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1. Developmental stage shapes the realized energy landscape for a flight specialist.

Author

Nourani, Elham, Faure, Louise, Brønnvik, Hester, Scacco, Martina, Bassi, Enrico, Fiedler, Wolfgang, Grüebler, Martin U., Hatzl, Julia S., Jenny, David, Roverselli, Andrea, Sumasgutner, Petra, Tschumi, Matthias, Wikelski, Martin, and Safi, Kamran

Subjects
*GOLDEN eagle, *GLIDING & soaring, *ALPINE regions, *ANIMAL mechanics, *ENERGY development, *SPATIO-temporal variation
Abstract

The heterogeneity of the physical environment determines the cost of transport for animals, shaping their energy landscape. Animals respond to this energy landscape by adjusting their distribution and movement to maximize gains and reduce costs. Much of our knowledge about energy landscape dynamics focuses on factors external to the animal, particularly the spatio-temporal variations of the environment. However, an animal’s internal state can significantly impact its ability to perceive and utilize available energy, creating a distinction between the ‘fundamental’ and the ‘realized’ energy landscapes. Here, we show that the realized energy landscape varies along the ontogenetic axis. Locomotor and cognitive capabilities of individuals change over time, especially during the early life stages. We investigate the development of the realized energy landscape in the Central European Alpine population of the golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos, a large predator that requires negotiating the atmospheric environment to achieve energy-efficient soaring flight. We quantified weekly energy landscapes using environmental features for 55 juvenile golden eagles, demonstrating that energetic costs of traversing the landscape decreased with age. Consequently, the potentially flyable area within the Alpine region increased 2170-fold during their first three years of independence. Our work contributes to a predictive understanding of animal movement by presenting ontogeny as a mechanism shaping the realized energy landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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6. Developmental stage determines the realized energy landscape for a flight specialist

Author

Nourani, Elham, primary, Faure, Louise, additional, Brønnvik, Hester, additional, Scacco, Martina, additional, Bassi, Enrico, additional, Fiedler, Wolfgang, additional, Grüebler, Martin U., additional, Hatzl, Julia, additional, Jenny, David, additional, Roverselli, Andrea, additional, Sumasgutner, Petra, additional, Tschumi, Matthias, additional, Wikelski, Martin, additional, and Safi, Kamran, additional

Published
2023
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8. Seabird morphology determines operational wind speeds, tolerable maxima, and responses to extremes

Author

Nourani, Elham, primary, Safi, Kamran, additional, de Grissac, Sophie, additional, Anderson, David J., additional, Cole, Nik C., additional, Fell, Adam, additional, Grémillet, David, additional, Lempidakis, Emmanouil, additional, Lerma, Miriam, additional, McKee, Jennifer L., additional, Pichegru, Lorien, additional, Provost, Pascal, additional, Rattenborg, Niels C., additional, Ryan, Peter G., additional, Santos, Carlos D., additional, Schoombie, Stefan, additional, Tatayah, Vikash, additional, Weimerskirch, Henri, additional, Wikelski, Martin, additional, and Shepard, Emily L.C., additional

Published
2023
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11. New frontiers in bird migration research

Author

Flack, Andrea, primary, Aikens, Ellen O., additional, Kölzsch, Andrea, additional, Nourani, Elham, additional, Snell, Katherine R.S., additional, Fiedler, Wolfgang, additional, Linek, Nils, additional, Bauer, Hans-Günther, additional, Thorup, Kasper, additional, Partecke, Jesko, additional, Wikelski, Martin, additional, and Williams, Hannah J., additional

Published
2022
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13. New frontiers in bird migration research

Author

Flack, Andrea, Aikens, Ellen O., Kölzsch, Andrea, Nourani, Elham, Snell, Katherine R. S., Fiedler, Wolfgang, Linek, Nils, Bauer, Hans-Günther, Thorup, Kasper, Partecke, Jesko, Wikelski, Martin, Williams, Hannah J., Flack, Andrea, Aikens, Ellen O., Kölzsch, Andrea, Nourani, Elham, Snell, Katherine R. S., Fiedler, Wolfgang, Linek, Nils, Bauer, Hans-Günther, Thorup, Kasper, Partecke, Jesko, Wikelski, Martin, and Williams, Hannah J.

Abstract

Bird migrations are impressive behavioral phenomena, representing complex spatiotemporal strategies to balance costs of living while maximizing fitness. The field of bird migration research has made great strides over the past decades, yet fundamental gaps remain. Technologies have sparked a transformation in the study of bird migration research by revealing remarkable insights into the underlying behavioral, cognitive, physiological and evolutionary mechanisms of these diverse journeys. Here, we aim to encourage broad discussions and promote future studies by highlighting research fields that are characterized by major knowledge gaps or conflicting evidence, namely the fields of navigation, social learning, individual development, energetics and conservation. We approach each topic by summarizing the current state of knowledge and provide a future outlook of ideas and state-of-the-art methods to further advance the field. Integrating knowledge across these disciplines will allow us to understand the adaptive abilities of different species and to develop effective conservation strategies in a rapidly changing world.

Published
2022

15. Seabird morphology determines operational wind speeds, tolerable maxima and responses to extremes

Author

Nourani, Elham, primary, Safi, Kamran, additional, de Grissac, Sophie, additional, Anderson, David J., additional, Cole, Nik C., additional, Fell, Adam, additional, Grémillet, David, additional, Lempidakis, Emmanouil, additional, Lerma, Miriam, additional, McKee, Jennifer L., additional, Pichegru, Lorien, additional, Provost, Pascal, additional, Rattenborg, Niels C., additional, Ryan, Peter G., additional, Santos, Carlos D., additional, Schoombie, Stefan, additional, Tatayah, Vikash, additional, Weimerskirch, Henri, additional, Wikelski, Martin, additional, and Shepard., Emily L. C., additional

Published
2022
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16. Growth of non‐English‐language literature on biodiversity conservation

