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2. Work Attendance with Acute Respiratory Illness Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic, United States, 2018-2022

Author

Ahmed, Faruque, Nowalk, Mary Patricia, Zimmerman, Richard K., Bear, Todd, Grijalva, Carlos G., Talbot, H. Keipp, Florea, Ana, Tartof, Sara Y., Gaglani, Manjusha, Smith, Michael, McLean, Huong Q., King, Jennifer P., Martin, Emily T., Monto, Arnold S., Phillips, C. Hallie, Wernli, Karen J., Flannery, Brendan, Chung, Jessie R., and Uzicanin, Amra

Subjects
Epidemics -- Statistics -- Risk factors -- United States, Respiratory tract diseases -- Statistics -- Risk factors, Influenza -- Statistics -- Risk factors, Presenteeism (Labor) -- Statistics -- Health aspects, Health
Abstract

COVID-19 cases in the United States, first reported on January 22, 2020, began to increase in March 2020 (1). The pandemic resulted in a substantial number of employed persons being [...]

Published
2023
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5. Contributors

Author

Aranda, Jamie, primary, Balasubramani, Goundappa K, additional, Banerjee, Ritu, additional, Barahimi, Behin, additional, Binari, Laura A., additional, Brooks, David M., additional, Burgner, Anna, additional, Castro-Abeger, Alexander De, additional, Chinn, Matthew, additional, de la Peña, Amparo, additional, Esch, Ally, additional, Garcia, Mark E., additional, A.S., Ben Geoffrey, additional, George, Pravin, additional, Giles, Karen E., additional, Goverdhan, Aarthi, additional, Griffin, Daniel, additional, Groth, Sylvia, additional, Hepburn, Madihah, additional, Jacobson, Nancy, additional, Kim, Sarah, additional, Knirsch, Charles A., additional, Krishnaswami, Srinivasan, additional, Krishnaswami, Sriram, additional, Lal, Pooja, additional, Lopata, Susan M., additional, Mani, Subramani, additional, McCall, Natalie N., additional, McDonald, William M., additional, Menon, Sujatha S., additional, Moran, Cullen P., additional, Nagaraju, Sivakumar, additional, Newey, Christopher, additional, Nowalk, Mary Patricia, additional, Patel, Dhyanesh A., additional, Pham, Amelie, additional, Prasad, Krishna Ramakrishnamenon, additional, Ramalingam, Sathishkumar, additional, Ray, John C., additional, Srinivasan, Mythily, additional, Srivastava, Amit K., additional, Thompson, Jennifer L., additional, Thyvalikakath, Thankam, additional, Vaezi, Michael F., additional, Wack, Andreas, additional, Wallis, Robert S., additional, Nemeroff, Charles B., additional, and Weitkamp, Jörn-Hendrik, additional

Published
2024
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10. Relationship between Telework Experience and Presenteeism during COVID-19 Pandemic, United States, March-November 2020

Author

Shafer, Livvy, Ahmed, Faruque, Kim, Sara, Wernli, Karen J., Jackson, Michael L., Nowalk, Mary Patricia, Bear, Todd, Zimmerman, Richard K., Martin, Emily T., Monto, Arnold S., Gaglani, Manjusha, Reis, Michael, Chung, Jessie R., Flannery, Brendan, and Uzicanin, Amra

Subjects
Epidemics -- Surveys -- United States, Telecommuting -- Surveys -- Health aspects, Presenteeism (Labor) -- Surveys -- Health aspects, Telecommuting, Health
Abstract

In response to the then-evolving COVID-19 pandemic, a public health emergency was declared in the United States on January 31, 2020, and several closure and containment policies were subsequently put [...]

