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In this study, the metabolomics characterization focusing on the carotenoid composition of ten cassava (Manihot esculenta) genotypes cultivated in southern Brazil by UV-visible scanning spectrophotometry and reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography was performed. Cassava roots rich in β-carotene are an important staple food for populations with risk of vitamin A deficiency. Cassava genotypes with high pro-vitamin A activity have been identified as a strategy to reduce the prevalence of deficiency of this vitamin. The data set was used for the construction of a descriptive model by chemometric analysis. The genotypes of yellow-fleshed roots were clustered by the higher concentrations of cis- β-carotene and lutein. Inversely, cream-fleshed roots genotypes were grouped precisely due to their lower concentrations of these pigments, as samples rich in lycopene (redfleshed) differed among the studied genotypes. The analytical approach (UV-Vis, HPLC, and chemometrics) used showed to be efficient for understanding the chemodiversity of cassava genotypes, allowing to classify them according to important features for human health and nutrition.

Vitamin A deficiency is a prevalent health problem in many areas of the world, where cassava genotypes with high pro-vitamin A content have been identified as a strategy to address this issue. In this study, we found a positive correlation between the color of the root pulp and the total carotenoid contents and, importantly, showed how CIELAB color measurements can be used as a non-destructive and fast technique to quantify the amount of carotenoids in cassava root samples, as opposed to traditional methods. We trained several machine learning models using UV-visible spectrophotometry data, CIELAB data and a low-level data fusion of the two. Best performance models were obtained for the total carotenoids contents calculated using the UV-visible dataset as input, with R2 values above 90 %. Using CIELAB and fusion data, values around 60 % and above 90 % were found. Importantly, these results demonstrated how data fusion can lead to a better model performance for prediction when comparing to the use of a single data source. Considering all these findings, the use of colorimetric data associated with UV-visible and HPLC data through statistical and machine learning methods is a reliable way of predicting the content of total carotenoids in cassava root samples.

A lagoa de Jijoca de Jericoacoara situa-se no litoral do Ceará, Nordeste do Brasil (2º50'10'' e 2º55'32''S - 40º28'32'' e 40º24'09''W), sendo bordejada em sua extremidade Norte por dunas e por vegetação de tabuleiro nas demais faces. Realizou-se o levantamento da composição florística e da estrutura da comunidade de macrófitas aquáticas presentes na lagoa. As amostras das plantas foram coletadas e depositadas no herbário EAC. Densidade, freqüência e cobertura das espécies foram amostradas em 10 transectos plotados em áreas com boas condições de conservação de suas margens, evitando-se áreas urbanas e de atividade agropecuária adjuntas à lagoa. Apresenta-se a lista de 45 espécies ocorrentes, suas formas biológicas e dados da estrutura da comunidade. As espécies com maior índice do valor de importância (IVI) foram Eleocharis mutata (L.) Roem. & Schult., Paspalidium geminatum Stapf, Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth, Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze e Echinodorus tenellus (Mart.) Buchen. A forma de vida predominante foi "plantas enraizadas ao substrato - anfíbias tolerantes à seca". Em relação à profundidade, ocorre aumento da diversidade de espécies de áreas mais profundas para 0-0,5m de espessura da lâmina d'água.

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados analíticos da determinação de elementos químicos em materiais plásticos metalizados, obtidos por análise por ativação com nêutrons (NAA) e os resultados da identificação de polímeros por espectroscopia no infravermelho (IR) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC). Foram coletadas amostras de plásticos metalizados de embalagens de alimentos e cosméticos. Os resultados dos testes IR e DSC indicaram que os tipos de polímeros usados em plásticos metalizados são polietileno, polipropileno, poli(tereftalato de etileno) e poliestireno. A NAA consistiu em irradiar as amostras e padrões com fluxo de nêutrons térmicos do reator nuclear IEA-R1, seguido da medida da atividade dos raios gama induzidos usando um detector de Germânio hiperpuro acoplado ao espectrômetro de raios gama. Elementos tóxicos como arsênio, cádmio, cromo, níquel e antimônio assim como elementos não tóxicos como bário, cálcio, cobalto, ferro, escândio, selênio e zinco foram determinados e suas concentrações apresentaram grande variabilidade entre as amostras. A análise de polímeros e elementos tóxicos é de grande interesse para o desenvolvimento de processos adequados e seguros para reciclagem e incineração de embalagens plásticas metalizadas, sem causar danos ao ambiente.

