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We use the Atacama Large sub/Millimetre Array (ALMA) to efficiently observe spectral lines across Bands 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 at high-resolution (0.5" - 0.1") for 16 bright southern Herschel sources at $1.5 < z < 4.2$. With only six and a half hours of observations, we reveal 66 spectral lines in 17 galaxies. These observations detect emission from CO (3-2) to CO(18-17), as well as atomic ([CI](1-0), (2-1), [OI] 145 $\mu$m and [NII] 205 $\mu$m) lines. Additional molecular lines are seen in emission (${\rm H_2O}$ and ${\rm H_2O^+}$) and absorption (OH$^+$ and CH$^+$). The morphologies based on dust continuum ranges from extended sources to strong lensed galaxies with magnifications between 2 and 30. CO line transitions indicate a diverse set of excitation conditions with a fraction of the sources ($\sim 35$%) showcasing dense, warm gas. The resolved gas to star-formation surface densities vary strongly per source, and suggest that the observed diversity of dusty star-forming galaxies could be a combination of lensed, compact dusty starbursts and extended, potentially-merging galaxies. The predicted gas depletion timescales are consistent with 100 Myr to 1 Gyr, but require efficient fueling from the extended gas reservoirs onto the more central starbursts, in line with the Doppler-shifted absorption lines that indicate inflowing gas for two out of six sources. This pilot paper explores a successful new method of observing spectral lines in large samples of galaxies, supports future studies of larger samples, and finds that the efficiency of this new observational method will be further improved with the planned ALMA Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 42 pages, including 20 figures + spectra. Comments and discussion are warmly welcomed

The phenomenon of magnification bias can induce a non-negligible angular correlation between two samples of galaxies with nonoverlapping redshift distributions. This signal is particularly clear when background submillimeter galaxies are used, and has been shown to constitute an independent cosmological probe. This work extends prior studies on the submillimeter galaxy magnification bias to the massive neutrino scenario, with the aim being to assess its sensitivity as a cosmological observable to the sum of neutrino masses. The measurements of the angular cross-correlation function between moderate redshift GAMA galaxies and high-redshift submillimeter H-ATLAS galaxies are fit to the weak lensing prediction down to the arcmin scale. The signal is interpreted under the halo model, which is modified to accommodate massive neutrinos. We discuss the impact of the choice of cosmological parametrization on the sensitivity to neutrino masses. The currently available data on the magnification bias affecting submillimeter galaxies are sensitive to neutrino masses when a cosmological parametrization in terms of the primordial amplitude of the power spectrum $(A_s$) is chosen over the local root mean square of smoothed linear density perturbations $(\sigma_8$). A clear upper limit on the sum of neutrino masses can be derived if the value of $A_s$ is either fixed or assigned a narrow Gaussian prior, a behavior that is robust against changes to the chosen value., Comment: Accepted in A&A

Gravitational lensing is a powerful tool for studying the distribution of mass in the Universe. Understanding the magnification bias effect in gravitational lensing and its impact on the flux of sub-millimetre galaxies (SMGs) is crucial for accurate interpretations of observational data. This study aims to investigate the magnification bias effect and analyse the mass density profiles of different types of foreground lenses, including quasi-stellar objects, galaxies, and clusters. The specific goals are to compare the lens types, assess the impact of angular resolution on the analysis, and determine the adequacy of theoretical mass density profiles in explaining the observed data, using four different theoretical mass density profiles. The magnification bias was estimated using the cross-correlation function between the positions of background SMGs and foreground lens samples. Stacking techniques were employed to enhance the signal at smaller angular separations, and the more precise positions from the WISE catalogue were utilised to improve positional accuracy. The cross-correlation measurements revealed distinctive central excess and outer power-law profiles, with a lack of signal in the intermediate region. The analysis of mass density profiles indicated limitations in the selected profiles' ability to explain the observed data, highlighting the need for additional considerations. The results suggest the presence of isolated galactic halos and the importance of considering environmental factors and close satellites in future investigations. The derived masses and best-fit parameters contribute to our understanding of lensing systems and provide constraints on the nature of central galaxies. Notably, the intriguing lack of signal around 10 arcsec challenges current understanding and calls for further quantitative analysis and confirmation of the observed feature.

Recovering the polarized cosmic microwave background (CMB) is crucial for shading light on Cosmic Inflation. Methods with different characteristics should be developed and optimized. We aim to use a neural network called CENN and train it for recovering the E and B modes of the CMB. We train the network with realistic simulations of 256x256 pixel squared patches at 100, 143 and 217 GHz Planck channels, which contain the CMB, thermal dust, synchrotron, PS and noise. We make several trainings sets: 30, 25 and 20 arcmin resolution patches at the same position in the sky. After being trained, CENN is able to recover the CMB signal at 143 GHz in Q and U patches. Then, we use NaMaster for estimating the EE and BB power spectrum for each input and output patches in the test dataset, as well as the difference between input and output power spectra and the residuals. We also test the methodology using a different foreground model at 5 arcmin resolution without noise. We recover the E-mode generally founding residuals bellow the input signal at all scales. In particular, we found a value of about 0.1 muK2 at l<200, decreasing below 0.01 muK2 at smaller scales. For the B-mode, we similarly recover the CMB with residuals between 0.01 and 0.001 muK2. We also train the network with 5 arcmin Planck simulations without noise, obtaining clearly better results with respect the previous cases. For a different foreground model, the recovery is similar, although B-mode residuals increase above the input signal. In general, we found that, the network performs better when training with the same resolution used for testing. Based on the results, CENN seems to be a promising for recovering both E and B modes at sub-degree scales in ground-base experiments such as POLARBEAR, SO and CMB-S4. Once extending its applicability at all sky, it could be an alternative component separation method for LiteBIRD satellite., Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures, Submitted to A&A

