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This study estimates gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence in Brazil. A systematic review was conducted with articles published between 2010 and 2021 on the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, SciELO, LILACS and Virtual Health Library databases, as well as gray literature. Data were extracted using a standardized instrument together with the risk of bias assessment tool proposed by Hoy et al. A meta-analysis with robust variance and random effects was developed. Heterogeneity was verified using I2 and publication bias was assessed using funnel plot and Egger's test. Prevalence according to risk of bias, diagnostic criteria and country's regions was determined by subgroup analyses. A total of 32 studies were included, representing 21,942 women. gestational diabetes mellitus pooled prevalence was 14% (95%CI: 11.0; 16.0), considerably higher than estimates from previous studies. Regarding risk of bias, studies with low, medium, and high risk showed a pooled prevalence of 12%, 14% and 14%, respectively. Overall GRADE certainty of evidence rating was low. Most studies used the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) criteria or the adapted IADPSG, showing a pooled prevalence of 15% and 14%, respectively. As for region, the pooled prevalence was higher in the Southeast (14%) and lower in the Central-West (9%). This is the first systematic review to provide evidence on gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence at a national level and to demonstrate considerable heterogeneity among articles and the influence of region, diagnostic criteria and study quality on the referred indicator.

Objectives: This study aimed to develop and validate a minimally invasive protocol for characterizing oxidative stress markers in exfoliated oral cells., Materials and Methods: Exfoliated oral cells were collected from healthy volunteers. The protocol included the utilization of specific fluorescent probes to measure intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Cells from each volunteer were divided into the positive and negative control groups, which were, respectively, exposed or not to hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) aiming to induce the oxidative stress. Measurements of cell fluorescence were performed using a microscope equipped with epifluorescence., Results: The results showed that cells exposed to H 2 O 2 exhibited significantly higher intracellular expression of ROS compared to unexposed cells (positive control: 3851.25 ± 1227.0 vs, negative control: 1106.07 ± 249.6; p = 0.0338). On the contrary, cells exposed to H 2 O 2 displayed decreased expression of ΔΨm (p = 0.0226) and GSH (p = 0.0289) when compared to the negative control group (ΔΨm positive control: 14634.39 ± 1529.0 vs, negative control: 18897.60 ± 2338.0; and GSH positive control: 9011.08 ± 1900.0 vs, negative control: 15901.79 ± 2745.0)., Conclusions: The developed protocol proved to be effective in detecting and quantifying oxidative stress biomarkers, such as ROS, ΔΨm and GSH, in exfoliated oral cells. This minimally invasive approach offers a promising method to assess oxidative stress expression and may be clinically relevant in the evaluation of oral diseases associated with oxidative stress., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are composed of lipophilic layers and are sensitive to the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of GUVs as microcarriers of biological macromolecules is particularly interesting since ROS produced by gametes or embryos during in vitro culture can induce the opening of pores in the membrane of these vesicles and cause the release of their content. This study investigated the behavior of GUVs [composed of 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl)] in co-culture with in vitro produced bovine embryos, as well as their embryotoxicity and effectiveness as cysteine carriers in culture medium. Embryonic developmental rates were unaffected, demonstrating the absence of toxicity of GUVs co-cultured with the embryos. No increase of intracellular ROS levels was observed in the embryos co-cultured with GUVs, indicating that the higher lipid content of the culture environment resulting from the lipid composition of the GUV membrane itself did not increase oxidative stress. Variations in the diameter and number of GUVs demonstrated their sensitivity to ROS produced by embryos cultured under conditions that generate oxidative stress. Encapsulation of cysteine in GUVs was found to be more effective in controlling the production of ROS in embryonic cells than direct dilution of this antioxidant in the medium. In conclusion, the use of GUVs in in vitro culture was found to be safe since these vesicles did not promote toxic effects nor did they increase intracellular ROS concentrations in the embryos. GUVs were sensitive to oxidative stress, which resulted in structural changes in response to the action of ROS. The possible slow release of cysteine into the culture medium by GUV rupture would therefore favor the gradual supply of cysteine, prolonging its presence in the medium. Thus, the main implication of the use of GUVs as cysteine microcarriers is the greater effectiveness in preventing the intracytoplasmic increase of ROS in in vitro produced bovine embryos., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The effect of L-165041 (PPARδ-agonist) on decreasing apoptosis and intracellular lipid content was assessed in fresh and vitrified-warmed in vitro -produced bovine embryos. It was hypothesised that the addition of L-165041 to the culture medium enhances development and cryopreservation. Oocytes were allocated to one of two treatments: control-standard culture medium, or L-165041 added to the medium on day1 with no media change. Ultrastructure, cleavage, and blastocyst rates were evaluated in fresh, and in post-vitrification cultured embryos by optical and electronic microscopy. A subset of fresh embryos were fixed for TUNEL assay and for Sudan-Black-B histochemical staining. Vitrified-warmed embryos were assessed using MALDI-MS technique. Cleavage and blastocyst rates (control 49.4±5.2, L-165041 51.8±4.3) were not influenced by L-165041. The proportion of inner cell mass cells (ICM) was higher in fresh embryos, and the rate of total and ICM apoptosis was lower in L-165041. In warmed-embryos, total and ICM apoptosis was lower in L-165041. The overall hatching rate was higher in L-165041 (66.62±2.83% vs 53.19±2.90%). There was less lipid accumulation in fresh L-165041-embryos. In conclusion, the use of L-165041 is recommended to improve the viability of in vitro -derived bovine embryos.