Fusion is a developmental anomaly characterized by the union of two adjacent teeth. In this article we report a rare case of bilateral fusion of permanent mandibular second molars with supernumerary teeth. The rarity with which this entity appears, along with its complex characteristics, often make it difficult to treat. The endodontic management of one tooth is described, as well as the successful treatment of a periradicular lesion.

Estudou-se a composição florística da Área de Proteção Ambiental de Jericoacoara, Estado do Ceará, nordeste do Brasil (2°47' - 2°51'S e 40°36' - 40°24'W). O clima da região é do tipo Aw` (segundo a classificacação de Köppen) com temperaturas médias oscilando entre 35°C e 22°C, com chuvas de verão (dezembro a junho), possuindo um período de estiagem de 5 a 6 meses, frequentemente interrompido por chuvas ocasionais em setembro e outubro, e apresenta índice xerotérmico de Gaussen variável entre 100 e 150. As formações vegetacionais estudadas foram: vegetação com influência flúvio-marinha ou manguezal em estuários e na região de pós-praia e vegetação com influência marinha ("restingas"). Foram identificadas 87 espécies, 77 gêneros e 39 famílias. As famílias que apresentaram maior riqueza específica foram: Poaceae (13%), Cyperaceae (13%), Fabaceae (6%), Amaranthaceae (6%) e Rubiaceae (6%). Alguns aspectos relacionados a conservação ambiental na APA são discutidos.

Abstract Background There is a need for novel approaches to the treatment of stimulant abuse and dependence. Clinical data examining the use of exercise as a treatment for the abuse of nicotine, alcohol, and other substances suggest that exercise may be a beneficial treatment for stimulant abuse, with direct effects on decreased use and craving. In addition, exercise has the potential to improve other health domains that may be adversely affected by stimulant use or its treatment, such as sleep disturbance, cognitive function, mood, weight gain, quality of life, and anhedonia, since it has been shown to improve many of these domains in a number of other clinical disorders. Furthermore, neurobiological evidence provides plausible mechanisms by which exercise could positively affect treatment outcomes. The current manuscript presents the rationale, design considerations, and study design of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Clinical Trials Network (CTN) CTN-0037 Stimulant Reduction Intervention using Dosed Exercise (STRIDE) study. Methods/Design STRIDE is a multisite randomized clinical trial that compares exercise to health education as potential treatments for stimulant abuse or dependence. This study will evaluate individuals diagnosed with stimulant abuse or dependence who are receiving treatment in a residential setting. Three hundred and thirty eligible and interested participants who provide informed consent will be randomized to one of two treatment arms: Vigorous Intensity High Dose Exercise Augmentation (DEI) or Health Education Intervention Augmentation (HEI). Both groups will receive TAU (i.e., usual care). The treatment arms are structured such that the quantity of visits is similar to allow for equivalent contact between groups. In both arms, participants will begin with supervised sessions 3 times per week during the 12-week acute phase of the study. Supervised sessions will be conducted as one-on-one (i.e., individual) sessions, although other participants may be exercising at the same time. Following the 12-week acute phase, participants will begin a 6-month continuation phase during which time they will attend one weekly supervised DEI or HEI session. Clinical Trials Registry ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01141608 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01141608?term=Stimulant+Reduction+Intervention+using+Dosed+Exercise&rank=1

