the thermal conductivity is the function of fluid temperature. A uniform temperature boundary condition is used to heat the middle of the enclosure’s bottom wall. Other portions of the bottom and top walls are adiabatic, where the right and left walls are kept cold. Different parameters, namely the Bingham number (0≤Bn≤1), Rayleigh number (Ra=104, 105, 106), and nanoparticles volume fraction (ϕ=0,0.02,0.04), and heated sources’ size (ϵ=1/5,2/5,3/5,4/5) are applied to investigate and observe the natural convection of the fluid. Numerical outcomes are attained from the simulation and used to generate contours, figures, graphs of velocity temperature, average Nusselt number, local Nusselt number, isotherms, and streamlines. Based on the outcomes, it is observed that enhancements in Rayleigh number, heated sources’ size (ϵ), and volume fraction (ϕ) speed up the flow of the fluid. On the other hand, the Bingham number’s increment slows down the flow and decreases the value of Nu¯. The average Nusselt number increases 170.25% while increasing the length of bottom heater from ϵ=1/5 to ϵ=4/5 at ϕ=0.02, Bn=1, and Ra=106. This configuration can be applicable to electrical system cooling, ventilation, heat-exchanging system and in many other practical implements.

This paper focuses on the natural convection of heat transfer using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Bingham nanofluid. Utilizing the multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) within a C-shaped enclosure and the NVIDIA graphics processing unit (GPU)-based compute unified architecture (CUDA) C/C++ platform, the simulation is carried out numerically. Inside the cavity, the base fluid is water and the nanofluid is Al2O3. Boundary conditions are presented in accordance with the heated, cold, and adiabatic conditions present in the cavity's various walls. Several parameters including Bingham number (Bn=0,0.5,1,1.5,2), Rayleigh number (Ra=104,105,106), Hartmann number (Ha=0,10,20,30), and nanoparticle volume fraction (ϕ=0,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04). The results of the numerical simulation are shown using streamlines and isotherms, velocity-temperature, Local Nusselt number, and average Nusselt number. From the obtained results it is found that for the variation of Bn, Ha, and ϕ with different Ra the rate of heat transfer decreases along the bottom wall and increases for the left and top walls. The average Nusselt number decreases while Bn, Ha rises. On the other contrary, the average Nu increases as ϕ increases. Response surface methodology (RSM) is added here to have better understanding of the effects of parameter used. RSM includes statistical table for the combination of data set and their graphs to understand the accuracy. Moreover, regression analysis shows how average Nu increases or decreases with the variation of different parameters. The C-shaped geometry provides an excellent option in heat exchanging or electronic cooling equipment the chip designing technology. This study is only for two-dimensional laminar flow.

BackgroundSerum or whole blood collection, processing, transport and storage still present significant challenges in low resource settings where mass surveillance is required to sustain disease elimination. Therefore, in this study, we explored the diagnostic efficacy of dried blood spots (DBS) as a minimally invasive and potentially cost-effective alternative sampling technique to whole blood sampling procedures for subsequent detection of Leishmania donovani antibodies or DNA.Methodology and principal findingsArchived serum, DNA samples from whole blood of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases and healthy controls, and DBS from corresponding cases and controls, were used. Both molecular and serological assays were optimized to detect L. donovani antibodies or DNA in DBS elute and results were compared against those obtained with whole blood. Serological assays (both rK28 ELISA and rK39 ELISA) of DBS samples showed sensitivity and specificity of 100% and had excellent agreement with results from whole blood samples (kappa value ranged from 0.98-1). Bland-Altman analysis of OD values from rK28-ELISA with DBS elute and patients' serum showed an excellent agreement (ICC = 0.9) whereas a good agreement (ICC = 0.8) was observed in the case of rK39-ELISA. However, qPCR and RPA of DBS samples had a diminished sensitivity of 76% and 68%, respectively, and poor agreement was observed with the whole blood samples.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that DBS offer excellent diagnostic efficiency for serological assays and represent a viable alternative to whole blood sampling procedures.

