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Microbes attach in pickle leather, wet blue leather, and upper shoeleather have been identified to have positive profile to produce extracellular protease enzymes with pH values of acidic to basic on 15% gelatin and 2% commercial skimmed milk as substrates. Defective tanned leather was added to a microbial growth solution enriched with 2% gelatin substrate and incubated for 7 days at room temperature on an open rotary shaker at 120 rpm and then stored at room temperature while waiting for gelatinase testing. There were 5 morphological colonies of microbial gelatinase from defective tanned skin, all of which were white.

This study aims to determine the enzymatic activity of extracellular alkaline protease from Bacillus cereus TD5B and its potential application as a sheep skin dehairing agent. The B. cereus TD5B was screened for extracellular alkaline protease production on skim milk agar media, while its alkaline protease activity and the application were measured at 1%, 1.5%, and 2%. The application of alkaline protease from B. cereus TD5B as a sheep skin dehairing agent was observed through histological examination and physical properties measurement after chrome-tanning with lime and Na2S as control. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design, and the quantitative data were analyzed using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results showed that a clear zone was seen surrounding B. cereus, indicating the bacteria’s proteolytic activity. The protease activity measurement showed that 2% of alkaline protease had the highest enzymatic activity at 144.75 U/mL/min. The highest tensile strength of sheep leather was obtained after dehairing at 1% alkaline protease concentration (350.26 kg/cm2), even though the highest elongation was obtained at 2% (34.92%). In contrast, different concentrations showed similar shrinkage temperatures at 90°C. This study concludes that the optimum alkaline protease concentration from Bacillus cereus TD5B as a sheep dehairing agent was 2%.

Article, pickle, and wet blue leather defects used for this study were fromthe Balai Besar Karet college, Kulit dan Plastik, D.I Yogyakarta (BBKKP YK), Indonesia. Meanwhile, the microorganisms in leather defects were grown in vitro at A-minimal mineral (MM) and B-lowest (1/200 v/v) nutrient media. A nitrogen source of 2% Sigma-Aldrich bovine gelatine was added to each medium. Furthermore, 1cm2 of each leather defect was sliced and immersed into the in vitro media for 7 days in an open-air rotary incubation with ambient temperature at 28° C to 30° C. The first or conventional method was the rubbing of ose cotton into the solid media, while the second isolation method was the centrifugationof liquid growth medium at 15.1G for 20 minutes. Moreover, the four microbial isolates were fromglossy yellow colonies A and B as wel as white colonies. These colonies were incubated at 38° C and the four microbes produce proteases after growing for at least 7days in liquid media and 24 hours less in solid media. The protease test produced gases on the pickle leather defects using a test tubeglass of 0.8cmdiameter and 15cmlong. Therefore, the chemical tanning process on leather defects creates a unique ecosystem of microorganisms as collagen proteins change and become thekeyto their growth.

The characteristic of chicken excreta has a very potential as a breeding media for flies and is known for causing odorous pollutants (NH3 emission) from undigested protein and the activities of urease microorganisms. This study is focused on extracting Maja fruit, to quantify marmelosin from different fruit conditions using HPLC, and to determine the biological activity for handling the chicken excreta problems. In this study, the Kirby-Bauer Test was used to observe the antibacterial activity of marmelosin, the NH3 trapping method was used to determine ammonia emission, and the larvae population was determined by the Fly-Grill method. Marmelosin contents in MFE from immature, mature, and fermented fruit condition were 108.65 μg/g; 65.83 μg/g, and 23.02 μg/g, respectively. The increasing level of marmelosin addition to 50, 100, 150, and 200 μg/mL caused the higher diameter of inhibition zone against E. coli (p

