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The objective of this research was to extract phenolic compounds from Makiang (Cleistocalyx nervosum) seeds waste obtained from the elaboration of makiang beverages using the microwave assisted extraction method. The optimal conditions of microwave assisted extraction of total phenolics from makiang seeds were determined using response surface method. The variables of microwave power, extraction time and ethanol proportion on effect of total phenolic were designed the experiment by Box Behnken design. The estimation of the mathematical model indicated that the second-order polynomial model was appropriate to determine optimal conditions of microwave assisted extraction of total phenolics from makiang seeds. The highest yield of total phenolic from makiang seed and antioxidant activity were obtained when the extraction process was set at a microwave power, 450 W, an extraction time of 213 second and an ethanol proportion of 51%(v/v). Under these optimal conditions, the predicted and experimental values of total phenolic from makiang seeds were the 75.659 mgGAE/gDW and 75.132±0.576 mgGAE/gDW, respectively. The research showed that total phenolics from makiang seeds by microwave assisted extraction have the high efficiency in terms of high yield and antioxidant activity within short time extraction which can apply to use in cosmetic product, health food and pharmaceutical industry.

Biomass and extracellular polysaccharide of Ganoderma tsugae have various biological activity including anti-inflamatory activity, antioxidant activity and antitumor activity. However, the growth rate of G. tsugae in nature is very slow. Therefore, many studies have attempted to develop mass culture systems for G. tsugae using laboratory techniques. Many parameters of submerged fermentation for G. tsugae were studies to determine the optimization of process by combination of statistical techniques. Ten parameters from preliminary results and literature reviews (maltose, skim milk, KH2PO4+K2HPO4, MgSO4-7H2O, CaCO3, vitamin B5+B6, olive oil, ethanol, pH and shaking speed) were screened by Packett Berman design. The significant parameters were determined the optimal ranges by path of steepest ascent method. The optimal condition of process was performed by response surface method. Maltose, skim milk and pH are significant parameters for G. tsugae cultivation. The conditions of 31.031 g L-1 maltose, 14.055 g L-1 skim milk and an initial pH of 7.12 resulted in the maximum extracellular polysaccharide content of 415 mg L-1 and the same fermentation broth at an initial pH of 6.46 exhibited the most biomass at 15.776 g L-1. Finally, the optimal condition was compared with un-optimal condition which result indicates that the combination of statistical techniques enhance the productions of biomass and extracellular polysaccharide (13X and 1.5X of the control, respectively). Therefore, these strategies are useful for improvement of submerged fermentation of G. tsugae which it can apply in pharmaceutical industry.

Sugarcane bagasse is a low-cost and abundant of bio-resources in sugar mill industry. The cellulose of bagasse can be converted into reducing sugar that has been applied in food and biological process. Statistically based Box-Behken Design (BBD) was selected for the optimization of reducing sugar production from acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. Concentration of H2SO4, hydrolysis time, and the ratio of raw material to solvent were identified for significant effects on reducing sugar production. Response surface method by BBD was employed to develop a mathematical model for predicting the optimal condition of acid hydrolysis process. The value of R 2 (0.981) for the presented mathematical model indicates the high correlation between experimental and predicted values. The optimization of concentration of H2SO4, hydrolysis time, and ratio of raw material to solvent are 27.697 %w/v, 160 min, and 1:29.827 g/ml respectively, which under this condition, it could produced 14.808% of reducing sugar from sugarcane bagasse. 

This research was aimed to study drying kinetics and determine empirical model of fresh pineapple and pre-treated pineapple with sucrose solution at different concentrations during drying. 3 mm thick samples were immersed into 30, 40 and 50 Brix of sucrose solution before hot air drying at temperatures of 60, 70 and 80°C. The empirical models to predict the drying kinetics were investigated. The results showed that the moisture content decreased when increasing the drying temperatures and times. Increase in sucrose concentration led to longer drying time. According to the statistical values of the highest coefficients (R 2 ), the lowest least of chi-square (χ 2 ) and root mean square error (RMSE), Logarithmic model was the best models for describing the drying behavior of soaked samples into 30, 40 and 50 Brix of sucrose solution.

The quantitative effects of oxygen supply in terms of shaking speed and medium volume on the production of mycelia and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) using Ganoderma tsugae in submerged fermentation were investigated. Mycelia growth required the proper shaking speed at 134 rpm for breaking a larger pellet into several smaller pellets. Furthermore, high level of medium volume for consumption of abundant nutrient is needed for maximum mycelia growth. For EPS, a high agitation is needed to promote a good mass transfer for achieving high product concentrations recovery. The appropriate medium volume was found to be 150.4 mL for aiding to produce a secondary metabolite by promoting the mass transfer of substrates. The dry cell mass (DCM)-EPS diagram of G. tsugae was created from the both production equations which this diagram is an useful tool for submerge fermentation industry for decision about to control the both productions.

Ganoderma tsugae has long been a well known medicinal mushroom and it has many pharmacological properties. The mathematical relationship of productions from G. tsugae is quite interested from industrial fermentation to predict and control the bioprocess. Therefore, the kinetic models of biomass and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) by G. tsugae were studied in a batch cultivation at the optimal condition. The pellet of mycelium was described by the cube-root equation whereas the extracellular polysaccharide was explained by Luedekin-Piret equation. The parameters of booth equations determine by observed experiment and algorithm solving. The correlation between the experimental values and predicted models of biomass and EPS for G. tsugae obtained the high R-square at 0.9605 and 0.9916, respectively. The both kinetic models may be useful to predict the both productions of G. tsugae.