This paper is the third in a series on submillimeter galaxy magnification bias, focusing on the tomographic scenario. It refines the methodology used to constrain the halo occupation distribution model and cosmological parameters within a flat $\Lambda$CDM model, using updated data. The study aims to optimize CPU time, explore strategies for analyzing different redshift bins, and assess the impact of excluding the GAMA15 field. The tomographic approach involves dividing the redshift range into bins and analyzing cross-correlation measurements between submillimeter and foreground galaxies. The results show good agreement between the mean-redshift and full model cases, with an increase in the minimum mass of lenses at higher redshifts. The inferred cosmological parameters have narrower posterior distributions, indicating reduced measurement uncertainties compared to previous studies. Excluding the GAMA15 field reduces the cross-correlation signal, suggesting sample variance within the large-scale structure. Extending the redshift range improves robustness against sample variance and produces similar but tighter constraints. The study highlights the importance of sample variance and redshift binning in tomographic analyses, and suggests using additional wide-area fields and updated foreground catalogues for more effective implementation., Comment: This work is the third of a series of three. 17 pages and 19 figures. Accepted A&A

The measurement of the cross-correlation function is crucial to assess magnification bias in galaxy surveys. Previous works used mini-tile subsampling, but accurately determining the integral constraint (IC) correction for unbiased estimation is challenging due to various factors. We present a new methodology for estimating the cross-correlation function, utilizing full field area and reducing statistical uncertainty. Covariance matrices were estimated by dividing each field into at least five patches using a k-mean clustering algorithm. Robustness was assessed by comparing spectroscopic and photometric lens samples, yielding compatible results. Cross-correlation and auto-correlation analyses in the GAMA fields revealed a stronger signal in GAMA15, likely due to rare large-scale structure combinations. Our findings highlight the robustness of the new methodology and suggest sample-specific effects. Subsequent papers in this series will explore other aspects of magnification bias and address potential biases from the GAMA15 signal on cosmological parameter constraints., Comment: This work contains the methodological details of the magnification bias cross-correlation function (It is the first of a series of three) . 14 pages, 9 figures

We analyse the molecular and atomic emission lines of 71 bright Herschel-selected galaxies between redshifts 1.4 to 4.6 detected by the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array. These lines include a total of 156 CO, [C I], and H2O emission lines. For 46 galaxies, we detect two transitions of CO lines, and for these galaxies we find gas properties similar to those of other dusty star-forming galaxy (DSFG) samples. A comparison to photo-dissociation models suggests that most of Herschel-selected galaxies have similar interstellar medium conditions as local infrared-luminous galaxies and high-redshift DSFGs, although with denser gas and more intense far-ultraviolet radiation fields than normal star-forming galaxies. The line luminosities agree with the luminosity scaling relations across five orders of magnitude, although the star-formation and gas surface density distributions (i.e., Schmidt-Kennicutt relation) suggest a different star-formation phase in our galaxies (and other DSFGs) compared to local and low-redshift gas-rich, normal star-forming systems. The gas-to-dust ratios of these galaxies are similar to Milky Way values, with no apparent redshift evolution. Four of 46 sources appear to have CO line ratios in excess of the expected maximum (thermalized) profile, suggesting a rare phase in the evolution of DSFGs. Finally, we create a deep stacked spectrum over a wide rest-frame frequency (220-890 GHz) that reveals faint transitions from HCN and CH, in line with previous stacking experiments., Comment: 30 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Main Journal. Comments are warmly welcomed

We present 101 and 151 GHz ALMA continuum images for 85 fields selected from Herschel observations that have 500 micron flux densities >80 mJy and 250-500 micron colours consistent with z > 2, most of which are expected to be gravitationally lensed or hyperluminous infrared galaxies. Approximately half of the Herschel 500 micron sources were resolved into multiple ALMA sources, but 11 of the 15 brightest 500 micron Herschel sources correspond to individual ALMA sources. For the 37 fields containing either a single source with a spectroscopic redshift or two sources with the same spectroscopic redshift, we examined the colour temperatures and dust emissivity indices. The colour temperatures only vary weakly with redshift and are statistically consistent with no redshift-dependent temperature variations, which generally corresponds to results from other samples selected in far-infrared, submillimetre, or millimetre bands but not to results from samples selected in optical or near-infrared bands. The dust emissivity indices, with very few exceptions, are largely consistent with a value of 2. We also compared spectroscopic redshifts to photometric redshifts based on spectral energy distribution templates designed for infrared-bright high-redshift galaxies. While the templates systematically underestimate the redshifts by ~15%, the inclusion of ALMA data decreases the scatter in the predicted redshifts by a factor of ~2, illustrating the potential usefulness of these millimetre data for estimating photometric redshifts., Comment: Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Constraining the polarisation properties of extragalactic point sources is a relevant task not only because they are one of the main contaminants for primordial cosmic microwave background B-mode detection if the tensor-to-scalar ratio is lower than r = 0.001, but also for a better understanding of the properties of radio-loud active galactic nuclei. We develop and train a machine learning model based on a convolutional neural network to learn how to estimate the polarisation flux density and angle of point sources embedded in cosmic microwave background images knowing only their positions. To train the neural network, we use realistic simulations of patches of area 32x32 pixels at the 217 GHz Planck channel with injected point sources at their centres. The patches also contain a realistic background composed by dust, the CMB and instrumental noise. Firstly, we study the comparison between true and estimated polarisation flux densities for P, Q and U. Secondly, we analyse the comparison between true and estimated polarisation angles. Finally, we study the performance of our model with real data and we compare our results against the PCCS2. We obtain that our model is reliable to constrain the polarisation flux above 80 mJy. For this limit, we obtain errors lower than 30%. Training the same network with Q and U, the reliability limit is above +-250 mJy for determining the polarisation angle of both Q and U sources with a 1sigma uncertainty of +-29deg and +-32deg for Q and U sources respectively. We obtain similar results to the PCCS2 for some sources, although we also find discrepancies in the 300-400 mJy flux density range with respect to the Planck catalogue. Based on these results, our model seems to be a promising tool to give estimations of the polarisation flux densities and angles of point sources above 80 mJy in any catalogue with practically null computational time., Comment: 9 pages, 9 Figures. Forthcoming article Astronomy & Astrophysics journal