Published
2023
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11. Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines Against COVID-19 Among Hospitalized Adults Aged ≥65 Years — United States, January–March 2021

Author

Tenforde, Mark W, Olson, Samantha M, Self, Wesley H, Talbot, H Keipp, Lindsell, Christopher J, Steingrub, Jay S, Shapiro, Nathan I, Ginde, Adit A, Douin, David J, Prekker, Matthew E, Brown, Samuel M, Peltan, Ithan D, Gong, Michelle N, Mohamed, Amira, Khan, Akram, Exline, Matthew C, Files, D Clark, Gibbs, Kevin W, Stubblefield, William B, Casey, Jonathan D, Rice, Todd W, Grijalva, Carlos G, Hager, David N, Shehu, Arber, Qadir, Nida, Chang, Steven Y, Wilson, Jennifer G, Gaglani, Manjusha, Murthy, Kempapura, Calhoun, Nicole, Monto, Arnold S, Martin, Emily T, Malani, Anurag, Zimmerman, Richard K, Silveira, Fernanda P, Middleton, Donald B, Zhu, Yuwei, Wyatt, Dayna, Stephenson, Meagan, Baughman, Adrienne, Womack, Kelsey N, Hart, Kimberly W, Kobayashi, Miwako, Verani, Jennifer R, Patel, Manish M, Amosu, Omowunmi, Armbruster, Brent, Aston, Valerie, Bernardo, Marianne, Bowers, Robert, De Souza, Leslie, Friedel, Jennifer, Gardner, Kevin, Goff, Jennifer, Gordon, Alexandra June, Hendrickson, Audrey, Hicks, Madeline, Howell, Michelle, Johnson, Jakea, Jorgensen, Jeffrey, Karow, Sarah, Kozikowski, Lori, Krol, Olivia, Landreth, Leigha, LaRose, Mary, Lopez, Brenda, York, New, Luong, Andrea, McClellan, Bob, Maruggi, Ellen, Miller, Karen, Nair, Rahul, Parks, Lisa, Peers, Jennifer, Perez, Cynthia, Rivera, Adreanne, Roque, Jonasel, Santana, Andres, Scharber, Tyler, Silverman, Emma, Tozier, Michael, Tzehaie, Hiwet, Zouyed, Zachary, Arroliga, Alejandro, Bagiatis, Alicia, Balasubramani, GK, Cheng, Caroline K, Eng, Heather, Ghamande, Shekhar, Herrick, Judy, Hoffman, Eric, Hughes, Kailey, Lamerato, Lois E, Lauring, Adam S, McKillop, Amanda, McNeal, Tresa, McSpadden, EJ, Midturi, John, Mutnal, Manohar, and Nowalk, Mary Patricia

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Prevention, Immunization, Vaccine Related, 3.4 Vaccines, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, Good Health and Well Being, Aged, COVID-19, COVID-19 Vaccines, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Risk Assessment, Treatment Outcome, United States, Vaccination Coverage, Vaccines, Synthetic, IVY Network, HAIVEN Investigators, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract

Adults aged ≥65 years are at increased risk for severe outcomes from COVID-19 and were identified as a priority group to receive the first COVID-19 vaccines approved for use under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) in the United States (1-3). In an evaluation at 24 hospitals in 14 states,* the effectiveness of partial or full vaccination† with Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccines against COVID-19-associated hospitalization was assessed among adults aged ≥65 years. Among 417 hospitalized adults aged ≥65 years (including 187 case-patients and 230 controls), the median age was 73 years, 48% were female, 73% were non-Hispanic White, 17% were non-Hispanic Black, 6% were Hispanic, and 4% lived in a long-term care facility. Adjusted vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19-associated hospitalization among adults aged ≥65 years was estimated to be 94% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 49%-99%) for full vaccination and 64% (95% CI = 28%-82%) for partial vaccination. These findings are consistent with efficacy determined from clinical trials in the subgroup of adults aged ≥65 years (4,5). This multisite U.S. evaluation under real-world conditions suggests that vaccination provided protection against COVID-19-associated hospitalization among adults aged ≥65 years. Vaccination is a critical tool for reducing severe COVID-19 in groups at high risk.

Published
2021

15. Changes in the cost‐effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination and of programs to increase its uptake in U.S. older adults.

Author

Wateska, Angela R., Nowalk, Mary Patricia, Altawalbeh, Shoroq M., Lin, Chyongchiou J., Harrison, Lee H., Schaffner, William, Zimmerman, Richard K., and Smith, Kenneth J.