Author

Chowdhury, Shawan, primary, Gonzalez, Kristofer, additional, Aytekin, M. Çisel Kemahlı, additional, Baek, Seung‐Yun, additional, Bełcik, Michał, additional, Bertolino, Sandro, additional, Duijns, Sjoerd, additional, Han, Yuqing, additional, Jantke, Kerstin, additional, Katayose, Ryosuke, additional, Lin, Mu‐Ming, additional, Nourani, Elham, additional, Ramos, Danielle Leal, additional, Rouyer, Marie‐Morgane, additional, Sidemo‐Holm, William, additional, Vozykova, Svetlana, additional, Zamora‐Gutierrez, Veronica, additional, and Amano, Tatsuya, additional

Published
2022
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17. Supplemental material from Experience does not change the importance of wind support for migratory route selection by a soaring bird

Author

Brønnvik, Hester, Safi, Kamran, Vansteelant, Wouter M. G., Byholm, Patrik, and Nourani, Elham

Abstract

Migration is a complex behaviour that is costly in terms of time, energy and risk of mortality. Thermal soaring birds rely on airflow, specifically wind support and uplift, to offset their energetic costs of flight. Their migratory routes are a record of movement decisions to negotiate the atmospheric environment and achieve efficiency. We expected that, regardless of age, birds use wind support to select their routes. Because thermal soaring is a complex flight behaviour that young birds need to learn, we expected that, as individuals gain more experience, their movement decisions will also increasingly favour the best thermal uplift conditions. We quantified how route choice during autumn migration of young European honey buzzards (Pernis apivorus) was adjusted to wind support and uplift over up to 4 years of migration and compared this to the choices of adult birds. We found that wind support was important in all migrations. However, we did not find an increase in the use of thermal uplifts. This could be due to the species-specific learning period and/or an artefact of the spatio-temporal scale of our uplift proxies.

Published
2022
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18. Appendix: Route selection analyses from Experience does not change the importance of wind support for migratory route selection by a soaring bird

Author

Brønnvik, Hester, Safi, Kamran, Vansteelant, Wouter M. G., Byholm, Patrik, and Nourani, Elham

Abstract

Migration is a complex behaviour that is costly in terms of time, energy and risk of mortality. Thermal soaring birds rely on airflow, specifically wind support and uplift, to offset their energetic costs of flight. Their migratory routes are a record of movement decisions to negotiate the atmospheric environment and achieve efficiency. We expected that, regardless of age, birds use wind support to select their routes. Because thermal soaring is a complex flight behaviour that young birds need to learn, we expected that, as individuals gain more experience, their movement decisions will also increasingly favour the best thermal uplift conditions. We quantified how route choice during autumn migration of young European honey buzzards (Pernis apivorus) was adjusted to wind support and uplift over up to 4 years of migration and compared this to the choices of adult birds. We found that wind support was important in all migrations. However, we did not find an increase in the use of thermal uplifts. This could be due to the species-specific learning period and/or an artefact of the spatio-temporal scale of our uplift proxies.

Published
2022
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19. Tapping into non-English-language science for the conservation of global biodiversity

Author

Amano, Tatsuya, primary, Berdejo-Espinola, Violeta, additional, Christie, Alec P., additional, Willott, Kate, additional, Akasaka, Munemitsu, additional, Báldi, András, additional, Berthinussen, Anna, additional, Bertolino, Sandro, additional, Bladon, Andrew J., additional, Chen, Min, additional, Choi, Chang-Yong, additional, Bou Dagher Kharrat, Magda, additional, de Oliveira, Luis G., additional, Farhat, Perla, additional, Golivets, Marina, additional, Hidalgo Aranzamendi, Nataly, additional, Jantke, Kerstin, additional, Kajzer-Bonk, Joanna, additional, Kemahlı Aytekin, M. Çisel, additional, Khorozyan, Igor, additional, Kito, Kensuke, additional, Konno, Ko, additional, Lin, Da-Li, additional, Littlewood, Nick, additional, Liu, Yang, additional, Liu, Yifan, additional, Loretto, Matthias-Claudio, additional, Marconi, Valentina, additional, Martin, Philip A., additional, Morgan, William H., additional, Narváez-Gómez, Juan P., additional, Negret, Pablo Jose, additional, Nourani, Elham, additional, Ochoa Quintero, Jose M., additional, Ockendon, Nancy, additional, Oh, Rachel Rui Ying, additional, Petrovan, Silviu O., additional, Piovezan-Borges, Ana C., additional, Pollet, Ingrid L., additional, Ramos, Danielle L., additional, Reboredo Segovia, Ana L., additional, Rivera-Villanueva, A. Nayelli, additional, Rocha, Ricardo, additional, Rouyer, Marie-Morgane, additional, Sainsbury, Katherine A., additional, Schuster, Richard, additional, Schwab, Dominik, additional, Şekercioğlu, Çağan H., additional, Seo, Hae-Min, additional, Shackelford, Gorm, additional, Shinoda, Yushin, additional, Smith, Rebecca K., additional, Tao, Shan-dar, additional, Tsai, Ming-shan, additional, Tyler, Elizabeth H. M., additional, Vajna, Flóra, additional, Valdebenito, José Osvaldo, additional, Vozykova, Svetlana, additional, Waryszak, Paweł, additional, Zamora-Gutierrez, Veronica, additional, Zenni, Rafael D., additional, Zhou, Wenjun, additional, and Sutherland, William J., additional

Published
2021
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20. The interplay of wind and uplift facilitates over-water flight in facultative soaring birds

Author

Nourani, Elham, primary, Bohrer, Gil, additional, Becciu, Paolo, additional, Bierregaard, Richard O., additional, Duriez, Olivier, additional, Figuerola, Jordi, additional, Gangoso, Laura, additional, Giokas, Sinos, additional, Higuchi, Hiroyoshi, additional, Kassara, Christina, additional, Kulikova, Olga, additional, Lecomte, Nicolas, additional, Monti, Flavio, additional, Pokrovsky, Ivan, additional, Sforzi, Andrea, additional, Therrien, Jean-François, additional, Tsiopelas, Nikos, additional, Vansteelant, Wouter M. G., additional, Viana, Duarte S., additional, Yamaguchi, Noriyuki M., additional, Wikelski, Martin, additional, and Safi, Kamran, additional

Published
2021
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22. Figure S1;Figure S2;Figure S3;Figure S4 from The interplay of wind and uplift facilitates over-water flight in facultative soaring birds