The numerical investigation focuses on the phenomenon of the power-law non-Newtonian magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection heat transfer in a C-shaped cavity that is filled with ethylene glycol-Al2O3 and Cu hybrid nanofluids with a heating block by utilizing the MRT (multiple-relaxation-time) lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The heating block is maintained in a constant heat flux condition and placed in the middle of the right wall, and the top two right sides are considered as lower temperature conditions. The other walls of the cavity are in the adiabatic boundary condition. Hydro-thermal analysis of nanofluids is performed for different Rayleigh numbers (Ra), power-law index (n), Hartmann numbers (Ha), magnetic field inclination angle (γ), and nanoparticle volume fraction (ϕ). Results obtained from the numerical simulation are presented by plotting streamlines and isotherms, average Nusselt numbers, and velocity temperature. The results found that when the Hartmann number increases average rate of heat transfer decreases. In addition, the average heat transfer rate decreases for the higher value of the power-law index. For nanofluids like a hybrid, Cu, and Al2O3 nanofluids, the average Nusselt number decreases with the increasing values of the power-law index and Ha number. Here heat transfer is higher in Cu than in hybrid and Al2O3 nanofluids. Total entropy is in increasing band decreasing condition due to higher Rayleigh number. Total entropy decreases when the power-law index rises, and for Ra=104,106.

Silver nanoparticles are widely used in various industrial and biomedical applications; however, little is known about their potential cardiotoxicity after pulmonary exposure, particularly in hypertensive subjects. We assessed the cardiotoxicity of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated AgNPs in hypertensive (HT) mice. Saline (control) or PEG–AgNPs (0.5 mg/kg) were intratracheally (i.t.) instilled four times (on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-angiotensin II or vehicle [saline] infusion). On day 29, various cardiovascular parameters were evaluated. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate were higher in PEG–AgNPs-treated HT mice than in saline-treated HT or PEG–AgNPs-treated normotensive mice. The heart histology of PEG–AgNPs-treated HT mice had comparatively larger cardiomyocyte damage with fibrosis and inflammatory cells when compared with saline-treated HT mice. Similarly, the relative heart weight and the activities of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase-MB and the concentration of brain natriuretic peptide concentration were significantly augmented in heart homogenates of HT mice treated with PEG–AgNPs compared with HT mice treated with saline or normotensive animals exposed to PEG–AgNPs. Similarly, the concentrations of endothelin-1, P-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in heart homogenates were significantly higher than in the other two groups when HT mice were exposed to PEG–AgNPs. Markers of inflammation and oxidative and nitrosative stress were significantly elevated in heart homogenates of HT mice given PEG–AgNPs compared with HT mice treated with saline or normotensive animals exposed to PEG–AgNPs. The hearts of HT mice exposed to PEG–AgNPs had significantly increased DNA damage than those of HT mice treated with saline or normotensive mice treated with AgNPs. In conclusion, the cardiac injury caused by PEG–AgNPs was aggravated in hypertensive mice. The cardiotoxicity of PEG–AgNPs in HT mice highlights the importance of an in-depth assessment of their toxicity before using them in clinical settings, particularly in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases.

Thalassemia is one of the most common life-threatening yet preventable congenital hemoglobin disorders especially in South Asian regions like Bangladesh. It has become a rising public health concern for Bangladesh as 6-12% of the population are carriers and many of them are unaware of it. The purpose of the study is to inspect the knowledge and attitude towards thalassemia among the general people of Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in eight administrative regions of Bangladesh between January and October of 2020. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect information about thalassemia and socio-demographic characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with knowledge of thalassemia. A p-value

IntroductionCervical cancer is the second most common gynecological cancer in Bangladesh. Lack of awareness of screening methods, risk factors, and symptoms may lead to presenting most cervical cancers at an advanced stage. We investigated knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer (CCa) among females at the Sheikh Hasina Medical College (SHMC) of Tangail district in Bangladesh.MethodsA cross sectional survey was conducted to collect data via a structured questionnaire from SHMC during the period of February 2019 to January 2020. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge of cervical cancer were collected. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with having heard and knowledge of cervical cancer. A p-value ResultOf all the interviews conducted, only 45.2% (493/1090) had heard of cervical cancer as a disease. Women were more likely to be aware of CCa if they were lived in urban areas, had higher education (university level education) and belong to high income families. The study revealed evidence of significant association between marital, literacy, residence and socio-economic status with women's knowledge on cervical cancer (p< 0.05).ConclusionThis study serves to highlight that there was impoverished knowledge about cervical cancer among Bangladeshi women. Hence, this indicates the government should take proper steps to raise awareness and knowledge levels via educational programs and health counseling.