Subjects
*STREPTOCOCCAL disease prevention, *MEDICAL protocols, *IMMUNIZATION, *STATISTICAL models, *QUALITY-adjusted life years, *COST effectiveness, *RESEARCH funding, *AFRICAN Americans, *VACCINATION, *DECISION making, *COST benefit analysis, *VACCINATION coverage, *ATTITUDE (Psychology), *PNEUMOCOCCAL vaccines, *VACCINE hesitancy, *HEALTH promotion, *DELPHI method
Abstract

Background: Multiple factors, such as less complex U.S. adult pneumococcal recommendations that could increase vaccination rates, childhood pneumococcal vaccination indirect effects that decrease adult vaccination impact, and increased vaccine hesitancy (particularly in underserved minorities), could diminish the cost‐effectiveness of programs to increase pneumococcal vaccination in older adults. Prior analyses supported the economic favorability of these programs. Methods: A Markov model compared no vaccination and current recommendations (either 20‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [PCV20] alone or 15‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine plus the 23‐valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine [PCV15/PPSV23]) without or with programs to increase vaccine uptake in Black and non‐Black 65‐year‐old cohorts. Pre‐pandemic population‐ and serotype‐specific pneumococcal disease risk and illness/vaccine costs came from U.S. databases. Program costs were $2.19 per vaccine‐eligible person and increased absolute vaccination likelihood by 7.5%. Delphi panel estimates and trial data informed vaccine effectiveness values. Analyses took a healthcare perspective, discounting at 3%/year over a lifetime time horizon. Results: Uptake programs decreased pneumococcal disease overall. In Black cohorts, PCV20 without program cost $216,805 per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY) gained compared with no vaccination; incremental cost‐effectiveness was $245,546/QALY for PCV20 with program and $425,264/QALY for PCV15/PPSV23 with program. In non‐Black cohorts, all strategies cost >$200,000/QALY gained. When considering the potential indirect effects from childhood vaccination, all strategies became less economically attractive. Increased vaccination with less complex strategies had negligible effects. In probabilistic sensitivity analyses, current recommendations with or without programs were unlikely to be favored at thresholds <$200,000/QALY gained. Conclusion: Current U.S. pneumococcal vaccination recommendations for older adults were unlikely to be economically reasonable with or without programs to increase vaccine uptake. Alternatives to current pneumococcal vaccines that include pneumococcal serotypes associated with adult disease should be considered. See related Editorial by Melissa K. Andrew in this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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16. Interim Estimates of 2019–20 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness — United States, February 2020

Author

Dawood, Fatimah S., Chung, Jessie R., Kim, Sara S., Zimmerman, Richard K., Nowalk, Mary Patricia, Jackson, Michael L., Jackson, Lisa A., Monto, Arnold S., Martin, Emily T., Belongia, Edward A., McLean, Huong Q., Gaglani, Manjusha, Dunnigan, Kayan, Foust, Angie, Sessions, Wendy, DaSilva, Juliana, Le, Shoshona, Stark, Thomas, Kondor, Rebecca J., Barnes, John R., Wentworth, David E., Brammer, Lynnette, Fry, Alicia M., Patel, Manish M., and Flannery, Brendan

Published
2020

18. Late‐Season Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Medically Attended Outpatient Illness, United States, December 2022–April 2023.

Author

Chung, Jessie R., Shirk, Philip, Gaglani, Manjusha, Mutnal, Manohar B., Nowalk, Mary Patricia, Moehling Geffel, Krissy, House, Stacey L., Curley, Tara, Wernli, Karen J., Kiniry, Erika L., Martin, Emily T., Vaughn, Ivana A., Murugan, Vel, Lim, Efrem S., Saade, Elie, Faryar, Kiran, Williams, Olivia L., Walter, Emmanuel B., Price, Ashley M., and Barnes, John R.

Subjects
FLU vaccine efficacy, INFLUENZA viruses, INFLUENZA, VIRUS identification
Abstract

Background: The 2022–23 US influenza season peaked early in fall 2022. Methods: Late‐season influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against outpatient, laboratory‐confirmed influenza was calculated among participants of the US Influenza VE Network using a test‐negative design. Results: Of 2561 participants enrolled from December 12, 2022 to April 30, 2023, 91 laboratory‐confirmed influenza cases primarily had A(H1N1)pdm09 (6B.1A.5a.2a.1) or A(H3N2) (3C.2a1b.2a.2b). Overall, VE was 30% (95% confidence interval −9%, 54%); low late‐season activity precluded estimation for most subgroups. Conclusions: 2022–23 late‐season outpatient influenza VE was not statistically significant. Genomic characterization may improve the identification of influenza viruses that circulate postinfluenza peak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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19. Differential Induction of Interferon-Stimulated Genes by Cell-Based Versus Egg-Based Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccines in Children During the 2018–2019 Season.