The tannery industry produces liquid wastewater containing high organic and inorganic pollutants. This study aims to determine the effect of Fenton reagent as a bioremediation agent in tannery wastewater treatment. The material used in this study was tannery wastewater from the local leather industry in Bantul, Yogyakarta. This study was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design with triplicates for each treatment, and the result was analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan Multiple range test for the significant difference. The treatment consisted of 4 different concentrations of the Fenton reagent addition P0 (0%), P1 (0.2%), P2 (0.4%), and P3 (0.6%). The BOD, COD, TS, total chrome (Cr), and chrome hexavalent (Cr (VI)) content were observed in this research. This study showed that Fenton reagent’s addition at different concentrations had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the BOD content. However, it has a significant effect (P < 0.05) on increasing the value of TS, TSS. However, it decreased the value of COD, Total Cr, and Cr (VI). The addition of 0.6% in P3 had the highest effect by reducing 66.7% COD, 11.8% of total chrome (Cr), and 11.5% of Cr (VI). It could be concluded that the addition of the Fenton reagent until 0.6% of this study has not been able to meet the standard quality standard for tannery wastewater. However, it was able to reduce inorganic pollutants, especially in Cr (VI). Combining several methods in bioremediation with the Fenton reagent may important for further study on tannery wastewater treatment.

The fresh untreated tannery wastewater contains high organic and chemical pollutants. This study aims to determine the growth characters of Pseudomonas sp. LS3K in high polluted medium from fresh untreated tannery wastewater. The growth characterization was observed in the solid medium (containing 0;25;50;75 and 100% sterile tannery wastewater) and liquid medium that contained tannery wastewater at 0;25 and 50%). The growth of Pseudomonas sp. LS3K was determined by observing the colony in the agar medium, the optical density (OD600) of the liquid medium, and the cell viability. The growth of the bacteria Pseudomonas sp. LS3K could not be observed at both agar and liquid medium containing tannery wastewater ≥50%. The growth activity could be observed in the agar medium containing 25% tannery wastewater on the second day incubation time. The growth curve was also observed at a liquid medium containing tannery industrial liquid waste at a concentration of 25% during 36 hours of observation. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the Pseudomonas sp. LS3K had the potency adapted to live and grow at the medium that contaminated up to 25% fresh tannery wastewater. This strain could be a bioremediation agent of tannery wastewater.

Methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) enzyme was purified from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 cell-free extract. The bacteria were grown in a culture medium with direct 0.5% methanol addition aimed to stimulates the MDH catalytic enzyme activation. Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 MDH enzyme was purified by using 25 mM 2-(N-morpholine) ethanesulfonic acid/MES pH 5.5 buffer and 1 M sodium chloride/NaCl which separated into three columns, the first column was PD-10 for buffer exchange; the second column was HiTrap Sepharose HP to obtain unbonded fraction in the column; and the third column was Mono S 5/50 GL integrated with two pumps HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) to obtain pure MDH enzyme for serial changing of 1 M NaCl-25mM MES pH 5.5 with the flow rate at 1 ml/min. The protein concentration and MDH catalytic enzyme activity were observed on each purification process starting from the cell-free extract to pure MDH enzyme. The pure MDH enzyme was obtained by Mono S 5/50 GL-HPLC purification which showed a single band on SDS PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The MDH enzyme purification from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 showed 90-fold purification, a sub-molecular weight of 63 kDa, specific activity at 2.69 U/mg, and optimum activity at a 35oC temperature and pH 9.