Background: Thalassemia is the commonest hemoglobinopathy in Southeast Asia. Kidney dysfunction is an underreported sequelae in children with thalassemia. We conducted a retrospective study to identify the prevalence of and predisposing factors for kidney dysfunction in children with transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT).Method: Abnormal kidney function was defined as children with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 20 ml/min/1.73 m2 or presence of nephrotic range proteinuria within 3 years of commencing regular (every ≤6 weeks) red cell transfusion. Data analyzed were age at diagnosis of thalassemia, number of transfusion-years, iron chelation therapy, serum ferritin, and pre-transfusion hemoglobin levels.Results: Eighty-one children were studied. Mean age was 11.72 ± 5.275 years. Thirty out of 81 (37%) demonstrated abnormal kidney function. Evidence of glomerular hyperfiltration was seen in 29/81 patients (25.85%) at their last clinic visit. This fraction was doubled [48/81 (59.3%)] when the cohort was tracked back by 3 years from the last clinic encounter. Age at diagnosis (RR, 1.157; 95% CI, 1.014–1.319; p = 0.03) and duration of receiving transfusions (RR, 0.984; 95% CI, 0.974–0.994; p = 0.001) were associated with increased risk of developing abnormal kidney function.Conclusion: Abnormal kidney function in children with TDT may be overlooked by medical personnel without active screening measures. Children receiving regular red cell transfusions require systematic surveillance to enable early detection of kidney dysfunction and timely implementation of appropriate therapeutic interventions.

Background and aim: Outbreak of COVID-19 seems to have exacerbated across the globe, including Bangladesh. Scientific literature on the clinical data record of COVID-19 patients in Bangladesh is inadequate. Our study analyzes the clinical data of COVID-19 positive patients based on molecular identification and risk factor correlated with three variables (age, sex, residence) and COVID-19 prevalence in the four districts of Chattogram Division (Noakhali, Feni, Lakshmipur and Chandpur) with an aim to understand the trajectory of this pandemic in Chattogram, Southern Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study is conducted in the context of RT-PCR-based COVID-19 positive 5,589 individuals diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection from the COVID-19 testing laboratory, Abdul Malek Ukil Medical College, Noakhali-3800, Bangladesh. For molecular confirmation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), standard diagnostic protocols through real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were conducted. Different patient demographics were analyzed using SPSS version 22 for exploring the relationship of three factors – age, sex, and residence with a cumulative number of COVID-19 positive cases and prevalence of COVID-19 in four districts in Chattogram division. The data was recorded between May to July, 2020. Results: Among the three parameters, the present study revealed that 20–40 cohort had the highest incidence of infection rate (51.80%, n = 2895) among the different age groups. Among the infected individuals, 56.8% (n = 3177) were male and 43.2% (n = 2412) were female, denoting males being the most susceptible to this disease. Urban residents (52.7%, n = 2948) were more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection than those residing in rural areas (47.3%, n = 2641). The prevalence of COVID-19 positive cases among the four districts was recorded highest in the Noakhali district with 36.8% (n = 2057), followed by the Feni, Lakshmipur and Chandpur districts with 25.9% (n = 1448), 20.8% (n = 1163) and 16.5% (n = 921), respectively. Conclusions: This study presents a statistical correlation of certain factors linked to Bangladesh with confirmed COVID-19 patients, which will enable health practitioners and policy makers to take proactive steps to control and mitigate disease transmission.