Author

Martin, Judith M, Geffel, Krissy Moehling, Ortiz, Marianna A, Rajasundaram, Dhivyaa, Nowalk, Mary Patricia, Zimmerman, Richard K, and Alcorn, John F

Subjects
INFLUENZA vaccines, VACCINATION of children, MONONUCLEAR leukocytes, VIRAL shedding, SEROCONVERSION, VACCINE effectiveness, GENETIC regulation
Abstract

Background Cell-based quadrivalent-inactivated influenza vaccine has been shown to have higher vaccine effectiveness than traditional egg-based quadrivalent-inactivated influenza vaccine. This is observed despite similar levels of serum hemagglutinin antibodies induced by each vaccine. Methods In this study, we examine peripheral immune activation after egg-based or cell-based influenza vaccination in a clinical trial in children. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, and ribonucleic acid was sequenced from 81 study participants (41 Fluzone, egg based and 40 Flucelvax, cell based) pre- and 7 days postvaccination. Seroconversion was assessed by hemagglutinin inhibition assay. Differential gene expression was determined and pathway analysis was conducted. Results Cell-based influenza vaccine induced greater interferon-stimulated and innate immune gene activation compared with egg-based influenza vaccine. Participants who seroconverted had increased interferon-signaling activation versus those who did not seroconvert. Conclusions These data suggest that cell-based influenza vaccine stimulates immune activation differently from egg-based influenza vaccine, shedding light on reported differences in vaccine effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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23. Interim Estimates of 2018–19 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness — United States, February 2019

Author

Doyle, Joshua D., Chung, Jessie R., Kim, Sara S., Gaglani, Manjusha, Raiyani, Chandni, Zimmerman, Richard K., Nowalk, Mary Patricia, Jackson, Michael L., Jackson, Lisa A., Monto, Arnold S., Martin, Emily T., Belongia, Edward A., McLean, Huong Q., Foust, Angie, Sessions, Wendy, Berman, LaShondra, Garten, Rebecca J., Barnes, John R., Wentworth, David E., Fry, Alicia M., Patel, Manish M., and Flannery, Brendan

Published
2019

25. Paid Leave and Access to Telework as Work Attendance Determinants during Acute Respiratory Illness, United States, 2017-2018

Author

Ahmed, Faruque, Kim, Sara, Nowalk, Mary Patricia, King, Jennifer P., VanWormer, Jeffrey J., Gaglani, Manjusha, Zimmerman, Richard K., Bear, Todd, Jackson, Michael L., Jackson, Lisa A., Martin, Emily, Cheng, Caroline, Flannery, Brendan, Chung, Jessie R., and Uzicanin, Amra

Subjects
United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza -- Comparative analysis, Telecommuting -- Comparative analysis, Retirement benefits, Workers, Respiratory tract diseases, Diseases, Telecommuting, Health
Abstract

The annual economic burden of influenza in the United States, depending on the severity of the influenza season, ranges from $15 billion to $64 billion, of which lost productivity accounts [...]

Published
2020
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27. Work Attendance during Acute Respiratory Illness Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic, United States, 2018-2022

Author

Ahmed, Faruque, primary, Nowalk, Mary Patricia, additional, Zimmerman, Richard, additional, Bear, Todd, additional, Grijalva, Carlos G, additional, Talbot, H. Keipp, additional, Florea, Ana, additional, Tartof, Sara, additional, Gaglani, Manjusha, additional, Smith, Michael E, additional, McLean, Huong Q, additional, King, Jennifer, additional, Martin, Emily Toth, additional, Monto, Arnold, additional, Phillips, Hallie, additional, Wernli, Karen J, additional, Flannery, Brendan, additional, Chung, Jessie, additional, and Uzicanin, Amra, additional

Published
2023
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28. Influence of Birth Cohort on Effectiveness of 2015–2016 Influenza Vaccine Against Medically Attended Illness Due to 2009 Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Virus in the United States

Author

Flannery, Brendan, Smith, Catherine, Garten, Rebecca J., Levine, Min Z., Chung, Jessie R., Jackson, Michael L., Jackson, Lisa A., Monto, Arnold S., Martin, Emily T., Belongia, Edward A., McLean, Huong Q., Gaglani, Manjusha, Murthy, Kempapura, Zimmerman, Richard, Nowalk, Mary Patricia, Griffin, Marie R., Talbot, H. Keipp, Treanor, John J., Wentworth, David E., and Fry, Alicia M.