Author

Nourani, Elham, Bohrer, Gil, Becciu1, Paolo, Bierregaard, Richard O., Duriez, Olivier, Figuerola, Jordi, Gangoso, Laura, Giokas, Sinos, Higuchi, Hiroyoshi, Kassara, Christina, Kulikova, Olga, Lecomte, Nicolas, Monti, Flavio, Pokrovsky, Ivan, Sforzi, Andrea, Therrien, Jean-François, Tsiopelas, Nikos, Vansteelant, Wouter M. G., Viana, Duarte S., Yamaguchi, Noriyuki M., Wikelski, Martin, and Safi, Kamran

Abstract

Species-specific variation in route selection. Posterior means and 95% credible intervals are shown for the species-level random effects (on the slopes) of the INLA model. ;Distribution of values over the used and available steps. These were used for building the step-selection functions. The top row shows the instantaneous values and the bottom row the long-term variances. In the top row, it can be seen that wind support has more variability than delta-T and higher values of wind support are selected by the birds.;Bio-logging data for sea-crossing tracks annotated with wind support and delta-T. Data is pooled for sea-crossing segments during autumn migration of the Oriental honey buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) and the grey-faced buzzard (Butastur indicus) in the East Asian flyways, the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) and the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), in both the African-Eurasian and the American flyways, and the Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae) in the African-Eurasian flyway. For samples of complete tracks, see Fig. 2.;Wind support and delta-T values at the start of each sea-crossing track, grouped by time of day. Most species initiated sea-crossing with positive delta-T and wind support. An overview of wind support and delta-T along the sea-crossing tracks is presented in Fig. S3.

Published
2021
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23. Tapping into non-English-language science for the conservation of global biodiversity

Author

Şekercioğlu, Çağan Hakkı (ORCID 0000-0003-3193-0377 & YÖK ID 327589); Aytekin, Mübeccel Çisel Kemahlı, Amano, Tatsuya; Berdejo-Espinola, Violeta; Christie, Alec P.; Willott, Kate; Akasaka, Munemitsu; Baldi, Andras; Berthinussen, Anna; Bertolino, Sandro; Bladon, Andrew J.; Chen, Min; Choi, Chang-Yong; Kharrat, Magda Bou Dagher; de Oliveira, Luis G.; Farhat, Perla; Golivets, Marina; Aranzamendi, Nataly Hidalgo; Jantke, Kerstin; Kajzer-Bonk, Joanna; Khorozyan, Igor; Kito, Kensuke; Konno, Ko; Lin, Da-Li; Littlewood, Nick; Liu, Yang; Liu, Yifan; Loretto, Matthias-Claudio; Marconi, Valentina; Martin, Philip A.; Morgan, William H.; Narvaez-Gomez, Juan P.; Negret, Pablo Jose; Nourani, Elham; Ochoa Quintero, Jose M.; Ockendon, Nancy; Oh, Rachel Rui Ying; Petrovan, Silviu O.; Piovezan-Borges, Ana C.; Pollet, Ingrid L.; Ramos, Danielle L.; Segovia, Ana L. Reboredo; Nayelli Rivera-Villanueva, A.; Rocha, Ricardo; Rouyer, Marie-Morgane; Sainsbury, Katherine; Schuster, Richard; Schwab, Dominik; Seo, Hae-Min; Shackelford, Gorm; Shinoda, Yushin; Smith, Rebecca K.; Tao, Shan-dar; Tsai, Ming-shan; Tyler, Elizabeth H. M.; Vajna, Flora; Valdebenito, Jose Osvaldo; Vozykova, Svetlana; Waryszak, Pawel; Zamora-Gutierrez, Veronica; Zenni, Rafael D.; Zhou, Wenjun; Sutherland, William J., College of Sciences; Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Şekercioğlu, Çağan Hakkı (ORCID 0000-0003-3193-0377 & YÖK ID 327589); Aytekin, Mübeccel Çisel Kemahlı, Amano, Tatsuya; Berdejo-Espinola, Violeta; Christie, Alec P.; Willott, Kate; Akasaka, Munemitsu; Baldi, Andras; Berthinussen, Anna; Bertolino, Sandro; Bladon, Andrew J.; Chen, Min; Choi, Chang-Yong; Kharrat, Magda Bou Dagher; de Oliveira, Luis G.; Farhat, Perla; Golivets, Marina; Aranzamendi, Nataly Hidalgo; Jantke, Kerstin; Kajzer-Bonk, Joanna; Khorozyan, Igor; Kito, Kensuke; Konno, Ko; Lin, Da-Li; Littlewood, Nick; Liu, Yang; Liu, Yifan; Loretto, Matthias-Claudio; Marconi, Valentina; Martin, Philip A.; Morgan, William H.; Narvaez-Gomez, Juan P.; Negret, Pablo Jose; Nourani, Elham; Ochoa Quintero, Jose M.; Ockendon, Nancy; Oh, Rachel Rui Ying; Petrovan, Silviu O.; Piovezan-Borges, Ana C.; Pollet, Ingrid L.; Ramos, Danielle L.; Segovia, Ana L. Reboredo; Nayelli Rivera-Villanueva, A.; Rocha, Ricardo; Rouyer, Marie-Morgane; Sainsbury, Katherine; Schuster, Richard; Schwab, Dominik; Seo, Hae-Min; Shackelford, Gorm; Shinoda, Yushin; Smith, Rebecca K.; Tao, Shan-dar; Tsai, Ming-shan; Tyler, Elizabeth H. M.; Vajna, Flora; Valdebenito, Jose Osvaldo; Vozykova, Svetlana; Waryszak, Pawel; Zamora-Gutierrez, Veronica; Zenni, Rafael D.; Zhou, Wenjun; Sutherland, William J., College of Sciences; Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics

Abstract

The widely held assumption that any important scientific information would be available in English underlies the underuse of non-English-language science across disciplines. However, non-English-language science is expected to bring unique and valuable scientific information, especially in disciplines where the evidence is patchy, and for emergent issues where synthesising available evidence is an urgent challenge. Yet such contribution of non-English-language science to scientific communities and the application of science is rarely quantified. Here, we show that non-English-language studies provide crucial evidence for informing global biodiversity conservation. By screening 419,679 peer-reviewed papers in 16 languages, we identified 1,234 non-English-language studies providing evidence on the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation interventions, compared to 4,412 English-language studies identified with the same criteria. Relevant non-English-language studies are being published at an increasing rate in 6 out of the 12 languages where there were a sufficient number of relevant studies. Incorporating non-English-language studies can expand the geographical coverage (i.e., the number of 2 degrees x 2 degrees grid cells with relevant studies) of English-language evidence by 12% to 25%, especially in biodiverse regions, and taxonomic coverage (i.e., the number of species covered by the relevant studies) by 5% to 32%, although they do tend to be based on less robust study designs. Our results show that synthesising non-English-language studies is key to overcoming the widespread lack of local, context-dependent evidence and facilitating evidence-based conservation globally. We urge wider disciplines to rigorously reassess the untapped potential of non-English-language science in informing decisions to address other global challenges., Australian Research Council Future Fellowship; Natural Environment Research Council; Hungary National Research, Development and Innovation Office; German Research Foundation; Germany‘s Excellence Strategy EXC 2037; Poland National Science Centre Sonata Bis 4 Grant; European Union (EU); Horizon 2020; Research and Innovation Programme; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant; Brasil Coordenaçao de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior; Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT); Chilean National Agency for Research and Development (BECAS CHILE); CNPq-Brazil; University of Queensland Strategic Funding; University of Turin Local Research Grant; Colombian Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation; University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest Ph.D. Fellowship; Arcadia; MAVA; David and Claudia Harding Foundation

Published
2021

24. The interplay of wind and uplift facilitates over-water flight in facultative soaring birds

Author

Nourani, Elham, primary, Bohrer, Gil, additional, Becciu, Paolo, additional, Bierregaard, Richard O., additional, Duriez, Olivier, additional, Figuerola, Jordi, additional, Gangoso, Laura, additional, Giokas, Sinos, additional, Higuchi, Hiroyoshi, additional, Kassara, Christina, additional, Kulikova, Olga, additional, Lecomte, Nicolas, additional, Monti, Flavio, additional, Pokrovsky, Ivan, additional, Sforzi, Andrea, additional, Therrien, Jean-François, additional, Tsiopelas, Nikos, additional, Vansteelant, Wouter M.G., additional, Viana, Duarte S., additional, Yamaguchi, Noriyuki M., additional, Wikelski, Martin, additional, and Safi, Kamran, additional

Published
2020
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25. Sea-Crossing Along Migratory Flyways is More Strongly Limited by Wind than by Lack of Uplift

Author

Nourani, Elham, primary, Becciu, Paolo, additional, Bierregaard, Richard O., additional, Duriez, Olivier, additional, Giokas, Sinos, additional, Higuchi, Hiroyoshi, additional, Kassara, Christina, additional, Kulikova, Olga, additional, Lecomte, Nicolas, additional, Monti, Flavio, additional, Pokrovsky, Ivan, additional, Sforzi, Andrea, additional, Therrien, Jean-François, additional, Tsiopelas, Nikos, additional, Yamaguchi, Noriyuki M., additional, Wikelski, Martin, additional, and Safi, Kamran, additional

Published
2020
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27. Raptor migration in an oceanic flyway: wind and geography shape the migratory route of grey-faced buzzards in East Asia

Author

Nourani, Elham, Safi, Kamran, Yamaguchi, Noriyuki M., Higuchi, Hiroyoshi, Nourani, Elham, Safi, Kamran, Yamaguchi, Noriyuki M., and Higuchi, Hiroyoshi

Abstract

Flapping flight is relatively costly for soaring birds such as raptors. To avoid costly flight, migrating raptors generally avoid flying over water. As a result, all but one of the global raptor migration flyways are largely over land. The East Asian oceanic flyway for raptors is the exception. Raptor species using this flyway migrate by island-hopping, flying over open ocean for distances of up to 300km between islands. We used satellite telemetry data for grey-faced buzzards Butastur indicus, a species that dominates the southern part of the flyway, to investigate the geographical and atmospheric factors responsible for the suitability of this flyway for raptor migration. Using a combination of least-cost path analysis and a step selection function, we found that the occurrence of numerous islands and also suitable wind support along the oceanic flyway are responsible for route selection in grey-faced buzzards. These results confirm the role of islands, but also wind, in shaping the East Asian oceanic flyway of long-distance raptor migration., Royal Society Open Science, 5(3), 171555; 2018

Published
2018

29. Figure S1 from Climate change alters the optimal wind-dependent flight routes of an avian migrant

Author

Nourani, Elham, Yamaguchi, Noriyuki M., and Hiroyoshi Higuchi

Subjects
InformationSystems_MODELSANDPRINCIPLES, ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION, InformationSystems_INFORMATIONINTERFACESANDPRESENTATION(e.g.,HCI), ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING
Abstract

Average response of each algorithm to explanatory variables

Published
2017
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34. Habitat suitability and impacts of climate change on the distribution of wintering population of Asian Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis macqueenii in Iran

Author

YOUSEFI, MASOUD, primary, AHMADI, MOHSEN, additional, NOURANI, ELHAM, additional, REZAEI, ALI, additional, KAFASH, ANOOSHE, additional, KHANI, ALI, additional, SEHHATISABET, MOHAMMAD EBRAHIM, additional, ADIBI, MOHAMAD ALI, additional, GOUDARZI, FAHIMEH, additional, and KABOLI, MOHAMMAD, additional

Published
2016
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36. Upward Altitudinal Shifts in Habitat Suitability of Mountain Vipers since the Last Glacial Maximum

Author

Yousefi, Masoud, Ahmadi, Mohsen, Nourani, Elham, Behrooz, Roozbeh, Rajabizadeh, Mehdi, Geniez, Philippe, Kaboli, Mohammad, Yousefi, Masoud, Ahmadi, Mohsen, Nourani, Elham, Behrooz, Roozbeh, Rajabizadeh, Mehdi, Geniez, Philippe, and Kaboli, Mohammad

Abstract

We determined the effects of past and future climate changes on the distribution of the Montivipera raddei species complex (MRC) that contains rare and endangered viper species limited to Iran, Turkey and Armenia. We also investigated the current distribution of MRC to locate unidentified isolated populations as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of the current network of protected areas for their conservation. Present distribution of MRC was modeled based on ecological variables and model performance was evaluated by field visits. Some individuals at the newly identified populations showed uncommon morphological characteristics. The distribution map of MRC derived through modeling was then compared with the distribution of protected areas in the region. We estimated the effectiveness of the current protected area network to be 10%, which would be sufficient for conserving this group of species, provided adequate management policies and practices are employed. We further modeled the distribution of MRC in the past (21,000 years ago) and under two scenarios in the future (to 2070). These models indicated that climatic changes probably have been responsible for an upward shift in suitable habitats of MRC since the Last Glacial Maximum, leading to isolation of allopatric populations. Distribution will probably become much more restricted in the future as a result of the current rate of global warming. We conclude that climate change most likely played a major role in determining the distribution pattern of MRC, restricting allopatric populations to mountaintops due to habitat alterations. This long-term isolation has facilitated unique local adaptations among MRC populations, which requires further investigation. The suitable habitat patches identified through modeling constitute optimized solutions for inclusion in the network of protected areas in the region., PLOS ONE, 10(9), e0138087; 2015

Published
2015

39. Habitat suitability and impacts of climate change on the distribution of wintering population of Asian Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis macqueenii in Iran.

Author

YOUSEFI, MASOUD, AHMADI, MOHSEN, NOURANI, ELHAM, REZAEI, ALI, KAFASH, ANOOSHE, KHANI, ALI, SEHHATISABET, MOHAMMAD EBRAHIM, ADIBI, MOHAMAD ALI, GOUDARZI, FAHIMEH, and KABOLI, MOHAMMAD

Abstract

We developed a habitat suitability model for wintering populations of the Asian Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis macqueenii in Iran and determined environmental variables affecting its occurrence. Our results indicate that various patches in central, western and eastern Iran provide the most suitable habitats for the Houbara. Annual precipitation, slope and distance to croplands were the most important variables for predicting Houbara occurrence. We also determined the effects future climate changes on the distribution of the Houbara in Iran. Results showed that suitable habitats for the wintering Houbara will increase in Iran, but will also considerably shift under future climatic conditions. The distribution maps that we present for the present and future climatic conditions can have important implications for the conservation and management of Houbara populations in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2017
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44. Wind conditions facilitate the seasonal water-crossing behaviour of Oriental Honey-buzzards Pernis ptilorhynchus over the East China Sea.

Author

Nourani, Elham, Yamaguchi, Noriyuki M., Manda, Atsuyoshi, Higuchi, Hiroyoshi, and Roos, Staffan

Subjects
HONEY buzzards, BUZZARDS, FALCONIFORMES, BIRDS
Abstract

Migratory raptors rarely fly over stretches of water larger than 25 km, although different species undertake water crossings of varying lengths, depending mainly on their wing morphology. Oriental Honey-buzzards fly c. 680 km over the East China Sea in autumn from breeding areas in Japan to wintering areas in Southeast Asia, but avoid this long water crossing in spring. We investigated the effects of weather on this exceptional migratory behaviour and its seasonality through a maximum entropy niche modelling approach. We used data collected through satellite tracking of 31 adult birds as presence points and a set of variables related to wind, precipitation and convective condition as environmental predictors. Results of modelling showed very different, almost non-overlapping, areas suitable for migration over the East China Sea region in autumn and spring. Suitable migration routes in autumn mostly occurred over the sea, whereas suitable areas for spring migration mostly occurred over land, suggesting that circumnavigating the East China Sea is preferable in spring. At the regional scale, wind conditions facilitate water-crossing behaviour of Oriental Honey-buzzards in autumn, but not in spring. Specifically, suitable tailwinds over the sea enable water-crossing in autumn, whereas in spring, wind support and convective conditions are best over land. Our modelling did not suggest any importance of convective conditions for autumn migration. However, we expect that at smaller temporal scales, convective conditions would be a considerable facilitator of the water-crossing behaviour in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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45. An assessment of threats to Anatidae in Iran.

Author

NOURANI, ELHAM, KABOLI, MOHAMMAD, and COLLEN, BEN

Abstract

The network of wetland systems in Iran provides valuable staging and wintering areas for waterbirds in the African-Western Eurasian flyways. The West Siberian/Caspian/Nile populations of Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans) regularly overwinter and stop over in Iran, and are considered an economically and culturally important group of birds in the country. Conservation of such migratory birds requires the identification of key threat factors impacting them throughout the flyway. Since documented data on the status and threats facing Anatidae in Iran are very scarce, in this paper, we attempted to determine the general population trends for the 26 Anatidae species in Iran, using annual waterbird census data, and to identify and score the most important threat factors affecting each species, by consulting the top ornithologists and professional birdwatchers in the country by means of a survey. Our results indicate that the most prevalent threats affecting all 26 species are dam construction, water management practices, and hunting. Our results provide the necessary material for Red List assessment of these species at the national level, an important tool for conservation priority setting within Iran and in the flyway. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2015
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46. Artificial waterbodies in Sarakhs county: important stopover sites for migratory waterbirds in northeastern Iran.

Author

KHANI, ALI, NOURANI, ELHAM, KAFASH, ANOOSHE, ILANLOO, SAYYAD SHAYKHI, ALIPOUR, JAVAD, and YOUSEFI, MASOUD

Subjects
BODIES of water, WATER bird migration, CICONIIFORMES, SHORE birds, BIRD conservation, AWARENESS
Abstract

The article discusses a study which aims to assess the importance of artificial waterbodies located in Sarakhs county in Iran to migrating waterbirds and waders. Topics discussed include the materials and methods used in the study such as the study area and data collection. The results of the study where 76 species of shorebirds and waterbirds were observed are also discussed. It also recommends raising the awareness and involvement of landowners regarding conservation plans.