Background Dengue, the mosquito borne disease has become a growing public health threat in Bangladesh due to its gradual increasing morbidity and mortality since 2000. In 2019, the country witnessed the worst ever dengue outbreak. The present study was conducted to characterize the socio-economic factors and knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) status towards dengue among the people of Bangladesh. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,010 randomly selected respondents from nine different administrative regions of Bangladesh between July and November 2019. A structured questionnaire was used covering socio-demographic characteristics of the participants including their knowledge, awareness, treatment and practices regarding dengue fever. Factors associated with the knowledge and awareness of dengue were investigated separately, using multivariable logistic regression. Results Although majority (93.8%) of the respondents had heard about dengue, however, they had still misconceptions about Aedes breeding habitat. Around half of the study population (45.7%) had mistaken belief that Aedes can breed in dirty water and 43.1% knew that Aedes mosquito usually bites around sunrise and sunset. Fever indication was found in 36.6% of people which is the most common symptom of dengue. Among the socio-demographic variables, the level of education of the respondents was identified as an independent predictor for both knowledge (pConclusion As dengue is emerging in Bangladesh, there is an urgent need to increase health promotion activities through campaigns for eliminating the misconception and considerable knowledge gaps about dengue.

BackgroundBreast cancer (BCa) is a leading cause of mortality among women in Bangladesh. Many young women in Bangladesh have poor knowledge about breast cancer screening, including risk factors, warning signs/symptoms, diagnosis and early detection. We investigated awareness about breast cancer risk factors as a screening tool among women at the Sheikh Hasina Medical College (SHMC) of Tangail district in Bangladesh.MethodsA cross sectional survey was conducted to collect data via a structured questionnaire from SHMC during the period of February to December 2019. A total of 1,007 participants (aged 33.47 (±12.37 years)) was considered for data analysis.ResultsOf the 1,007 women, about 50% were knowledgeable about the risk factors. Pain in the breast was identified as the most commonly warning sign/symptom of breast cancer. Only 32.2% of respondents knew at least one breast cancer screening method. The mean knowledge was scored 3.43 ± 2.25 out of a total possible score of 8. Awareness of BCa was associated with residence, family history of breast cancer, marital, literacy and socio-economic status (p ConclusionAlthough most participants were aware of breast cancer; knowledge about risk factors, warning signs/symptoms, early diagnosis and detection was relatively poor. Knowledge about performing BSE was particularly low. This highlights the importance of increasing awareness about breast cancer risk factors and early detection among young women in Bangladesh.

This study was designed to explore the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) strategies in a Muslim tourist destination with a focus on Sharia Beach Santen Island in Banyuwangi. The tourism sector is an industry that is currently enjoying growing popularity in Indonesia. Since 2017, Sharia Beach has officially been declared as a Shariah-compliant beach; the beach that is guided by Islamic Regulation (Sharia Law). In order to achieve the aims of the research, a qualitative approach (i.e. observations and interviews with visitors, government representatives and beach administrators) were employed. The result reveals that some IMC strategies have been applied at the beach such as advertising, sales promotion, events and experiences, public relations, and direct personal selling. These strategies, however, have not been favouring Sharia elements in particular.

Recent studies of scalar and gravitational waveforms from high-eccentricity, extreme mass-ratio black-hole binaries show the presence of quasinormal bursts (QNBs), lingering high-frequency decaying oscillations (also known as “wiggles”), soon after each periapsis passage. One puzzle associated with these QNBs is that in the case of a nearly extreme rotating central black hole the frequency of the QNBs has been found to be in a range which is lower than the corresponding range of relevant quasinormal modes. We reproduce these results using a different approach and perform a detailed analysis to find evidence for the resolution of the puzzle and for the origin of the QNBs. We find that the QNB frequency as measured at future null infinity evolves in (retarded) time and approaches the dominant quasinormal frequency exponentially in time. We also show that the QNB amplitude decays inversely in (retarded) time. We discuss the time dependence of both the QNB waveform frequency and its amplitude and argue that this behavior arises as a result of the excitation of many quasinormal overtones and the summation thereof.