Published
2018

29. Influenza Antiviral Prescribing for Outpatients With an Acute Respiratory Illness and at High Risk for Influenza-Associated Complications During 5 Influenza Seasons—United States, 2011–2016

Author

Stewart, Rebekah J., Flannery, Brendan, Chung, Jessie R., Gaglani, Manjusha, Reis, Michael, Zimmerman, Richard K., Nowalk, Mary Patricia, Jackson, Lisa, Jackson, Michael L., Monto, Arnold S., Martin, Emily T., Belongia, Edward A., McLean, Huong Q., Fry, Alicia M., and Havers, Fiona P.

Published
2018

36. A randomized controlled trial to compare immunogenicity to cell-based vs. live-attenuated influenza vaccines in children

Author

Williams, Katherine V, primary, Li, Zhu-Nan, additional, Zhai, Bo, additional, Alcorn, John F, additional, Nowalk, Mary Patricia, additional, Levine, Min Z, additional, Kim, Sara S, additional, Flannery, Brendan, additional, Moehling Geffel, Krissy, additional, Merranko, Amanda Jaber, additional, Collins, Mark, additional, Susick, Michael, additional, Clarke, Karen S, additional, Zimmerman, Richard K, additional, and Martin, Judith M, additional

Published
2023
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47. Enhanced Genetic Characterization of Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses and Vaccine Effectiveness by Genetic Group, 2014-2015

Author

Flannery, Brendan, Zimmerman, Richard K., Gubareva, Larisa V., Garten, Rebecca J., Chung, Jessie R., Nowalk, Mary Patricia, Jackson, Michael L., Jackson, Lisa A., Monto, Arnold S., Ohmit, Suzanne E., Belongia, Edward A., McLean, Huong Q., Gaglani, Manjusha, Piedra, Pedro A., Mishin, Vasiliy P., Chesnokov, Anton P., Spencer, Sarah, Thaker, Swathi N., Barnes, John R., Foust, Angie, Sessions, Wendy, Xu, Xiyan, Katz, Jacqueline, and Fry, Alicia M.

Published
2016

48. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against 2009 Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Differed by Vaccine Type During 2013–2014 in the United States

Author

Gaglani, Manjusha, Pruszynski, Jessica, Murthy, Kempapura, Clipper, Lydia, Robertson, Anne, Reis, Michael, Chung, Jessie R., Piedra, Pedro A., Avadhanula, Vasanthi, Nowalk, Mary Patricia, Zimmerman, Richard K., Jackson, Michael L., Jackson, Lisa A., Petrie, Joshua G., Ohmit, Suzanne E., Monto, Arnold S., McLean, Huong Q., Belongia, Edward A., Fry, Alicia M., and Flannery, Brendan

Published
2016

50. Interim Estimates of 2021-22 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness--United States, February 2022

Author

Chung, Jessie R., Kim, Sara S., Kondor, Rebecca J., Smith, Catherine, Budd, Alicia P., Tartof, Sara Y., Florea, Ana, Talbot, H. Keipp, Grijalva, Carlos G., Wernli, Karen J., Phillips, C. Hallie, Monto, Arnold S., Martin, Emily T., Belongia, Edward A., McLean, Huong Q., Gaglani, Manjusha, Reis, Michael, Geffel, Krissy Moehling, Nowalk, Mary Patricia, DaSilva, Juliana, Keong, Lisa M., Stark, Thomas J., Barnes, John R., Wentworth, David E., Brammer, Lynnette, Burns, Erin, Fry, Alicia M., Patel, Manish M., and Flannery, Brendan

Subjects
Medical research, Medicine, Experimental, Vaccination, Influenza vaccines, Influenza, Health
Abstract

In the United States, annual vaccination against seasonal influenza is recommended for all persons aged >6 months except when contraindicated (1). Currently available influenza vaccines are designed to protect against [...]

Published
2022

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