In this work, we want to exploit the magnification bias of the SMGs using two different foreground samples, quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) and galaxies. Our aim is to study and compare their mass density profiles and estimate their masses and concentrations. The background SMG sample consists of objects observed by \textit{Herschel} with 1.2

We examine the far-IR properties of a sample of 5391 optically selected QSOs in the 0.544.7, using SPIRE data from Herschel-ATLAS. We split the sample in a grid of 74 luminosity-redshift bins and compute the average optical-infrared spectral energy distribution (SED) in each bin. By normalising an intrinsic AGN template to the AGN optical power (at 5100A) we decompose the total infrared emission (L_IR; 8-1000um) into an AGN (L_IR,AGN) and star-forming component (L_IR,SF). We find that the AGN contribution to L_IR increases as a function of AGN power which manifests as a reduction of the `far-IR bump' in the average QSO SEDs. We note that L_IR,SF does not correlate with AGN power; the mean star formation rates (SFRs) of AGN host galaxies are a function of redshift only and they range from ~6 Msun/yr at z~0 to a plateau of <200 Msun/yr at z~2.6. Our results indicate that the accuracy of far-IR emission as a proxy for SFR decreases with increasing AGN luminosity. We show that, at any given redshift, observed trends between infrared luminosity (whether monochromatic or total) and AGN power (in the optical or X-rays) can be explained by a simple model which is the sum of two components: (A) the infrared emission from star-formation, uncorrelated with AGN power and (B) the infrared emission from AGN, directly proportional to AGN power in the optical or X-rays., Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

The \textit{Herschel} Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS), that has covered about 642 sq. deg. in 5 bands from 100 to 500 $\mu\rm m$, allows a blind flux-limited selection of blazars at sub-mm wavelengths. However, blazars constitute a tiny fraction of H-ATLAS sources and therefore identifying them is not a trivial task. Using the data on known blazars detected by the H-ATLAS we have defined a locus for 500\,$\mu$m selected blazars and exploited it to select blazar candidates in the H-ATLAS fields. Candidates and known blazars in the H-ATLAS equatorial and South Galactic Pole fields were followed up with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) or with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), and matched with existing radio- and mm-catalogues to reconstruct the spectral behaviour over at least 6 orders of magnitude in frequency. We identified a selection approach that, combining the information in the sub-mm and radio domains, efficiently singles out genuine blazars. In this way, we identified a sample of 39 blazars brighter than $S_{500\mu\rm m} = 35\,$mJy in the H-ATLAS fields. Tests made cross-matching the H-ATLAS catalogues with large catalogues of blazar candidates indicate that the sample is complete. The derived counts are compared with model predictions finding good consistency with the C2Ex model and with estimates based on ALMA data., Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, accepted by MNRAS

Component separation is the process with which emission sources in astrophysical maps are generally extracted by taking multi-frequency information into account. It is crucial to develop more reliable methods for component separation for future CMB experiments. We aim to develop a new method based on fully convolutional neural networks called the Cosmic microwave background Extraction Neural Network (CENN) in order to extract the CMB signal in total intensity. The frequencies used are the Planck channels 143, 217 and 353 GHz. We validate the network at all sky, and at three latitude intervals: lat1=0^{\circ}

Aims. The main goal of this paper is to derive observational constraints on the halo mass fuction (HMF) by performing a tomographic analysis of the magnification bias signal on a sample of background submillimeter galaxies. The results can then be compared with those from a non-tomographic study. Methods. We measure the cross-correlation function between a sample of foreground GAMA galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts in the range $0.1 < z < 0.8$ (and divided up into four bins) and a sample of background submillimeter galaxies from H-ATLAS with photometric redshifts in the range $1.2 < z < 4.0$. We model the weak lensing signal within the halo model formalism and carry out a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to obtain the posterior distribution of all HMF parameters, which we assume to follow the Sheth and Tormen (ST) three-parameter and two-parameter fits. Results. While the observational constraints on the HMF from the non-tomographic analysis are not stringent, there is a remarkable improvement in terms of uncertainty reduction when tomography is adopted. Moreover, with respect to the traditional ST triple of values from numerical simulations, the results from the three-parameter fit predict a higher number density of halos at masses below $10^{12}M_{\odot}/h$ at 95% credibility. The two-parameter fit yields even more restricting results, with a larger number density of halos below $10^{13}M_{\odot}/h$ and a lower one above $10^{14}M_{\odot}/h$, this time at more than 3$\sigma$ credibility. Our results are therefore in disagreement with the standard N-body values for the ST fit at 2$\sigma$ and 3$\sigma$, respectively.

We present spectroscopic measurements for 71 galaxies associated with 62 of the brightest high-redshift submillimeter sources from the Southern fields of the Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS), while targeting 85 sources which resolved into 142. We have obtained robust redshift measurements for all sources using the 12-m Array and an efficient tuning of ALMA to optimise its use as a redshift hunter, with 73 per cent of the sources having a robust redshift identification. Nine of these redshift identifications also rely on observations from the Atacama Compact Array. The spectroscopic redshifts span a range $1.41

The high-z submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) can be used as background sample for gravitational lensing studies thanks to their magnification bias, which can manifest itself through a non-negligible measurement of the cross-correlation function between a background and a foreground source sample with non-overlapping redshift distributions. In particular, the choice of SMGs as background sample enhances the cross-correlation signal so as to provide an alternative and independent observable for cosmological studies regarding the probing of mass distribution. In particular the magnification bias can be exploited in order to constrain the free astrophysical parameters of a Halo Occupation Distribution model and some of the main cosmological parameters. Urged by the improvements obtained when adopting a pseudo-tomographic analysis, It has been adopted a tomographic set-up to explore not only a $\Lambda$CDM scenario, but also the possible time evolution of the dark energy density in the $\omega_0$CDM and $\omega_0\omega_a$CDM frameworks., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Proceedings of the MG16 Meeting on General Relativity, online, 5-10 July 2021, edited by Remo Ruffini (International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics Network (ICRANet), Italy & University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy) and Gregory Vereshchagin (International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics Network (ICRANet), Italy), World Scientific, 2022