Chronic stress increases the systemic levels of stress hormones norepinephrine and cortisol. As well as tobacco-specific carcinogen NNK (4-(methylnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone), they can induce expressive DNA damage contributing to the cancer development. However, it is unknown whether stress hormones have genotoxic effects in oral keratinocytes. This study investigated the effects of stress hormones on DNA damage in a human oral keratinocyte cell line (NOK-SI). NOK-SI cells stimulated with norepinephrine or cortisol showed higher DNA damage compared to untreated cells. Norepinephrine-induced DNA damage was reversed by pre-treatment with beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol. Cells treated with NNK combined to norepinephrine displayed reduced levels of caspases 3 and 7. Cortisol also reduced the activity of pro-apoptotic enzymes. NNK or norepinephrine promoted single-strand breaks and alkali-label side breaks in the DNA of NOK-SI cells. Pre-treatment of cells with propranolol abolished these effects. Carcinogen NNK in the presence or absence of cortisol also induced DNA damage of these cells. The genotoxic effects of cortisol alone and hormone combined with NNK were blocked partially and totally, respectively, by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486. DNA damage promoted by NNK or cortisol and carcinogen combined to the hormone led to intracellular γH2AX accumulation. The effects caused by NNK and cortisol were reversed by propranolol and glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486, respectively. Propranolol inhibited the oxidation of basis induced by NNK in the presence of DNA-formamidopyrimidine glycosylase. DNA breaks induced by norepinephrine in the presence or absence of NNK resulted in higher 8OHdG cellular levels. This effect was also induced through beta-adrenergic receptors. Together, these findings indicate that stress hormones induce DNA damage of oral keratinocytes and could contribute to oral carcinogenesis., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread through more than 180 countries, leading to diverse health systems overload around the world. Because of the high number of patients and the supply chain disruption, it generated a shortage of medical devices and personal protective equipment. In this context, initiatives from the additive manufacturing community emerged to fight the lack of devices. Diverse designs were produced and are currently being used in hospitals by patients and health workers. However, as some devices must follow strict standards, these products may not fulfill these standards. Therefore, to ensure the user's health, there is a need for understanding each device, their usage, and standards. This study reviews the use of additive manufacturing during COVID-19 pandemic. It gathers the source of several 3D printed devices such as face shields, face masks, valves, nasopharyngeal swabs, and others, discussing their use and regulatory issues. In this regard, the major drawbacks of the technology, addressed for the next pandemic scenario, are highlighted. Finally, some insights of the future of additive manufacturing during emergency are given and discussed., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.)