Phenolic foams are typically produced from phenolic resins, using phenol and formaldehyde precursors. Therefore, common phenolic foams are non-sustainable, comprising growing environmental, health, and economic concerns. In this work, lignin extracted from pine wood residues using a "green" levulinic acid-based solvent, was used to partially substitute non-sustainable phenol. The novel engineered foams were systematically compared to foams composed of different types of commercially available technical lignins. Different features were analyzed, such as foam density, microstructure (electron microscopy), surface hydrophilicity (contact angle), chemical grafting (infrared spectroscopy) and mechanical and thermal features. Overall, it was observed that up to 30 wt% of phenol can be substituted by the new type of lignin, without compromising the foam properties. This work provides a new insights on the development of novel lignin-based foams as a very promising sustainable and renewable alternative to petrol-based counterparts., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The high potential use of lignin in novel biomaterials and chemicals represents an important opportunity for the valorization of the most abundant natural resource of aromatic molecules. From an environmental perspective, it is highly desirable replacing the hazardous methods currently used to extract lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and develop more sustainable and environmentally friendly approaches. Therefore, in this work, levulinic acid (a "green" solvent obtained from biomass) was successfully used, for the first time, to selectively extract high-quality lignin from pine wood sawdust residues at 200 °C for 6 h (at atmospheric pressure). Moreover, the addition of catalytic concentrations of inorganic acids (i.e., H 2 SO 4 or HCl) was found to substantially reduce the temperature and reaction times needed (i.e., 140 °C, 2 h) for complete lignin extraction without compromising its purity. NMR data suggests that condensed OH structures and acidic groups are present in the lignin following extraction. Levulinic acid can be easily recycled and efficiently reused several times without affecting its performance. Furthermore, excellent solvent reusability and performance of extraction of other wood residues has been successfully demonstrated, thus making the developed levulinic acid-based procedure highly appealing and promising to replace the traditional less sustainable methodologies.

This paper addresses the challenges the social and human sciences face in the COVID-19 epidemic/pandemic. This review refers only to a few aspects, approaching the so-called Ginzburg evidential paradigm by stating that "reality is opaque; there are privileged areas - signs, indications - that make us decipher it". In general, research in the social and human sciences focused on the health crisis is fundamental: First statement: both in the disease spread period and the post-pandemic period. Second statement: the epidemic is not restricted to a viral event.

Tissue engineering using scaffolds is a promising strategy to repair damaged articular cartilage, whose self-repair is inefficient. Cellulose properties have been recognized for their application in the biomedical field. The aim of this study was to fabricate and characterize novel scaffolds based on poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) and sustainable cellulose. Thus, the performance of corncob-derived cellulose (CC) in scaffolds as an alternative to wood cellulose (WC) was also investigated to reduce the environmental footprint. Two concentrations of CC in scaffolds were tested, 1% and 2% (w/w), and commercial WC using the same concentrations, as a control. Morphologically, all the developed scaffolds presented pore sizes of ~300 µm, 10 layers, a circular shape and well-dispersed cellulose. Thus, all of these characteristics and properties provide the manufactured scaffolds suitable for use in cartilage-replacement strategies. The use of 2% CC results in higher porosity (54.24%), which promotes cell infiltration/migration and nutrient exchange, and has similar mechanical properties to WC. As for the effects of enzymatic degradation of the scaffolds, no significant changes (p > 0.05) were observed in resistance over time. However, the obtained compressive modulus of the scaffold with 2% CC was similar to that of WC. Overall, our results suggest that the integration of 2% corncob cellulose in PCL scaffolds could be a novel way to replace wood-cellulose-containing scaffolds, highlighting its potential for cartilage-replacement strategies.

Resole resins have many applications, especially for foam production. However, the use of phenol, a key ingredient in resoles, has serious environmental and economic disadvantages. In this work, lignin extracted from pine wood using a "green" solvent, levulinic acid, was used to partially replace the non-sustainable phenol. The physicochemical properties of this novel resin were compared with resins composed of different types of commercial lignins. All resins were optimized to keep their free formaldehyde content below 1 wt%, by carefully adjusting the pH of the mixture. Substitution of phenol with lignin generally increases the viscosity of the resins, which is further increased with the lignin mass fraction. The addition of lignin decreases the kinetics of gelification of the resin. The type and amount of lignin also affect the thermal stability of the resins. It was possible to obtain resins with higher thermal stability than the standard phenol-formaldehyde resins without lignin. This work provides new insights regarding the development of lignin-based resoles as a very promising sustainable alternative to petrol-based resins.

Sixty years after Erving Goffman's book The Presentation of Self In Everyday Life was published (1959), this article reconstructs its biography by adapting the perspective of Robert Darnton (the original, as well as the revisited one on the history of books). Original texts by Goffman in Brazilian translations are used, along with bibliographical studies, critical articles, reviews, collections, and interviews and information that are part of the Erving Goffman Archives. The goal is to follow this author's trajectory, emphasizing the importance and impact of his text, with quantitative and qualitative data that extend beyond academia in terms of importance.

This paper analyzes Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva's approach to the narrative field. The concept of "narrative field" is built on the relationships of three dimensions, namely, the cognitive (epistemic), the socio-political-pedagogical, and the applied. This is an analytical, quantitative, and qualitative research of authors, themes, theoretical and methodological approaches, concepts, and disciplines. The search on the SciELO database was developed in two stages: 1. Context - Restricted to the health publications, research on 29/01/2019, with the Portuguese descriptor "narrativa" + "saúde" (without filter); 2. Bibliometric research - data collected in December 2019 using descriptor "narrative" + "ciência e saúde coletiva", period 2002-2019. No reference was found in the searched journal before 2002. In the analysis of the 43 texts, the keywords were grouped into narrative analyses, narrative reviews, narrative texts, biography, and translation. We conclude by affirming the relevance of the theme, despite the small number of works, and suggest scholars emphasize in future works the theoretical approaches of narrative work and demarcate their perspectives, as an approach or an object, or both.

The purpose a call for papers on "History and health" at Salud Colectiva was to contribute to the development of a historical perspective on health-disease processes. We are therefore interested in calling on the perspectives of history and the social sciences to shed light on the fact that both the definition of health conditions as well as populations' possibilities for accessing essential healthcare services are the result of social processes in which knowledge, ideology, politics, and interests come into play - far from a simple reflection of objective biomedical conditions. This implies, on the one hand, that the definition of which of a population's health problems are to be attended to - as well as how, where, and who is responsible for them - is the result of relations among diverse actors (healthcare professionals, public officials, firms, users, among others), and these relations are not free of conflict. At the same time, these actors mobilize the institutional frameworks, professional knowhow, and economic interests that they represent. On the other hand, the unequal distribution of economic, symbolic, and cultural resources implies differential access to healthcare services, both for individuals and for social groups.

The purpose of this article is to revisit two authors with the intent to analyze the narratives constructed in two texts. In the first one, the narrative analyzed was the one pertaining to the elaboration of sociological theories in social medicine, and in the second, it was the one related to qualitative research in Health. The macro dimension of narratives, in the sense given by Maines of the possibilities of building a sociology of narratives and a narrative of sociology, will be the object of this study. The texts analyzed were written in the 1980s by JCM Pereira and MCS Minayo.

This essay briefly addresses a decidedly current theme, namely frontiers and boundaries and how these are featured in the field of public health. Based on nineteen abstracts, the essay highlights key words that exemplify the way the theme is addressed, as well as the question of "different cultures" that permeate the field of public health and the role that the fragmentation of knowledge plays today, especially in the area of the social sciences.

This study analyzes the education and professional career of Jack Elinson (1917-2017), pioneer in the field of sociomedical sciences in introducing its teaching and research in a school of public health at Columbia University, where he worked for thirty years (1956-1986). Elinson is acknowledged for his contributions to social psychology, statistics and medical sociology, especially on health care indicators and their relationship with quality of life. In 1985 he received the Leo G. Reeder Award from the American Sociological Association for his studies in the field of medical sociology. Jack Elinson, Renée Fox, Robert Straus, Eliot Freidson and many others were part of the group of the second generation of social scientists in the process of institutionalization of medical sociology/health care.

This article highlights the fact that the work of Josué de Castro brings to light some of the most relevant interpretations on the Brazilian food situation, launching the first proactive manifesto for the construction of a social policy on food in Brazil. Underpinning this debate, there are aspects of the process of construction of the Nation State, national development and the role of the Brazilian intellectuals. Such issues are added to the author's concern with the formation of proactive measures that could lead to social change and redefinitions of the conditions of social exclusion of a significant portion of the Brazilian population. We start from the assertion that his work is part of broader interpretations about Brazil, which need to be revisited.

This work first analyzes the construction of a typology of the studies on collective health and its institutionalization process in Brazil, in which three stages are proposed: the preventive project, social medicine and collective health. Secondly, the work examines the phases of institutionalization, disciplinarization and professionalization of collective health in Brazil. Within the institutionalization phase, the study analyzes connectivity and communication, regularization of discourses and practices, the construction of a separate identity and political actions, and the incorporation and legitimation of these elements. It is concluded that the trajectory of the construction of collective health is marked by three dimensions: the theoretical-critical, the political-sanitary and the pedagogical-professional.

This article has as its starting point two central ideas: textbooks as a means of production and dissemination of knowledge and narrative as an approach. After a brief review of studies on health/medical sociology textbooks, I analyze a few of these textbooks from the 1900-2012 period, produced in the United States and England. I have selected eleven textbooks which I thought were representative. In addition to a content analysis, the textbooks are located within the process of constitution of the health/medical sociology with brief references to the biographies of the authors. The textbooks analyzed were classified according to the main narrative features: doctor-centered; interdisciplinary; pedagogical; analytical; almost autobiographical; critical; and synthetic-reflective. In the final remarks, some points about the textbooks, limits and possibilities are presented.

This article analyzes bibliographic aspects of two historians of medicine: Ilza Veith (1912-2013) and Genevieve Miller (1914-2013). Both women trained at the Institute of History of Medicine at Johns Hopkins University and both had the historian Henry Ernest Sigerist (1891-1957) as their intellectual mentor. Both women were the authors of original works, Ilza in the field of oriental medicine and Genevieve in the field of the history of science, and throughout their careers they made important contributions to research, teaching and the dissemination of the history of medicine, which was marked by their pioneering activities.

Unlabelled: ABSTRACTBackground:Analyzing the historical and social path of an occupation using the sociology of professions and the perspective of scientific knowledge promotes an understanding of the origin of physical therapy in Brazil and of discussions of the profession in its contemporary context., Objective: The aim of this paper was to discuss the professionalization process of physical therapy in São Paulo. The authors tried to analyze bath therapy, massage therapy, and physical therapy as occupations involving distinct expertise and as part of the group of occupations that evolved into the profession of physiotherapy in the first half of the twentieth century., Method: The analysis undertaken was a qualitative study based on an analysis of historical documents. Eighty-six professional records from the Service of Inspection of Professional Practice in the state of São Paulo and healthcare legislation from the 1930s and 1940s were analyzed., Results: The distinction between physical therapy practitioner and profession of physiotherapy can be seen by examining registration requirements for rank-and-file nurses with expertise in interactions; this distinction suggests the emergence of specialized expertise that was clearly a part of neither medicine nor nursing and contributed to expertise in physical therapy since the 1950s., Conclusion: The regulation of physiotherapy practices, the recognition of expertise, the accreditation of practical nurses by the State, and the institutionalization of a course for physical therapy practitioners in 1951 are key elements of the professionalization process for the physical therapy profession in Brazil.

This paper takes as its starting point the concepts that make up the process of institutionalization of a field of knowledge in the following phases: 1. Differentiation of subjects, methods and techniques of knowledge or existing disciplines, 2. The subject previously considered as peripheral is now seem as part of a particular field of knowledge, 3. The new field becomes significant in the set of an area and starts the standardization of recruitment of human resources, selection of experts and financial resources, and 4. Consolidation of the new field, building its culture within the scientific community, with its social networks of communication, scientific associations and its own publications. Our central objective is to analyze the role of the Ciência e Saúde Coletiva Journal in the process of institutionalization of the Collective Health; we situate the Collective Health and its stages, make a brief report on the history of scientific publications by emphasizing the Brazilian studies on the public health field, and work the early stages of the Journal.

This study aims to describe and analyze the presence of social scientists, anthropologists, sociologists and political scientists in the field of public health. A survey by the Lattes Curriculum and sites of Medical Colleges, Institutes of Health Research Collective, seeking professionals who work in healthcare and have done some stage of their training in the areas of social sciences. In confluence with Norbert Elias' concepts of social networks and configuration of interdependence it was used fuzzy logic, and the tool free statistical software R version 2.12.0 which enabled a graphic representation of social scientists interdependence in the field of social sciences-health-social sciences. A total of 238 professionals were ready in 6 distinct clusters according to the distance or closer of each professional in relation to public health and social sciences. The work was shown with great analytical and graphical representation possibilities for social sciences of health, in using this innovative quantitative methodology.

The paper explores the contributions of Roger Bastide (1898-1974) to the field of insanity and mental illness, revisiting his work in social psychiatry, psychoanalysis, psychology and, sociology of mental disorder. It highlights the interdisciplinary nature that marks Bastide's works, that also include religion, art, literature. The paper presents biographical data and highlights the importance of Bastide to the field of sociology of health/illness. The analysis situates Bastide's work at the time of its development, comparing it with the development of the sociology of mental illness today.The paper explores the contributions of Roger Bastide (1898-1974) to the field of insanity and mental illness, revisiting his work in social psychiatry, psychoanalysis, psychology and, sociology of mental disorder. It highlights the interdisciplinary nature that marks Bastide's works, that also include religion, art, literature. The paper presents biographical data and highlights the importance of Bastide to the field of sociology of health/illness. The analysis situates Bastide's work at the time of its development, comparing it with the development of the sociology of mental illness today.

This paper analyses some aspects of the trajectory of the Argentinian physician and sociologist Juan César García (1932-1984) in the field of Latin American Social Medicine. Three dimensions constituting his basic orientations are highlighted: the elaboration of systematic and reflective social thought; a critical attitude in questioning teaching and professional practices; a commitment to the institutionalization and dissemination of health knowledge.

This article analyzes Boys in white: student culture in medical schoolby Howard S. Becker, Blanche Geer, Everett C. Hughes and Anselm Strauss, considered a model of qualitative research in sociology. The analysis investigates the trajectories of the authors, the book, qualitative analysis, and the medical students, emphasizing their importance in the origins of medical sociology and the sociology of medical education. In the trajectory of the authors, bibliographical information is given. The trajectory of qualitative research focuses on how this methodology influences the construction of the field. The investigation of the students' trajectory shows how they progress through their first years at medical school to build their own student culture.

This article analyzes the historical, social and cognitive dimensions of the sociology of medicine in the construction of its identity, from Wolf Lepenies' perspective. It is understood that the construction of an identity does not end with the first historical manifestations, but is consolidated when it is institutionalized and structured as a field of knowledge by creating its own forms of cognitive expression. The text is divided into three parts: in the first the precursors are presented, highlighting the role played by some travelers, naturalists and folklore scholars, followed by "social physicians-scientists" and the first social scientists (1940-1969). In the second part, aspects of the consolidation of the social sciences in health are presented at two significant moments, namely the 1970s and 1980s. In the third part, the issues raised by the field are addressed in general terms. It is considered that once the main structural stages are in place there is still a need for the formation of new generations of social scientists in health. It is also essential to disseminate scientific production and to ensure that the relations are studied in depth and institutionalized with the sociological matrices on the one hand and with the field of health on the other.

Among the various ways of adopting the biographical approach, we used the curriculum vitaes (CVs) of Brazilian researchers who work as social scientists in health as our research material. These CVs are part of the Lattes Platform of CNPq - the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, which includes Research and Institutional Directories. We analyzed 238 CVs for this study. The CVs contain, among other things, the following information: professional qualifications, activities and projects, academic production, participation in panels for the evaluation of theses and dissertations, research centers and laboratories and a summarized autobiography. In this work there is a brief review of the importance of autobiography for the social sciences, emphasizing the CV as a form of "autobiographical practice." We highlight some results, such as it being a group consisting predominantly of women, graduates in social sciences, anthropology, sociology or political science, with postgraduate degrees. The highest concentration of social scientists is located in Brazil's southern and southeastern regions. In some institutions the main activities of social scientists are as teachers and researchers with great thematic diversity in research.

The scope of this paper is to reflect on the theoretical construction in the constitution of the sociology of health, still called medical sociology in some countries. Two main ideas constitute the basis for this: interdisciplinarity and the degree of articulation in the fields of medicine and sociology. We sought to establish a dialogue with some dimensions - macro/micro, structure/action - that constitute the basis for understanding medicine/health in relation to the social/sociological dimension. The main aspects of these dimensions are initially presented. Straus' two medical sociologies and the theory/application impasses are then addressed, as well as the dilemmas of the sociology of medicine in the 1960s and 1970s. From these analyses the theoretical production before 1970 is placed as a counterpoint. Lastly, the sociology of health is seen in the general context of sociology, which underwent a fragmentation process from 1970 with effects in all subfields of the social sciences. This process involves a rethinking of the theoretical issues in a broadened spectrum of possibilities. The 1980s are highlighted when theoretical issues in the sociology of health are reinvigorated and the issue of interdisciplinarity is once again addressed.

The article discusses the possibility of applying Kuhn's concept of paradigm to collective health. The concept and its use in epidemiology, planning and the social sciences are reviewed briefly. The study stresses the multi-paradigmatic character of collective health, resulting from the convergence of multiple epistemologies and the involvement of diverse fields such as the biological sciences, philosophy, the social sciences and humanities.

The article reconstitutes the social thinking in health by Argentine physician and sociologist Juan César García (1932-1984), analyzing the main publications approaching his work and activities. The article situates his thinking in the two fields that marked his production: social medicine and the social sciences from the 1960s to the late 1980s. The article highlights his work with the Pan American Health Organization and his perspective of analyzing social medicine and the social sciences by relating them not only to the Latin American historical, social, economic, and political context, but also to historical materialism: linking medicine to the social structure; the influence of the social structure on the production and distribution of diseases; internal analysis of the production of medical services; and the relationship between training of health personnel and the medical field. As demonstrated, even today his work can be a reference for the discussion of such themes as medical education, health personnel training, the role of science and technology, the social sciences in medical education, and historical aspects of public health.

As a journalist, Henry Mayhew recorded daily life in London in the latter half of the nineteenth century. His approach remains of interest to historians and social scientists today in that it foreshadowed qualitative research. The article highlights methodological aspects of Mayhew's investigations and analyzes two of his reports, one on a cholera outbreak and the other on a female street vendor. It also addresses some analyses that have critiqued his work.

The paper describes a pedagogical experience at graduate level on the topic of History and Paradigms of Knowledge in Health. The experience originated in the first two courses at the Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) (19921993) and later at the School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp) (19942006). The article highlights the contents of the two courses and presents some considerations about the relevance of the subjects that deal with the historical character of the areas of knowledge and provides feedback for reflection on the field of knowledge as a whole and its specific aspects.

Margot Jefferys (1916-1999) was not only the person who introduced medical sociology into Great Britain, but also the researcher and professor who, during thirty years, exerted the most deep influence on the teaching of health social sciences either in undergraduate or especially graduate studies, since the beginning of her career, in 1953, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. In addition to create a global panorama concerning the Jefferys' works, this study highlights two texts, which are situated into the field we are researching: the history of health sociology. The first one, published in 1991, discusses the relationships between epidemiology and sociology; and the second, published in 1996, discusses the field of medical sociology. Both texts are a series of considerations regarding the Jefferys' thought and the more recent questions of the field in Great Britain.

In this paper we review the issue of post-graduate in Public Health in Brazil. The review aims to situate the main specific aspects of building the field of postgraduate studies and its institutionalization, preceded by a study of the main features of post-graduate courses. The main sources are documents setting out the legislation on the graduate and data on their development in the country. All studies reviewed show an increase in the number of programs and courses that began in the 1970s, diversification of the names and areas of concentration and continuity of regional imbalance, since 66% of the programs are in the Southeast region.

This article discusses the field of Collective Health from the disciplines that structure the curriculum of the Collective Health area postgraduate courses in 2006. From the database of programs, including master's, doctoral and professional masters were classified 1,171 subjects, in what we call disciplinary fields, linking this to the P. Bourdieu's notion of champ (field). Twenty-eight disciplinary fields were described, in three large groups. It was concluded that the field of collective health has a wide range of disciplinary fields, especially the frequency: Epidemiology (16%), Humanities and Social Sciences in Health (7.9%); Curriculum (7.9%); Systems and Health Services (7.4%), Environment and Health (7.2%) Health Policies (6.3%).

The article analyses the literature on curriculum and its impact on the field of public health. This analysis aims to locate the specific lines of theoretical developments of the curriculum in order to establish a theoretical framework and conceptual study to the curricula of public health in graduate courses. The main source of data is bibliographic, national and international. It was concluded that the formulation of a 'curriculum as fact' and a 'curriculum as practice' is interesting as starting point for analyzing the structure and process of formation of the curricula of graduate health courses. Other points concern the need to formalize that the curriculum should be based on a framework to define the characteristics that distinguish the contents and methodology of the areas, classically known as social science, epidemiology and planning. On the other hand, establishing a framework that supports inclusion of new areas and which parameters are established between the curriculum of undergraduate and postgraduate studies in public health.