In this work we want to study the average mass density profile of tens to hundreds of clusters of galaxies acting as lenses that produce a magnification bias on the SMGs, and to estimate their associated masses and concentrations for different richness ranges. The background sample is composed of SMGs observed by Herschel with 1.2

Point Source (PS) detection is an important issue for future Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiments since they are one of the main contaminants to the recovery of CMB signal at small scales. Improving its multifrequency detection would allow to take into account valuable information otherwise neglected when extracting PS using a channel-by-channel approach. We develop a method based on Neural Networks (NNs) to detect PS in multifrequency realistic simulations and compare its performance against one of the most popular methods, the matrix filters. The frequencies used are 143, 217 and 353 GHz and we impose a Galactic cut of 30 degrees. We produce simulations by adding contaminating signals to the PS maps as the CMB, the Cosmic Infrared Background, the Galactic thermal emission, the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect and the instrumental noise. These simulations are used to train two NNs called Flat and Spectral MultiPoSeIDoN. The first one considers PS with a flat spectrum and the second one is more realistic because it takes into account the spectral behavior of the PS. Using a detection limit of 60 mJy, Flat MultiPoSeIDoN reachs the 90% of completeness level at 58 mJy and at 79, 71 and 60 for the spectral case at 143, 217 and 353 GHz respectively, while the matrix filters reach it at 84, 79 and 123 mJy. Using safer 4{\sigma} detection limit does not help to improve these results. In all cases, MultiPoSeIDoN obtain a much lower number of spurious sources than the filter. The NNs recover the flux density of the detections with a relative error of 10% above 100 mJy, while the filter above 150 mJy. Based on the results, NNs are the perfect candidates to substitute filters to detect multifrequency PS in future CMB experiments. Moreover, we have shown that a multifrequency approach can detect sources with higher accuracy than single-frequency approaches also based on NNs., Comment: Forthcoming article Astronomy and Astrophysics since 23 November 2021. Received: 26 July 2021 / Accepted: 05 November 2021

As in Gonzalez-Nuevo et al. 2017 and Bonavera et al. 2019, the high-z sub-millimetre galaxies can be used as background sample for gravitational lensing studies thanks to their magnification bias. In particular, as in Bonavera et al. 2020 the magnification bias can be exploited in order to constrain the free parameters of a Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) model and some of the main cosmological parameters. In this work the magnification bias has been evaluated as cosmological tool in a tomographic set up. The cross-correlation function (CCF) data have been used to jointly constrain the astrophysical parameters $M_{min}$, $M_{1}$ and $\alpha$ in each one of the selected redshift bins and the $\Omega_{M}$, $\sigma_{8}$, and $H_0$ cosmological ones ($\Lambda$CDM). Moreover, we explore the possible time evolution of the dark energy density introducing also the $\omega_0, \omega_a$ parameters in the joint analysis ($\omega_0$CDM and $\omega_0\omega_a$CDM). The CCF has been measured between a foreground spectroscopic sample of GAMA galaxies that has been divided into four redshift bins (0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3, 0.3-0.5 and 0.5-0.8) and a sample of H-ATLAS galaxies with photometric redshifts >1.2. The CCF is modelled using a description that depends on HOD and cosmological parameters that are estimated with MCMC in different cases. For the $\Lambda$CDM model, the analysis yields a maximum posterior value at 0.26 with $[0.17,0.41]$ 68\% C.I. for $\Omega_M$ and at 0.87 with $[0.75,1]$ 68\% C.I. for $\sigma_8$. With our current results $H_0$ is not yet constrained. With the $\omega_0$CDM model, the constraints on $\Omega_M$ and $\sigma_8$ are similar, but we found a maximum posterior value for $\omega_0$ at -1 with $[-1.56, -0.47]$ 68\% C.I. In the $\omega_0\omega_a$CDM model, the results are -1.09 with $[-1.72, -0.66]$ 68\% C.I. for $\omega_0$ and -0.19 with $[-1.88, 1.48]$ 68\% C.I. for $\omega_a$., Comment: accepted A&A

We present the first results of K2-OjOS, a collaborative project between professional and amateur astronomers primarily aimed to detect, characterize, and validate new extrasolar planets. For this work, 10 amateur astronomers looked for planetary signals by visually inspecting the 20 427 light curves of K2 campaign 18 (C18). They found 42 planet candidates, of which 18 are new detections and 24 had been detected in the overlapping C5 by previous works. We used archival photometric and spectroscopic observations, as well as new high-spatial resolution images in order to carry out a complete analysis of the candidates found, including a homogeneous characterization of the host stars, transit modelling, search for transit timing variations and statistical validation. As a result, we report four new planets (K2-355 b, K2-356 b, K2-357 b, and K2-358 b) and 14 planet candidates. Besides, we refine the transit ephemeris of the previously published planets and candidates by modelling C5, C16 (when available) and C18 photometric data jointly, largely improving the period and mid-transit time precision. Regarding individual systems, we highlight the new planet K2-356 b and candidate EPIC 211537087.02 being near a 2:1 period commensurability, the detection of significant TTVs in the bright star K2-184 (V = 10.35), the location of K2-103 b inside the habitable zone according to optimistic models, the detection of a new single transit in the known system K2-274, and the disposition reassignment of K2-120 b, which we consider as a planet candidate as the origin of the signal cannot be ascertained., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Aims. The main purpose of this work is to provide a method to derive tabulated observational constraints on the halo mass function (HMF) by studying the magnification bias effect on high-redshift submillimeter galaxies. Under the assumption of universality, we parametrize the HMF according to two traditional models, namely the Sheth and Tormen (ST) and Tinker fits and assess their performance in explaining the measured data within the {\Lambda} cold dark matter ({\Lambda}CDM) model. We also study the potential influence of the halo occupation distribution (HOD) parameters in this analysis and discuss two important aspects regarding the HMF parametrization. Methods. We measure the cross-correlation function between a foreground sample of GAMA galaxies with redshifts in the range $0.2