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) activity is established by the regulation of IGF binding protein activity, which blocks IGF-1 functions, whereas pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) improves IGF-1 bioavailability and facilitates binding to IGF receptors. To further extend our understanding of the effect of exogenous PAPP-A on bovine embryo production, we added this protein during in vitro maturation of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs); moreover, we assessed its effects on IGF-1 quantity in the maturation medium, embryonic yield and postwarming survival, blastocyst quality, and transcript abundance. Bovine COCs were matured in a serum-free medium, either with PAPP-A supplementation (100 ng/ml) or without (control). The treatment group produced higher IGF-1 concentrations in the maturation medium; however, showed no difference on cleavage, blastocysts rates, and embryonic survival 3 and 24 hr postcryopreservation. Regarding gene expression, VNN1 was upregulated, whereas AGPAT9, FASN, EGFR, HAS2, and IMPDH1 were downregulated in PAPP-A treated. PAPP-A treated, CPT2, DNMT3A, and TFAM were upregulated, whereas ATF4 and IFITM3 were downregulated. We concluded that although the addition of PAPP-A did not affect embryo yield and blastocyst survival, higher IGF-1 levels may affect embryo competence through differential expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, oocyte competence, and mitochondrial function., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

The aim of this study was the production of amylolytic enzymes by solid state or submerged fermentations (SSF or SF, respectively), followed by purification using chemical process or microfiltration and immobilization of purified enzymes in a polyurethane support. The free and immobilized enzymes obtained were used to evaluate enzymatic hydrolysis of the polysaccharides of Spirulina. Microfiltration of the crude extracts resulted in an increase in their specific activity and thermal stability at 40°C and 50°C for 24h, as compared to extracts obtained by SSF and SF. Immobilization of polyurethane purified enzyme produced yields of 332% and 205% for the enzymes obtained by SF and SSF, respectively. Free or immobilized enzymes favor the generation of fermentable sugar, being the application of the purified and immobilized enzymes in the hydrolysis of microalgal polysaccharides considered a promising alternative towards development of the bioethanol production process from microalgal biomass., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Inflammation is a local tissue response to attacks characterized by vascular and cellular events, including intense oxidative stress. Riparin A, a compound obtained from Aniba riparia, has been shown to have antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity in vitro. This study was aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory effect of riparin A against acute inflammation. The results of our evaluations in various experimental models indicated that riparin A reduced paw edema induced by carrageenan, compound 48/80, histamine, and serotonin. Furthermore, it decreased leukocyte and neutrophil counts, myeloperoxidase activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels, and cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β) levels increased by carrageenan-induced peritonitis, and reversed glutathione levels. Riparin A also reduced carrageenan-induced adhesion and rolling of leukocytes on epithelial cells and did not produce gastric-damage as compared with indomethacin. In conclusion, the data show that riparin A reduces inflammatory response by inhibiting vascular and cellular events, modulating neutrophil migration, inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine production, and reducing oxidative stress., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aims: This study aimed at evaluating the oxidative stress in mitochondria isolated from the brain and liver of mice treated with riparin A, as well as the locomotor activity and myorelaxant effect of this compound. Behavioral models of rota rod and open field tests were used for locomotor activity and myorelaxant effect evaluation., Main Methods: The animals were divided into five groups (n=8), which were treated with: diazepam (1mg/kg, i.p), riparin A (5, 10, and 20mg/kg, o.r.) or vehicle (0.9% saline, o.r.). The oxidative stress evaluation was carried out in mitochondria isolated from the brain and liver of mice from five experimental groups (n=8), which were treated with: ascorbic acid (250 mg/kg; positive control), vehicle (0.9% saline; negative control) and riparin A (5, 10 and 20mg/kg)., Key Findings: In an open field and rota rod test a significant difference in the number of crossings, in time of permanence on the swivel bar and in the number of falls in riparin A treated animals (5, 10 and 20mg/kg) was not observed, when compared with negative control (vehicle) (p>0.05). In comparison to the negative control, there was a reduction of lipid peroxidation levels and nitrite content in mice treated with riparin A (p<0.05). Reduced glutathione (GSH) levels (p<0.05), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities increased in the brain (rip A 5mg/kg; p<0.05), while in the liver SOD remained unchanged (p>0.05) and catalase activity (p<0.05) was reduced., Significance: Riparin A was presented as a bioactive molecule devoid of adverse effects of alteration of motor activity., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to study the in vitro antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity on tumor cells lines of six synthetic substances derived from riparins. All the substances showed antioxidant activity and riparins C, D, E, F presented cell growth inhibition rates greater than 70%, suggesting that these molecules have antitumor properties. These substances also caused greater than 80% releases of cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (LDH). Although the antioxidant and antitumor properties presented herein require further assessment, the outcomes indicate that these novel riparins are promising biologically active compounds.