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2. O-band QKD link over a multiple ONT loaded carrier-grade GPON for FTTH applications

Author

Makris, Nikolaos, primary, Ntanos, Argiris, additional, Papageorgopoulos, Alkinoos, additional, Stathopoulos, Theofanis, additional, Konteli, Persefoni, additional, Stathis, Aristeidis, additional, Giannoulis, Giannis, additional, Tsoni, Iliana, additional, Setaki, Foteini, additional, Zavitsanos, Dimitris, additional, Lyberopoulos, George, additional, Avramopoulos, Hercules, additional, Syvridis, Dimitris, additional, and Kanellos, George, additional

Published
2024
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3. DV-QKD link integrated over multiple ONT loaded carrier-grade GPON for FTTH applications

Author

Makris, Nikolaos, primary, Ntanos, Argiris, additional, Papageorgopoulos, Alkinoos, additional, Stathis, Aristeidis, additional, Konteli, Persefoni, additional, Tsoni, Iliana, additional, Giannoulis, Giannis, additional, Setaki, Foteini, additional, Stathopoulos, Theofanis, additional, Lyberopoulos, George, additional, Avramopoulos, Hercules, additional, Kanellos, George T., additional, and Syvridis, Dimitris, additional

Published
2024
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4. Toward Converged Satellite/Fiber 1550 nm DS-BB84 QKD Networks: Feasibility Analysis and System Requirements.

Author

Stathis, Aristeidis, Ntanos, Argiris, Lyras, Nikolaos K., Giannoulis, Giannis, Panagopoulos, Athanasios D., and Avramopoulos, Hercules

Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC turbulence, QUANTUM communication, COMMUNICATION infrastructure, ERROR rates, ORBITS (Astronomy)
Abstract

Satellite-based QKD is currently being developed to revolutionize global cryptographic key exchange by facilitating secure communication among remote parties at a global scale. By overcoming the exponential loss of fiber transmission, satellite-to-Earth communication can seamlessly interconnect vast distances as the link budget of such links is sufficient to support QKD links. In terms of this direction, DV-QKD implementations seems to be technologically ahead since key exchange has been experimentally demonstrated to perform much more efficiently by providing key rates that are orders of magnitude higher compared to entanglement-based key exchange. However, the specific requirements to support effectively functional DV-QKD satellite-to-ground links are yet to be defined. This work attempts to define the satellite and ground segment system requirements needed in order to achieve functional QKD service for various satellites orbits (LEO, MEO, and GEO). Finite key size effects are being considered to determine the minimum block sizes that are required for secure key generation between a satellite node and a ground terminal for a single satellite pass. The atmospheric link channel is modeled with consideration of the most important degradation effects such as turbulence and atmospheric and pointing loss. Critical Tx and Rx system parameters, such as the source's intrinsic Quantum Bit Error Rate (iQBER), the Rx telescope aperture size, and detection efficiency, were investigated in order to define the minimum requirements to establish an operation satellite-to-ground QKD link under specific assumptions. The performance of each downlink scenario was evaluated for the wavelength of 1550 nm in terms of link availability, link budget, and in the distilling of secure key volumes over time. Finally, the feasibility and requirements for distributing the collected space photons via terrestrial telecom fibers was also studied and discussed, leading to the proposal of a more futuristic WDM-enabled satellite QKD architecture. This comprehensive analysis aims to contribute to the advancement and implementation of effective satellite-based QKD systems, which can further exploit the ground fiber segment to realize converged space/terrestrial QKD networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. Feasibility Analysis of QKD Integration in Real-World FTTH Access Networks

Author

Zavitsanos, Dimitris, Ntanos, Argiris, Stathopoulos, Theofanis, Raptakis, Adam, Setaki, Fotini, Lyberopoulos, George, Kouloumentas, Christos, Giannoulis, Giannis, and Avramopoulos, Hercules

Abstract

We present a real-world Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON)-based Fiber to the Home (FTTH) network serving up to 32 users, installed in COSMOTE laboratories in Athens. The deployment relies on the use of fiber optics and GPON telecom equipment which are identical to those found in the currently deployed FTTH infrastructure. We describe real-life network designs that correspond to specific installations considered in Athens urban metropolitan area. We propose a practical upstream Quantum Access Network (QAN) over the installed FTTH network, relied on a centralized quantum receiver (Bob) station located at the operator's Central Office, which exploits the Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) framing technique to receive single-photons from multiple independent quantum transmitters (Alice) located at users premises. This integration scheme is characterized by performing a series of noise measurements at single-photon level to evaluate the potential of the coexistence of classical/quantum links on the same fiber cores. The noise count rates are found to follow the Raman noise profile for specified values of effective Raman cross-sections of downstream and upstream GPON data channels. Subsequently, the experimental results are exploited to evaluate the performance of the widely-used Coherent One Way (COW) Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol. The presented simulation results for the quantum layer suggest the feasibility of our integration scheme for short feeder fiber segments. Finally, the dependance of the Secure Key Rate (SKR) on the network capacity is also discussed.

Published
2024
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10. Satellite-to-Ground QKD in Urban Environment: A Comparative Analysis of Small-Sized Optical Ground Stations

Author

Ntanos, Argiris, Lyras, Nikolaos K., Stathis, Aristeidis, Giannoulis, Giannis, Panagopoulos, Athanasios D., and Avramopoulos, Hercules

Abstract

This article presents an in-depth satellite-to-ground quantum key distribution (QKD) feasibility analysis between a low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite and a 0.28-m small-sized optical ground stations (OGSs) located in urban areas, over night time. Both prepare-and-measure (P&M) and entanglement (ENT)-based QKD protocols are employed and compared in terms of distilled key bits. The performance of various detection setups and environmental conditions including different wavelengths (1550 and 810 nm) as well as different types of detectors (avalanche and superconducting nanowires) is simulated. The results are compared to those obtained when OGSs with much larger receiver apertures are placed in rural environment. Our analysis delivers a framework examining the parameters affecting the QKD satellite downlink and also provides a thorough theoretical framework for the employment of small-sized OGSs in urban environments.

Published
2024
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13. Coexistence Studies for DV-QKD Integration in Deployed RAN Infrastructure

Author

Zavitsanos, Dimitris, primary, Ntanos, Argiris, additional, Toumasis, Panagiotis, additional, Raptakis, Adam, additional, Kouloumentas, Christos, additional, Stathopoulos, Theofanis, additional, Setaki, Fotini, additional, Theodoropoulou, Eleni, additional, Lyberopoulos, George, additional, Giannoulis, Giannis, additional, and Avramopoulos, Hercules, additional

Published
2022
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