Core-collapse supernovae are among the most magnificent events in the observable universe. They produce many of the chemical elements necessary for life to exist and their remnants -- neutron stars and black holes -- are interesting astrophysical objects in their own right. However, despite millennia of observations and almost a century of astrophysical study, the explosion mechanism of core-collapse supernovae is not yet well understood. Hyper-Kamiokande is a next-generation neutrino detector that will be able to observe the neutrino flux from the next galactic core-collapse supernova in unprecedented detail. We focus on the first 500 ms of the neutrino burst, corresponding to the accretion phase, and use a newly-developed, high-precision supernova event generator to simulate Hyper-Kamiokande's response to five different supernova models. We show that Hyper-Kamiokande will be able to distinguish between these models with high accuracy for a supernova at a distance of up to 100 kpc. Once the next galactic supernova happens, this ability will be a powerful tool for guiding simulations towards a precise reproduction of the explosion mechanism observed in nature., Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures. Article based on thesis published as arXiv:2002.01649. v2: added references and some explanations in response to reviewer comments

We describe an extension of the most recent version of the Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources (PCCS2), produced using a new multi-band Bayesian Extraction and Estimation Package (BeeP). BeeP assumes that the compact sources present in PCCS2 at 857 GHz have a dust-like spectral energy distribution, which leads to emission at both lower and higher frequencies, and adjusts the parameters of the source and its SED to fit the emission observed in Planck's three highest frequency channels at 353, 545, and 857 GHz, as well as the IRIS map at 3000 GHz. In order to reduce confusion regarding diffuse cirrus emission, BeeP's data model includes a description of the background emission surrounding each source, and it adjusts the confidence in the source parameter extraction based on the statistical properties of the spatial distribution of the background emission. BeeP produces the following three new sets of parameters for each source: (a) fits to a modified blackbody (MBB) thermal emission model of the source; (b) SED-independent source flux densities at each frequency considered; and (c) fits to an MBB model of the background in which the source is embedded. BeeP also calculates, for each source, a reliability parameter, which takes into account confusion due to the surrounding cirrus. We define a high-reliability subset (BeeP/base), containing 26 083 sources (54.1 per cent of the total PCCS2 catalogue), the majority of which have no information on reliability in the PCCS2. The results of the BeeP extension of PCCS2, which are made publicly available via the PLA, will enable the study of the thermal properties of well-defined samples of compact Galactic and extra-galactic dusty sources., Comment: 55 pages. Accepted for publication in A&A. The BeeP catalogue will be published in the Planck Legacy Archive (https://pla.esac.esa.int/pla)

Hyper-Kamiokande is the next generation underground water Cherenkov detector that builds on the highly successful Super-Kamiokande experiment. The detector which has an 8.4~times larger effective volume than its predecessor will be located along the T2K neutrino beamline and utilize an upgraded J-PARC beam with 2.6~times beam power. Hyper-K's low energy threshold combined with the very large fiducial volume make the detector unique, that is expected to acquire an unprecedented exposure of 3.8~Mton$\cdot$year over a period of 20~years of operation. Hyper-Kamiokande combines an extremely diverse science program including nucleon decays, long-baseline neutrino oscillations, atmospheric neutrinos, and neutrinos from astrophysical origins. The scientific scope of this program is highly complementary to liquid-argon detectors for example in sensitivity to nucleon decay channels or supernova detection modes. Hyper-Kamiokande construction has started in early 2020 and the experiment is expected to start operations in 2027. The Hyper-Kamiokande collaboration is presently being formed amongst groups from 19 countries including the United States, whose community has a long history of making significant contributions to the neutrino physics program in Japan. US physicists have played leading roles in the Kamiokande, Super-Kamiokande, EGADS, K2K, and T2K programs., Comment: 6 pages, prepared as Snowmass2021 LOI

The study of the magnification bias produced on high-redshift sub-millimetre galaxies by foreground galaxies through the analysis of the cross-correlation function was recently demonstrated as an interesting independent alternative to the weak-lensing shear as a cosmological probe. In the case of the proposed observable, most of the cosmological constraints mainly depend on the largest angular separation measurements. Therefore, we aim to study and correct the main large-scale biases that affect foreground and background galaxy samples to produce a robust estimation of the cross-correlation function. Then we analyse the corrected signal to derive updated cosmological constraintsWe measured the large-scale, bias-corrected cross-correlation functions using a background sample of H-ATLAS galaxies with photometric redshifts > 1.2 and two different foreground samples (GAMA galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts or SDSS galaxies with photometric ones, both in the range 0.2 < z < 0.8). These measurements are modelled using the traditional halo model description that depends on both halo occupation distribution and cosmological parameters. We then estimated these parameters by performing a Markov chain Monte Carlo under multiple scenarios to study the performance of this observable and how to improve its results. After the large-scale bias corrections, we obtain only minor improvements with respect to the previous magnification bias results, mainly confirming their conclusions: a lower bound on $\Omega_m > 0.22$ at $95\%$ C.L. and an upper bound $\sigma_8 < 0.97$ at $95\%$ C.L. (results from the $z_{spec}$ sample). However, by combining both foreground samples into a simplified tomographic analysis, we were able to obtain interesting constraints on the $\Omega_m$-$\sigma_8$ plane as follows: $\Omega_m= 0.50_{- 0.20}^{+ 0.14}$ and $\sigma_8= 0.75_{- 0.10}^{+ 0.07}$ at 68\% CL., Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures, accepted by A&A

