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The need for energy in the world from year to year is increasing along with the development of human civilization. The problem of energy availability requires all parties to make more serious efforts to develop and implement renewable energy sources, to reduce dependence on fossil energy. Biomass is a biological material derived from life or living organisms with a carbon structure and a chemical mixture of organic matter containing hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and small amounts of other atoms and elements. Co-firing is the process of replacing fossil fuels supplied to a power plant or boiler with alternative renewable energy such as vegetable oils. In recent years, continuous steps have been taken to utilize biomass and/or its derivatives as an important and substantial alternative to replace fossil fuels for energy production. One of the biggest challenges is corrosion in heat exchangers (boiler tubes) in the combustion chamber. This happens because the tubes or components in the combustion chamber are often exposed to the hot fluids in the system which contain many different elements (steam, supercritical H2O, or supercritical CO2). In addition, there is also a type of fireside corrosion caused by hot flue gases and fly ash deposits. A better understanding of the corrosive features in cofiring systems is needed and this study is one of the efforts to scientifically discover the effect of cofiring on the corrosion rate of heat exchanger components. This study is very important for the long-term operation of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of composite has spread in every industrial line. Composite is a solution to the demand for material with superior characteristics. One of the most needed characteristics is burning resistance. Extensive composite application encourages continuous innovation, including in terms of the use of natural fibers as a reinforcement. Research related to natural fibers is needed as an alternative to giving birth to environmentally friendly and economical composite. One of the natural fibers that can be utilized is bamboo fiber. Plants with very high growth rates are expected to be a sustainable alternative. The purpose of this study is to manufacture and test the burn resistance and mechanical property of the glass plate/bamboo fiber reinforced composite. There are 3 types of plates that will be manufactured, namely epoxy plates, glass fiber reinforced composite, and glass/bamboo fiber reinforced composite. glass fiber reinforced composite is manufactured with 4 glass fiber layers. Hybrid composites are manufactured with layers in the form of 2 glass fiber layers, bamboo layers, and 2 glass fiber layers in sequence. The GFRP and hybrid composites manufacturing method is by vacuum assisted resin transfer molding. The treatment of the 3 types of plates is burning with a duration of 15, 30, 45, and 60 seconds. The burnt results will be cut and tested according to ASTM D790. The results of the burn and bending tests show that the glass plate/bamboo fiber reinforced composite shows the highest burn resistance and the smallest decrease in bending power due to burnt treatment compared to the other 2 types of plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian government set a has Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 29% by 2030 independently and up to 41% with international assistance and cooperation. Therefore, the Indonesian government has set a target to reduce GHG from the energy sector by 11% by 2030. This study aims to evaluate the electricity generation process carried out by PLN in meeting the country's electricity needs and estimate the projection of electricity production and GHG emissions in the electricity generation process in Indonesia. This estimation is crucial as there is a difference between the Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL) and the actual conditions. Indonesian electricity production process data is obtained from the Electricity Emission Calculation and Reporting Application (Apple Gatrik) 2018. In this study, projections of GHG emissions were carried out based on trends in fuel use. The scenario used in this GHG emission projection is taken from the fuel use scenario in the RUPTL. The projection result showed that the most significant GHG emissions are generated by coal fuel. The projection results are expected to become a baseline to determine various scenarios for meeting the electricity demand and meet the required reduction in GHG emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]