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Despite of the emergence of revolutionary Forward Osmosis (FO) technology, the membrane is hindered by the severe effect of internal concentration polarization (ICP) which generated in membrane substrate layer. In current study, polyethersulfone (PES) membranes substrate layer were fabricated via phase inversion using three different polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP; molecular weight of 10 kDa, 40 kDa and 360 kDa) which act as a pore former agent. Using 2 wt% of aqueous m-phenylenediamine (MPD) and 0.15 wt% of trimesoyl chloride (TMC) in hexane, the active polyamide layer was formed on the top surface of PES substrate via interfacial polymerization to produce thin film composite (TFC) FO membrane. The performance of TFC FO membranes were evaluated and three intrinsic parameters; A, B and S were determined by mathematical model. The results attained were compared to find the optimized PVP molecular weight for FO membranes with desired performance. It was observed that FO membrane prepared with molecular weight PVP of 40 kDa exhibited excellent performance with low ICP, thus reduce the replacement of draw solute in FO application.

A swarm robotics system can consists of at least two or up to hundreds or thousands number of robots. To build a system that is able to perform target searching task, it needs a robust algoritm and communication strategy. A wrong strategy can lead to unsatisfactory performance in which the swarm robots would unable to move efficiently and arrive at the target position precisely. This work aims to develop a new method for target searching strategy for swarm robotics system by adapting Extended Bat Algorithm (EBA) to the system. EBA is the low level hybrid algorithm of Bat Algorithm (BA) and Spiral Dynamic Algoruthm (SDA), and therefore its exploration and exploitation method is better than BA and SDA. EBA had proven its ability to solve general mathematical problem, however, for swarm robotics system application, its performance and effectiveness still needs to be comprehensively investigated. The investigation result shows that EBA can prove its potentiality to develop the best target searching strategy to the swarm robotics system with 5 number of iterations within 49 seconds. This is found to be the lowest number of iterations in the shortest of time. The accuracy is 99% to arrive at the desired location. Hence, the proposed EBA method is able to perform a target searching task for swarm robotics system.

In Pasuruan Regency, on Thursday many shops and stalls were closed. Thursday is considered a good day for various religious activities. This study aims to describe the relevance, history, and implementation of religious activities and Pamali Thursday sales in Pasuruan Regency. This research is a qualitative research with a phenomenological type to describe the phenomena that occur in Pasuruan Regency. The data source of this study were representatives of community leaders, sellers, and consumers in Pasuruan Regency with interview and observation data collection techniques. The results showed that many shops or stalls closed Thursday in Pasuruan Regency because there was an assumption Thursday that it was a good day to send prayers to families who had died. The shops and stalls that are closed in Pasuruan Regency are related to religious activities, namely sending prayers to dead relatives. This tradition has been around for a long time and has been passed down for generations. Thursday is filled with religious activities such as takziah to the tomb, recitation, istighosah, reading yasin and tahlil. Not all shops and stalls close on Thursday. Usually closed are small to medium scale shops or stalls with local Muslim owners.

This article aims to describe the influence of DRTA strategies on critical thinking skills of elementary, junior and senior high school students. The method used is a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental research design. The results of the analysis show that (1) the DRTA strategy has significant but insignificant effect on students 'critical thinking skills at elementary level, (2) the DRTA strategy significantly influences the students' critical thinking skills at the junior secondary level, (3) the DRTA strategy significantly influences Significantly to students' critical thinking skills at high school level. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menegatahui pengaruh strategi DRTA terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa SD, SMP, dan SMA dalam (1) menganalisis bacaan secara kritis, (2) mengevaluasi bacaan secara kritis, dan (3) mencipta. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dengan rancangan penelitian eksperimen semu. Hasil dari analisis menunjukkan bahwa (1) strategi DRTA berpengaruh tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa pada jenjang SD, (2) strategi DRTA berpengaruh secara signifikan secara signifikan terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa pada jenjang SMP, dan (3) strategi DRTA berpengaruh secara signifikan secara signifikan terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa pada jenjang SMA.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Protocols commonly used in plant DNA extraction were known to be highly time-consuming and harmful due to the application of some hazardous reagents. Therefore, it was not applicable for such laboratories with limited resources as well as for high-throughput analysis. This study was aimed to develop a rapid yet less hazardous DNA extraction protocol for a plant using potassium phosphate buffer. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Genomic DNA of chili pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i>) was extracted using potassium phosphate buffer and its efficacy was compared to three widely known protocols (CTAB-based, mini preparation and commercial kit). The extracted DNA from those four methods was evaluated based on its quality, quantity, practicality and cost per reaction. <b>Results:</b> Genomic DNA resulted from potassium phosphate buffer-based protocol exhibited comparable quality with adequate concentration for further downstream analysis. Results of PCR and sequencing were also emphasized the amplifiable DNA quality from this developed protocol. Compared to those commonly used protocols, potassium phosphate buffer consisted of 5 main working steps only, thus providing a simple yet rapid plant DNA extraction protocol. Since this protocol used ethanol only, it also offered a less hazardous and low-cost protocol that applicable for those resource-limited laboratories. <b>Conclusion:</b> This developed protocol provided a promising alternative of plant DNA extraction that might be applicable for both large scale analysis and any laboratory type. Further investigation was needed to evaluate its efficacy in extracting genomic DNA from various plants with different morphological characteristic.