We present the NPIPE processing pipeline, which produces calibrated frequency maps in temperature and polarization from data from the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) and High Frequency Instrument (HFI) using high-performance computers. NPIPE represents a natural evolution of previous Planck analysis efforts, and combines some of the most powerful features of the separate LFI and HFI analysis pipelines. The net effect of the improvements is lower levels of noise and systematics in both frequency and component maps at essentially all angular scales, as well as notably improved internal consistency between the various frequency channels. Based on the NPIPE maps, we present the first estimate of the Solar dipole determined through component separation across all nine Planck frequencies. The amplitude is ($3366.6 \pm 2.7$)$\mu$K, consistent with, albeit slightly higher than, earlier estimates. From the large-scale polarization data, we derive an updated estimate of the optical depth of reionization of $\tau = 0.051 \pm 0.006$, which appears robust with respect to data and sky cuts. There are 600 complete signal, noise and systematics simulations of the full-frequency and detector-set maps. As a Planck first, these simulations include full time-domain processing of the beam-convolved CMB anisotropies. The release of NPIPE maps and simulations is accompanied with a complete suite of raw and processed time-ordered data and the software, scripts, auxiliary data, and parameter files needed to improve further on the analysis and to run matching simulations., Comment: 97 pages, 93 figures and 16 tables, abstract abridged for arXiv submission, accepted for publication in A&A

Context. As recently demonstrated, high-z submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) are the perfect background sample for tracing the mass density profiles of galaxies and clusters (baryonic and dark matter) and their time-evolution through gravitational lensing. Their magnification bias, a weak gravitational lensing effect, is a powerful tool for constraining the free parameters of a halo occupation distribution (HOD) model and potentially also some of the main cosmological parameters. Aims. The aim of this work is to test the capability of the magnification bias produced on high-z SMGs as a cosmological probe. We exploit cross-correlation data to constrain not only astrophysical parameters ($M_{min}$, $M_1$, and $\alpha$), but also some of the cosmological ones ($\Omega_m$, $\sigma_8$, and $H_0$) for this proof of concept. Methods. The measured cross-correlation function between a foreground sample of GAMA galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts in the range 0.2 < z < 0.8 and a background sample of H-ATLAS galaxies with photometric redshifts >1.2 is modelled using the traditional halo model description that depends on HOD and cosmological parameters. These parameters are then estimated by performing a Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis using different sets of priors to test the robustness of the results and to study the performance of this novel observable with the current set of data Results. With our current results, $\Omega_m$ and $H_0$ cannot be well constrained. However, we can set a lower limit of >0.24 at 95\% confidence level (CL) on $\Omega_m$ and we see a slight trend towards $H_0>70$ values. For our constraints on $\sigma_8$ we obtain only a tentative peak around 0.75, but an interesting upper limit of $\sigma_8\lesssim 1$ at 95\% CL. We also study the possibility to derive better constraints by imposing more restrictive priors on the astrophysical parameters., Comment: accepted in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Using the EMIR instrument on the IRAM 30m telescope, we conducted a spectroscopic redshift search of seven z$_{\rm phot}$ $\sim$ 4 sub-millimetre bright galaxies selected from the Herschel Bright Sources (HerBS) sample with fluxes at 500 $\mu$m greater than 80 mJy. For four sources, we obtained spectroscopic redshifts between 3.4 < z < 4.1 through the detection of multiple CO-spectral lines with J $\leq$ 3. Later, we detected low-J transitions for two of these sources with the GBT including the CO(1-0) transition. For the remaining three sources, more data are needed to determine the spectroscopic redshift unambiguously. The measured CO luminosities and line widths suggest that all these sources are gravitationally lensed. These observations demonstrate that the 2 mm window is indispensable to confirm robust spectroscopic redshifts for z < 4 sources. Finally, we present an efficient graphical method to correctly identify spectroscopic redshifts., Comment: 20 Pages, 8 Figures + 7 Appendix Figures + 1 animated figure. Resubmitted in order to reflect the version as printed in MNRAS

We measure the 850-$\mu$m source densities of 46 candidate protoclusters selected from the Planck High-z catalogue (PHz) and the Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources (PCCS) that were followed up with Herschel-SPIRE and SCUBA-2. This paper aims to search for overdensities of 850-$\mu$m sources in order to select the fields that are most likely to be genuine protoclusters. Of the 46 candidate protoclusters, 25 have significant overdensities ($>$5 times the field counts), 11 have intermediate overdensities (3--5 times the field counts) and 10 have no overdensity ($<$3 times the field counts) of 850-$\mu$m sources. We find that the enhanced number densities are unlikely to be the result of sample variance. Compared with the number counts of another sample selected from Planck's compact source catalogues, this [PHz+PCCS]-selected sample has a higher fraction of candidate protoclusters with significant overdensities, though both samples show overdensities of 850-$\mu$m sources above intermediate level. Based on the estimated star-formation rate densities (SFRDs), we suggest that both samples can efficiently select protoclusters with starbursting galaxies near the redshift at which the global field SFRD peaks ($2 < z < 3$). Based on the confirmation of overdensities found here, future follow-up observations on other PHz targets may greatly increase the number of genuine DSFG-rich clusters/protoclusters., Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure, 1 table, accepted for publication in MNRAS

The largest temperature anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the dipole, which has been measured with increasing accuracy for more than three decades, particularly with the Planck satellite. The simplest interpretation of the dipole is that it is due to our motion with respect to the rest frame of the CMB. Since current CMB experiments infer temperature anisotropies from angular intensity variations, the dipole modulates the temperature anisotropies with the same frequency dependence as the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (tSZ) effect. We present the first, and significant, detection of this signal in the tSZ maps and find that it is consistent with direct measurements of the CMB dipole, as expected. The signal contributes power in the tSZ maps, which is modulated in a quadrupolar pattern, and we estimate its contribution to the tSZ bispectrum, noting that it contributes negligible noise to the bispectrum at relevant scales., Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures. Added references, small clarifying and language edits. All results remain the same