Published
2015

47. Tapping into non-English-language science for the conservation of global biodiversity

Author

Amano, Tatsuya, Berdejo-Espinola, Violeta, Christie, Alec P, Willott, Kate, Akasaka, Munemitsu, Báldi, András, Berthinussen, Anna, Bertolino, Sandro, Bladon, Andrew J, Chen, Min, Choi, Chang-Yong, Bou Dagher Kharrat, Magda, De Oliveira, Luis G, Farhat, Perla, Golivets, Marina, Hidalgo Aranzamendi, Nataly, Jantke, Kerstin, Kajzer-Bonk, Joanna, Kemahlı Aytekin, M Çisel, Khorozyan, Igor, Kito, Kensuke, Konno, Ko, Lin, Da-Li, Littlewood, Nick, Liu, Yang, Liu, Yifan, Loretto, Matthias-Claudio, Marconi, Valentina, Martin, Philip A, Morgan, William H, Narváez-Gómez, Juan P, Negret, Pablo Jose, Nourani, Elham, Ochoa Quintero, Jose M, Ockendon, Nancy, Oh, Rachel Rui Ying, Petrovan, Silviu O, Piovezan-Borges, Ana C, Pollet, Ingrid L, Ramos, Danielle L, Reboredo Segovia, Ana L, Rivera-Villanueva, A Nayelli, Rocha, Ricardo, Rouyer, Marie-Morgane, Sainsbury, Katherine A, Schuster, Richard, Schwab, Dominik, Şekercioğlu, Çağan H, Seo, Hae-Min, Shackelford, Gorm, Shinoda, Yushin, Smith, Rebecca K, Tao, Shan-Dar, Tsai, Ming-Shan, Tyler, Elizabeth HM, Vajna, Flóra, Valdebenito, José Osvaldo, Vozykova, Svetlana, Waryszak, Paweł, Zamora-Gutierrez, Veronica, Zenni, Rafael D, Zhou, Wenjun, and Sutherland, William J

Subjects
Conservation of Natural Resources, Geography, Science, Publications, Animals, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, Language
Abstract

The widely held assumption that any important scientific information would be available in English underlies the underuse of non-English-language science across disciplines. However, non-English-language science is expected to bring unique and valuable scientific information, especially in disciplines where the evidence is patchy, and for emergent issues where synthesising available evidence is an urgent challenge. Yet such contribution of non-English-language science to scientific communities and the application of science is rarely quantified. Here, we show that non-English-language studies provide crucial evidence for informing global biodiversity conservation. By screening 419,679 peer-reviewed papers in 16 languages, we identified 1,234 non-English-language studies providing evidence on the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation interventions, compared to 4,412 English-language studies identified with the same criteria. Relevant non-English-language studies are being published at an increasing rate in 6 out of the 12 languages where there were a sufficient number of relevant studies. Incorporating non-English-language studies can expand the geographical coverage (i.e., the number of 2° × 2° grid cells with relevant studies) of English-language evidence by 12% to 25%, especially in biodiverse regions, and taxonomic coverage (i.e., the number of species covered by the relevant studies) by 5% to 32%, although they do tend to be based on less robust study designs. Our results show that synthesising non-English-language studies is key to overcoming the widespread lack of local, context-dependent evidence and facilitating evidence-based conservation globally. We urge wider disciplines to rigorously reassess the untapped potential of non-English-language science in informing decisions to address other global challenges. Please see the Supporting information files for Alternative Language Abstracts.

48. Tapping into non-English-language science for the conservation of global biodiversity

Author

Amano, Tatsuya, Berdejo-Espinola, Violeta, Christie, Alec P., Willott, Kate, Akasaka, Munemitsu, Báldi, András, Berthinussen, Anna, Bertolino, Sandro, Bladon, Andrew J., Chen, Min, Choi, Chang-Yong, Bou Dagher Kharrat, Magda, De Oliveira, Luis G., Farhat, Perla, Golivets, Marina, Hidalgo Aranzamendi, Nataly, Jantke, Kerstin, Kajzer-Bonk, Joanna, Kemahlı Aytekin, M. Çisel, Khorozyan, Igor, Kito, Kensuke, Konno, Ko, Lin, Da-Li, Littlewood, Nick, Liu, Yang, Liu, Yifan, Loretto, Matthias-Claudio, Marconi, Valentina, Martin, Philip A., Morgan, William H., Narváez-Gómez, Juan P., Negret, Pablo Jose, Nourani, Elham, Ochoa Quintero, Jose M., Ockendon, Nancy, Oh, Rachel Rui Ying, Petrovan, Silviu O., Piovezan-Borges, Ana C., Pollet, Ingrid L., Ramos, Danielle L., Reboredo Segovia, Ana L., Rivera-Villanueva, A. Nayelli, Rocha, Ricardo, Rouyer, Marie-Morgane, Sainsbury, Katherine A., Schuster, Richard, Schwab, Dominik, Şekercioğlu, Çağan H., Seo, Hae-Min, Shackelford, Gorm, Shinoda, Yushin, Smith, Rebecca K., Tao, Shan-Dar, Tsai, Ming-Shan, Tyler, Elizabeth H. M., Vajna, Flóra, Valdebenito, José Osvaldo, Vozykova, Svetlana, Waryszak, Paweł, Zamora-Gutierrez, Veronica, Zenni, Rafael D., Zhou, Wenjun, and Sutherland, William J.

Subjects
Research and analysis methods, Biology and life sciences, Ecology and environmental sciences, Meta-Research Article, FOS: Social sciences, 15. Life on land, Social sciences
Abstract

Funder: The University of Queensland strategic funding, Funder: University of Turin, local research grant, Funder: Colombian Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation, Funder: University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Funder: Arcadia Fund; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100012088, Funder: MAVA Foundation; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100013324, Funder: David and Claudia Harding Foundation, The widely held assumption that any important scientific information would be available in English underlies the underuse of non-English-language science across disciplines. However, non-English-language science is expected to bring unique and valuable scientific information, especially in disciplines where the evidence is patchy, and for emergent issues where synthesising available evidence is an urgent challenge. Yet such contribution of non-English-language science to scientific communities and the application of science is rarely quantified. Here, we show that non-English-language studies provide crucial evidence for informing global biodiversity conservation. By screening 419,679 peer-reviewed papers in 16 languages, we identified 1,234 non-English-language studies providing evidence on the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation interventions, compared to 4,412 English-language studies identified with the same criteria. Relevant non-English-language studies are being published at an increasing rate in 6 out of the 12 languages where there were a sufficient number of relevant studies. Incorporating non-English-language studies can expand the geographical coverage (i.e., the number of 2° × 2° grid cells with relevant studies) of English-language evidence by 12% to 25%, especially in biodiverse regions, and taxonomic coverage (i.e., the number of species covered by the relevant studies) by 5% to 32%, although they do tend to be based on less robust study designs. Our results show that synthesising non-English-language studies is key to overcoming the widespread lack of local, context-dependent evidence and facilitating evidence-based conservation globally. We urge wider disciplines to rigorously reassess the untapped potential of non-English-language science in informing decisions to address other global challenges. Please see the Supporting information files for Alternative Language Abstracts.