This research aims to understand the effect of metal ions bioabsorption which belong on different elemental groups to the methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) enzymatic activity in nitrogen-fixing bacteria Bradyhizobium japonicum USDA 110. Ten metal ions with each have 30μM concentration were added to grow Bradyhizobium japonicum USDA 110 in 10-1 diluted nutrient medium. The MDH activity test showed a similar result between the bacteria grown in medium without metal ions addition (control) and the bacteria were grown in a calcium ion/Ca2+ added media. The highest MDH enzymatic activity was shown on the bacteria grown in a magnesium/Mg2+ added medium, which showed 0.08 (U/mg) enzymatic activities. The addition of magnesium/Mg2+ metal ion accelerates the bacterial growth by 2.6 times and MDH activity by 1.28 times compared to control. The MDH enzyme is essential, especially for bacteria which exist in the soil environment, to adapt to high methanol concentration and to support bacterial anaerobic growth capacity along with plant symbiotic process. Moreover, the MDH activity staining method could also act as pollutant indicators like metal ions and hydrocarbon derivates. This research concluded that metal ions biosorption (calcium/Ca2+ and magnesium/Mg2+) are required for bacterial cells reproduction and oxidation of single carbon chain compounds like methanol. The nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria, Bradyhizobium japonicum USDA 110 showed high MDH activity after the two metal ions absorption. However, contrary results were shown on vanadium/V3+, manganese/Mn2+, iron/Fe3+, copper/Cu2+, zinc/Zn2+, and aluminum/Al3+ absorption, which showed low MDH activity and cells biomass.

This research aimed to know effect of absorption metals ion (bisorption) which has different group elements on methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) activity test of a nitrogen fixation bacterium, Bradyhizobium japonicum USDA 110. Ten of metals ion at a concentration of 30 μM were tested to grow B. japonicum USDA 110 in diluted one per ten of nutrient medium. The results of MDH activity test showed that the bacterial growth in medium without added metal ion had similar MDH activity with that of in the medium supplemented with calsium ion/Ca2+. Highest enzymatic activity, 0.08 (U · mg−1), was showed by the bacterium grown in medium supplemented with magnesium/Mg2 + .. MDH was required for the bacterial growth in anerobic condition specially for a root simbiotic bacterium, Bradyhizobium japonicum USDA 110. Addition of magnesium/Mg2+ accelerated the bacterial growth and MDH activity by 2.6 and 1.28 times, respectively. This research results deduced that in an anerobic condition of soil, the metal ions specially calsium and magnesium were required to be added in plant growth medium to accelerate the growth of B. japonicum which well known as bacterial symbiotic on soy bean roots.

Konsep kebijakan pembangunan peternakan Indonesia pada saat ini telah bergeser dari paradigma pembangunan yang sentralistik menuju pada konsep pembangunan partisipatoris. Konsep partisipatoris secara operasional formal diwujudkan dalam bentuk kelompok-kelompok ternak. Kelompok ternak merupakan perwujudan modal sosial di masyarakat yang penting dalam pembangunan masyarakat peternak khususnya dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan rumah tangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh modal sosial terhadap tingkat kesejahteraan rumah tangga peternak. Pengambilan data melibatkan 61 rumah tangga peternak yang tergabung dalam kelompok ternak Ngudi Mulyo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa modal sosial dan aset fisik berpengarh signifikan terhadap tingkat kesejahteraan peternak. Ini menunjukkan bahwa konsep kebijakan yang partisipatoris dalam pembangunan peternakan berkontribusi dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan rumah tangga peternak di Indonesia.

This research aims to evaluate the quality of goat feces liquid biofertilizer with chicken excreta addition by aerobic and anaerobic fermentation. The data obtained from the research were statistically analyzed with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Factorial Pattern with two factors. The first factor was addition level of the chicken excreta (0, 10, 20, and 30%) and the other factor was fermentation treatment (aerobic and anaerobic) condition with 3 replications for each treatment. Fermentation was conducted for 14 days. The observed parameters consisted of the chemical parameter (organic-C, N, P, and K) and the physical parameter (pH, temperature, and the odor). The addition of various level of chicken excreta and fermentation treatments in the process of producing goat feces liquid biofertilizer indicate significantly effect to increase the organic-C, total-N, NH4, P, K, compare with 5 and 10% liquid fertilizer treatment. The best quality of liquid biofertilizer produced by combining aerobic fermentation and the addition of 30% chicken excreta. Generally, chicken excreta able to increase the nitrogen and mineral content, and putting together with aerobic fermentation system of chicken excreta maximum to 30% can avoid overproduction of unpleasant odor.