Point sources (PS) are one of the main contaminants to the recovery of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) signal at small scales, and their detection is important for the next generation of CMB experiments. We develop a method (PoSeIDoN) based on fully convolutional networks to detect PS in realistic simulations, and we compare its performance against one of the most used PS detection method, the Mexican hat wavelet 2 (MHW2). We produce realistic simulations of PS taking into account contaminating signals as the CMB, the cosmic infrared background, the Galactic thermal emission, the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect, and the instrumental and PS shot noises. We first produce a set of training simulations at 217 GHz to train the network. Then we apply both PoSeIDoN and the MHW2 to recover the PS in the validating simulations at all 143, 217, and 353 GHz, comparing the results by estimating the reliability, completeness, and flux density accuracy and by computing the receiver operating characteristic curves. In the extra-galactic region with a 30{\deg} galactic cut, the network successfully recovers PS at 90% completeness corresponding to 253, 126, and 250 mJy for 143, 217, and 353 GHz respectively. The MHW2 with a 3$\sigma$ flux density detection limit recovers PS up to 181, 102, and 153 mJy at 90% completeness. In all cases PoSeIDoN produces a much lower number of spurious sources with respect to MHW2. The results on spurious sources for both techniques worsen when reducing the galactic cut to 10{\deg}. Our results suggest that using neural networks is a very promising approach for detecting PS, providing overall better results in dealing with spurious sources with respect to usual filtering approaches. Moreover, PoSeIDoN gives competitive results even at nearby frequencies where the network was not trained., Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, accepted Astronomy & Astrophysics

We present SCUBA-2 850-$\mu$m observations of 13 candidate starbursting protoclusters selected using Planck and Herschel data. The cumulative number counts of the 850-$\mu$m sources in 9/13 of these candidate protoclusters show significant overdensities compared to the field, with the probability $<$10$^{-2}$ assuming the sources are randomly distributed in the sky. Using the 250-, 350-, 500- and 850-$\mu$m flux densities, we estimate the photometric redshifts of individual SCUBA-2 sources by fitting spectral energy distribution (SED) templates with an MCMC method. The photometric redshift distribution, peaking at $22$ protoclusters and the peak of the cosmic star-formation rate density (SFRD). We find that the 850-$\mu$m sources in our candidate protoclusters have infrared luminosities of $L_{\mathrm{IR}}\gtrsim$10$^{12}L_{\odot}$ and star-formation rates of SFR=(500-1,500)$M_{\odot}$yr$^{-1}$. By comparing with results in the literature considering only Herschel photometry, we conclude that our 13 candidate protoclusters can be categorised into four groups: six of them being high-redshift starbursting protoclusters, one being a lower-redshift cluster/protocluster, three being protoclusters that contain lensed DSFG(s) or are rich in 850-$\mu$m sources, and three regions without significant Herschel or SCUBA-2 source overdensities. The total SFRs of the candidate protoclusters are found to be comparable or higher than those of known protoclusters, suggesting our sample contains some of the most extreme protocluster population. We infer that cross-matching Planck and Herschel data is a robust method for selecting candidate protoclusters with overdensities of 850-$\mu$m sources., Comment: 30 pages, 8 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS

This paper describes the 2018 Planck CMB likelihoods, following a hybrid approach similar to the 2015 one, with different approximations at low and high multipoles, and implementing several methodological and analysis refinements. With more realistic simulations, and better correction and modelling of systematics, we can now make full use of the High Frequency Instrument polarization data. The low-multipole 100x143 GHz EE cross-spectrum constrains the reionization optical-depth parameter $\tau$ to better than 15% (in combination with with the other low- and high-$\ell$ likelihoods). We also update the 2015 baseline low-$\ell$ joint TEB likelihood based on the Low Frequency Instrument data, which provides a weaker $\tau$ constraint. At high multipoles, a better model of the temperature-to-polarization leakage and corrections for the effective calibrations of the polarization channels (polarization efficiency or PE) allow us to fully use the polarization spectra, improving the constraints on the $\Lambda$CDM parameters by 20 to 30% compared to TT-only constraints. Tests on the modelling of the polarization demonstrate good consistency, with some residual modelling uncertainties, the accuracy of the PE modelling being the main limitation. Using our various tests, simulations, and comparison between different high-$\ell$ implementations, we estimate the consistency of the results to be better than the 0.5$\sigma$ level. Minor curiosities already present before (differences between $\ell$<800 and $\ell$>800 parameters or the preference for more smoothing of the $C_\ell$ peaks) are shown to be driven by the TT power spectrum and are not significantly modified by the inclusion of polarization. Overall, the legacy Planck CMB likelihoods provide a robust tool for constraining the cosmological model and represent a reference for future CMB observations. (Abridged), Comment: Revised to match version published in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Planck, SPT and ACT surveys have clearly demonstrated that Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiments, while optimised for cosmological measurements, have made important contributions to the field of extragalactic astrophysics in the last decade. Future CMB experiments have the potential to make even greater contributions. One example is the detection of high-z galaxies with extreme gravitational amplifications. The combination of flux boosting and of stretching of the images has allowed the investigation of the structure of galaxies at z ~3 with the astounding spatial resolution of about 60 pc. Another example is the detection of proto-clusters of dusty galaxies at high z when they may not yet possess the hot intergalactic medium allowing their detection in X-rays or via the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. Next generation CMB experiments, like PICO, CORE, CMB-Bharat from space and Simons Observatory and CMB-S4 from the ground, will discover several thousands of strongly lensed galaxies out to z~6 or more and of galaxy proto-clusters caught in the phase when their member galaxies where forming the bulk of their {stars. They will also detect tens of thousands of local dusty galaxies and thousands of radio sources at least up to z~5. Moreover they will measure the polarized emission of thousands of radio sources and of dusty galaxies at mm/sub-mm wavelengths., Comment: 29 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, section Cosmology