49. Tapping into non-English-language science for the conservation of global biodiversity

Author

Ko Konno, Flóra Vajna, Yifan Liu, Nancy Ockendon, William H. Morgan, Dominik Schwab, Min Chen, Marina Golivets, Wenjun Zhou, Çağan H. Şekercioğlu, Shan Dar Tao, Ricardo Rocha, Violeta Berdejo-Espinola, Andrew J. Bladon, Hae Min Seo, Svetlana Vozykova, Elizabeth H. M. Tyler, Richard Schuster, Kerstin Jantke, Valentina Marconi, Rafael D. Zenni, Juan P. Narvaez-Gomez, Yushin Shinoda, Ana L. Reboredo Segovia, Ana C. Piovezan-Borges, Magda Bou Dagher Kharrat, Igor Khorozyan, Gorm E. Shackelford, Katherine A. Sainsbury, Kensuke Kito, Silviu O. Petrovan, Elham Nourani, Rachel Rui Ying Oh, Jose M. Ochoa Quintero, A. Nayelli Rivera-Villanueva, Anna Berthinussen, Marie Morgane Rouyer, Nataly Hidalgo Aranzamendi, Luis G. de Oliveira, Da-Li Lin, Rebecca K. Smith, Yang Liu, Ingrid L. Pollet, José O. Valdebenito, Danielle L. Ramos, András Báldi, Nick A. Littlewood, Philip A. Martin, M. Çisel Kemahlı Aytekin, Munemitsu Akasaka, William J. Sutherland, Pablo Jose Negret, Alec P. Christie, Tatsuya Amano, Sandro Bertolino, Chang-Yong Choi, Matthias-Claudio Loretto, Ming Shan Tsai, Paweł Waryszak, Joanna Kajzer-Bonk, Perla Farhat, Veronica Zamora-Gutierrez, Kate Willott, Amano, Tatsuya [0000-0001-6576-3410], Berdejo-Espinola, Violeta [0000-0001-9567-8276], Christie, Alec P. [0000-0002-8465-8410], Willott, Kate [0000-0001-5898-5402], Akasaka, Munemitsu [0000-0002-0143-0841], Báldi, András [0000-0001-6063-3721], Bladon, Andrew J. [0000-0002-2677-1247], Choi, Chang-Yong [0000-0002-4519-7957], Bou Dagher Kharrat, Magda [0000-0001-7969-1673], de Oliveira, Luis G. [0000-0002-1152-9239], Farhat, Perla [0000-0002-6134-788X], Golivets, Marina [0000-0003-1278-2663], Jantke, Kerstin [0000-0002-3126-3888], Kajzer-Bonk, Joanna [0000-0003-4063-2785], Kemahlı Aytekin, M. Çisel [0000-0002-6908-7568], Khorozyan, Igor [0000-0002-0657-7500], Kito, Kensuke [0000-0002-0873-934X], Konno, Ko [0000-0002-5319-9178], Lin, Da-Li [0000-0003-0930-2374], Littlewood, Nick [0000-0003-4461-8833], Liu, Yang [0000-0003-4580-5518], Loretto, Matthias-Claudio [0000-0002-1940-3470], Marconi, Valentina [0000-0001-7443-0255], Martin, Philip A. [0000-0001-5401-1176], Morgan, William H. [0000-0002-7594-6453], Narváez-Gómez, Juan P. [0000-0002-7223-6819], Negret, Pablo Jose [0000-0002-4683-839X], Nourani, Elham [0000-0003-4420-3902], Ochoa Quintero, Jose M. [0000-0002-5619-0777], Ockendon, Nancy [0000-0001-5055-1079], Oh, Rachel Rui Ying [0000-0003-2716-7727], Petrovan, Silviu O. [0000-0002-3984-2403], Piovezan-Borges, Ana C. [0000-0003-2779-9820], Pollet, Ingrid L. [0000-0001-7207-8294], Rivera-Villanueva, A. Nayelli [0000-0002-9190-4317], Rouyer, Marie-Morgane [0000-0003-4915-7191], Sainsbury, Katherine A. [0000-0002-5087-3892], Schuster, Richard [0000-0003-3191-7869], Şekercioğlu, Çağan H. [0000-0003-3193-0377], Shackelford, Gorm [0000-0003-0949-0934], Shinoda, Yushin [0000-0002-1605-6303], Smith, Rebecca K. [0000-0003-3294-7592], Tao, Shan-dar [0000-0002-9013-0671], Tsai, Ming-shan [0000-0001-6804-1317], Vajna, Flóra [0000-0003-4451-855X], Valdebenito, José Osvaldo [0000-0002-6709-6305], Waryszak, Paweł [0000-0002-4245-3150], Zamora-Gutierrez, Veronica [0000-0003-0661-5180], Zenni, Rafael D. [0000-0002-4315-7986], Sutherland, William J. [0000-0002-6498-0437], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Christie, Alec P [0000-0002-8465-8410], Bladon, Andrew J [0000-0002-2677-1247], de Oliveira, Luis G [0000-0002-1152-9239], Kemahlı Aytekin, M Çisel [0000-0002-6908-7568], Martin, Philip A [0000-0001-5401-1176], Morgan, William H [0000-0002-7594-6453], Narváez-Gómez, Juan P [0000-0002-7223-6819], Ochoa Quintero, Jose M [0000-0002-5619-0777], Petrovan, Silviu O [0000-0002-3984-2403], Piovezan-Borges, Ana C [0000-0003-2779-9820], Pollet, Ingrid L [0000-0001-7207-8294], Rivera-Villanueva, A Nayelli [0000-0002-9190-4317], Sainsbury, Katherine A [0000-0002-5087-3892], Şekercioğlu, Çağan H [0000-0003-3193-0377], Smith, Rebecca K [0000-0003-3294-7592], Tao, Shan-Dar [0000-0002-9013-0671], Tsai, Ming-Shan [0000-0001-6804-1317], Zenni, Rafael D [0000-0002-4315-7986], Sutherland, William J [0000-0002-6498-0437], Şekercioğlu, Çağan Hakkı (ORCID 0000-0003-3193-0377 & YÖK ID 327589), Aytekin, Mübeccel Çisel Kemahlı, Amano, Tatsuya, Berdejo-Espinola, Violeta, Christie, Alec P., Willott, Kate, Akasaka, Munemitsu, Baldi, Andras, Berthinussen, Anna, Bertolino, Sandro, Bladon, Andrew J., Chen, Min, Choi, Chang-Yong, Kharrat, Magda Bou Dagher, de Oliveira, Luis G., Farhat, Perla, Golivets, Marina, Aranzamendi, Nataly Hidalgo, Jantke, Kerstin, Kajzer-Bonk, Joanna, Khorozyan, Igor, Kito, Kensuke, Konno, Ko, Lin, Da-Li, Littlewood, Nick, Liu, Yang, Liu, Yifan, Loretto, Matthias-Claudio, Marconi, Valentina, Martin, Philip A., Morgan, William H., Narvaez-Gomez, Juan P., Negret, Pablo Jose, Nourani, Elham, Ochoa Quintero, Jose M., Ockendon, Nancy, Oh, Rachel Rui Ying, Petrovan, Silviu O., Piovezan-Borges, Ana C., Pollet, Ingrid L., Ramos, Danielle L., Segovia, Ana L. Reboredo, Nayelli Rivera-Villanueva, A., Rocha, Ricardo, Rouyer, Marie-Morgane, Sainsbury, Katherine, Schuster, Richard, Schwab, Dominik, Seo, Hae-Min, Shackelford, Gorm, Shinoda, Yushin, Smith, Rebecca K., Tao, Shan-dar, Tsai, Ming-shan, Tyler, Elizabeth H. M., Vajna, Flora, Valdebenito, Jose Osvaldo, Vozykova, Svetlana, Waryszak, Pawel, Zamora-Gutierrez, Veronica, Zenni, Rafael D., Zhou, Wenjun, Sutherland, William J., College of Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics

Subjects
Psychological intervention, Biodiversity, English language, Biodiversity conservation, Database and Informatics Methods, 0302 clinical medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Biology (General), Database Searching, Conservation Science, Mammals, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, Geography, General Neuroscience, Systematic review, Collating, Conservation management, Publications, conservation, Eukaryota, Grid cell, Vertebrates, Meta-Research Article, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Conservation of Natural Resources, QH301-705.5, Ecology and environmental sciences, Science, Biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Social sciences, Birds, Amphibians, 03 medical and health sciences, ddc:570, Animals, 030304 developmental biology, Scientific Publishing, language, General Immunology and Microbiology, Global challenges, Biology and life sciences, Clinical study design, Organisms, Linguistics, 15. Life on land, Data science, Research and analysis methods, Biochemistry and molecular biology, Amniotes, Languages, Zoology, Language, Global biodiversity
Abstract

The widely held assumption that any important scientific information would be available in English underlies the underuse of non-English-language science across disciplines. However, non-English-language science is expected to bring unique and valuable scientific information, especially in disciplines where the evidence is patchy, and for emergent issues where synthesising available evidence is an urgent challenge. Yet such contribution of non-English-language science to scientific communities and the application of science is rarely quantified. Here, we show that non-English-language studies provide crucial evidence for informing global biodiversity conservation. By screening 419,679 peer-reviewed papers in 16 languages, we identified 1,234 non-English-language studies providing evidence on the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation interventions, compared to 4,412 English-language studies identified with the same criteria. Relevant non-English-language studies are being published at an increasing rate in 6 out of the 12 languages where there were a sufficient number of relevant studies. Incorporating non-English-language studies can expand the geographical coverage (i.e., the number of 2° × 2° grid cells with relevant studies) of English-language evidence by 12% to 25%, especially in biodiverse regions, and taxonomic coverage (i.e., the number of species covered by the relevant studies) by 5% to 32%, although they do tend to be based on less robust study designs. Our results show that synthesising non-English-language studies is key to overcoming the widespread lack of local, context-dependent evidence and facilitating evidence-based conservation globally. We urge wider disciplines to rigorously reassess the untapped potential of non-English-language science in informing decisions to address other global challenges. Please see the Supporting information files for Alternative Language Abstracts., A survey of 419,680 peer-reviewed papers in 16 languages reveals that non-English-language studies can expand geographical (by 12-25%) and taxonomic (by 5-32%) coverage of English-language evidence on the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation interventions, especially in biodiverse regions.

Published
2021

50. The interplay of wind and uplift facilitates over-water flight in facultative soaring birds.

Author

Nourani E, Bohrer G, Becciu P, Bierregaard RO, Duriez O, Figuerola J, Gangoso L, Giokas S, Higuchi H, Kassara C, Kulikova O, Lecomte N, Monti F, Pokrovsky I, Sforzi A, Therrien JF, Tsiopelas N, Vansteelant WMG, Viana DS, Yamaguchi NM, Wikelski M, and Safi K

Subjects
Animal Migration, Animals, Birds, Water, Flight, Animal, Wind
Abstract

Flying over the open sea is energetically costly for terrestrial birds. Despite this, over-water journeys of many birds, sometimes hundreds of kilometres long, are uncovered by bio-logging technology. To understand how these birds afford their flights over the open sea, we investigated the role of atmospheric conditions, specifically wind and uplift, in subsidizing over-water flight at a global scale. We first established that Δ T , the temperature difference between sea surface and air, is a meaningful proxy for uplift over water. Using this proxy, we showed that the spatio-temporal patterns of sea-crossing in terrestrial migratory birds are associated with favourable uplift conditions. We then analysed route selection over the open sea for five facultative soaring species, representative of all major migratory flyways. The birds maximized wind support when selecting their sea-crossing routes and selected greater uplift when suitable wind support was available. They also preferred routes with low long-term uncertainty in wind conditions. Our findings suggest that, in addition to wind, uplift may play a key role in the energy seascape for bird migration that in turn determines strategies and associated costs for birds crossing ecological barriers such as the open sea.

Published
2021
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