Analysis of the Planck 2018 data set indicates that the statistical properties of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropies are in excellent agreement with previous studies using the 2013 and 2015 data releases. In particular, they are consistent with the Gaussian predictions of the $\Lambda$CDM cosmological model, yet also confirm the presence of several so-called "anomalies" on large angular scales. The novelty of the current study, however, lies in being a first attempt at a comprehensive analysis of the statistics of the polarization signal over all angular scales, using either maps of the Stokes parameters, $Q$ and $U$, or the $E$-mode signal derived from these using a new methodology (which we describe in an appendix). Although remarkable progress has been made in reducing the systematic effects that contaminated the 2015 polarization maps on large angular scales, it is still the case that residual systematics (and our ability to simulate them) can limit some tests of non-Gaussianity and isotropy. However, a detailed set of null tests applied to the maps indicates that these issues do not dominate the analysis on intermediate and large angular scales (i.e., $\ell \lesssim 400$). In this regime, no unambiguous detections of cosmological non-Gaussianity, or of anomalies corresponding to those seen in temperature, are claimed. Notably, the stacking of CMB polarization signals centred on the positions of temperature hot and cold spots exhibits excellent agreement with the $\Lambda$CDM cosmological model, and also gives a clear indication of how Planck provides state-of-the-art measurements of CMB temperature and polarization on degree scales., Comment: Paper VII of the Planck 2018 release, revised to closely match version published in Astronomy and Astrophysics

We analyse the Planck full-mission cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and E-mode polarization maps to obtain constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity (NG). We compare estimates obtained from separable template-fitting, binned, and modal bispectrum estimators, finding consistent values for the local, equilateral, and orthogonal bispectrum amplitudes. Our combined temperature and polarization analysis produces the following results: f_NL^local = -0.9 +\- 5.1; f_NL^equil = -26 +\- 47; and f_NL^ortho = - 38 +\- 24 (68%CL, statistical). These results include the low-multipole (4 <= l < 40) polarization data, not included in our previous analysis, pass an extensive battery of tests, and are stable with respect to our 2015 measurements. Polarization bispectra display a significant improvement in robustness; they can now be used independently to set NG constraints. We consider a large number of additional cases, e.g. scale-dependent feature and resonance bispectra, isocurvature primordial NG, and parity-breaking models, where we also place tight constraints but do not detect any signal. The non-primordial lensing bispectrum is detected with an improved significance compared to 2015, excluding the null hypothesis at 3.5 sigma. We present model-independent reconstructions and analyses of the CMB bispectrum. Our final constraint on the local trispectrum shape is g_NLl^local = (-5.8 +\-6.5) x 10^4 (68%CL, statistical), while constraints for other trispectra are also determined. We constrain the parameter space of different early-Universe scenarios, including general single-field models of inflation, multi-field and axion field parity-breaking models. Our results provide a high-precision test for structure-formation scenarios, in complete agreement with the basic picture of the LambdaCDM cosmology regarding the statistics of the initial conditions (abridged)., Comment: 50 pages, 20 figures

The statistical analysis of large sample of strong lensing events can be a powerful tool to extract astrophysical and/or cosmological valuable information. However, the number of such events is still relatively low, mostly because of the lengthily observational validation process on individual events. In this work we propose a new methodology with a statistical selection approach in order to increase by a factor of $\sim 5$ the number of such events. Although the methodology can be applied to address several selection problems, it has particular benefits in the case of the identification of strongly lensed galaxies: objectivity, minimal initial constrains in the main parameter space, preservation of the statistical properties. The proposed methodology is based on the Bhattacharyya distance as a measure of the similarity between probability distributions of properties of two different cross-matched galaxies. The particular implementation for the aim of this work is called SHALOS and it combines the information of four different properties of the pair of galaxies: angular separation, luminosity percentile, redshift and optical/sub-mm flux density ratio. The SHALOS method provided a ranked list of strongly lensed galaxies. The number of candidates for the final associated probability, $P_{tot}>0.7$, is 447 with an estimated mean amplification factor of 3.12 for an halo with a typical cluster mass. Additional statistical properties of the SHALOS candidates, as the correlation function or the source number counts, are in agreement with previous results indicating the statistical lensing nature of the selected sample., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics

Magnification bias is a gravitational lensing effect that is normally overlooked because it is considered sub-optimal in comparison with the lensing shear. Thanks to the demonstrated optimal characteristics of the sub-millimetre galaxies (SMGs) for lensing analysis, in this work we were able to measure the magnification bias produced by a sample of QSOs acting as lenses, $0.2 13.6_{-0.4}^{+0.9}$, also confirmed by the mass density profile analysis ($M_{200c}\sim 10^{14} M_\odot$). These mass values indicate that we are observing the lensing effect of a cluster size halo signposted by the QSOs, as in previous studies of the magnification bias. Moreover, we were able to estimate the lensing convergence, $\kappa(\theta)$, for our magnification bias measurements down to a few kpcs. The derived mass density profile is in good agreement with a Navarro-Frank-White (NFW) profile. We also attempt an estimation of the halo mass and the concentration parameters, obtaining $M_{NFW}=1.0^{+0.4}_{-0.2}\times10^{14} M_\odot$ and $C=3.5_{-0.3}^{+0.5}$. This concentration value is rather low and it would indicate that the cluster halos around these QSOs are unrelaxed. However, higher concentration values still provides a compatible fit to the data., Comment: 30 pages, 8 figures, JCAP accepted

We present a new catalogue of ALMA observations of 3,364 bright, compact radio sources, mostly blazars, used as calibrators. These sources were observed between May 2011 and July 2018, for a total of 47,115 pointings in different bands and epochs. We have exploited the ALMA data to validate the photometry given in the new Planck Multi-frequency Catalogue of Non-thermal sources (PCNT), for which an external validation was not possible so far. We have also assessed the positional accuracy of Planck catalogues and the PCNT completeness limits, finding them to be consistent with those of the Second Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources. The ALMA continuum spectra have allowed us to extrapolate the observed radio source counts at 100 GHz to the effective frequencies of ALMA bands 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 (145, 233, 285, 467 and 673 GHz, respectively), where direct measurements are scanty, especially at the 3 highest frequencies. The results agree with the predictions of the Tucci et al. model C2Ex, while the model C2Co is disfavoured., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS