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TThe reuse of wastewater, after treatment, is part of the country's water resource mobilization and development strategy. In irrigation and compared to conventional resources, the contribution of treated wastewater remains low, accounting for less than 1% of irrigated areas. However, the reuse of treated wastewater can be an important alternative to the use of untreated freshwater in the agricultural sector, particularly in a country like Morocco, where irrigation uses up to 90% of the consumed water. This study aims to assess the effect of treated wastewater reuse on the growth of beans (using stem length and leaf number). The experiment was conducted by irrigating bean plants with four types of water : Raw slaughterhouse wastewater, biologically treated water with light, sand-filtered water, and well water used as a control. The effects of these waters on bean development and production were compared to determine the impact of different treatments. The results indicate that irrigation with treated wastewater can be a viable alternative to the use of untreated water in agriculture, particularly in Morocco, where irrigation represents a significant portion of water consumption. However, prior treatment of wastewater, especially that from slaughterhouses, is crucial to avoid negative effects on crop growth. These results highlight the importance of wastewater treatment before reuse, offering a new perspective on the sustainable management of water resources in Morocco.

The environmental menace presented by olive pomace, a solid residue generated in the course of olive oil production, has been firmly established. Numerous investigations have underscored the efficacy of olive pomace as a soil enhancement. As a result, our examination centres on amplifying its agricultural advantages by means of composting and amalgamating it with other refuse materials. This strategy is designed to alleviate the environmental repercussions of olive pomace and trim down restoration expenses, thereby contributing to the transition toward a circular economy. Combinations for composting, comprising 15% to 50% olive pomace serving as a carbon input and 50% to 85% poultry manure as a nitrogen source, successfully underwent a 120-day composting procedure in barrels. The aim is to juxtapose the physic-chemical and microbiological traits of the composted olive pomace (Gr) and poultry manure (F), along with their amalgamations. This scrutiny endeavours to ascertain which treatment proves more efficacious as a plant fertilizer and soil amendment. The investigation also assesses the feasibility of reusing these two waste substances and gauges the maturity of the resultant compost. Throughout the composting progression, diverse microbiological and physic-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture levels, organic matter, and the evolution of the C/N ratio were systematically observed. The initial stages of the treatment disclosed heightened microbial activity in the blends, accompanied by a subsequent reduction in pathogen content towards the culmination of the composting course. The inquiry deduces that employing composts derived from olive pomace and poultry manure as sustainable substitutes for chemical fertilizers exemplifies the viability and potential for ecologically sound agricultural practices.

It is important to address metabolic and heavy metal issues in organic waste through sustainable development, circular economy principles and effective solid waste management, particularly focusing on composting as a crucial approach recognized in Morocco's Green Generation Plan to reduce waste sent to landfills and mitigate greenhouse effects and gas emissions to fight against environmental pollution. This study aims to elevate the significance of organic waste in agriculture by employing composting technics, thereby mitigating its heavy metal content and safeguarding soil and farmland against various forms of contamination. This approach aligns seamlessly with the principles of sustainable development and the circular economy, advocating for responsible waste management and the augmentation of natural resource value. The findings of the study indicated a decrease in heavy metal levels across all composts, with a minimum values at the end of the composting in Gr compost recorded in all heavy metals analyzed (Pb : 0,1125 mg kg-1 ; Cd : 0,08 mg kg-1 ; Cr : 2,22 mg kg-1 ; Zn : 10,88 mg kg-1 ; Mn : 28,85 mg kg-1 ; Cu : 8,30 mg kg-1 ; Fe : 545,18 mg kg-1 and Ni : 1 mg kg-1). The findings from the assessment of heavy metal levels in the examined compost samples demonstrate their adherence to regulatory standards. Consequently, these composts can be confidently employed as organic soil enhancers, contributing to the enrichment of agricultural soils and fostering plant growth, all while avoiding the potential hazard of undue metal contamination. This study comes to confirm and consolidate previous works findings regarding the valorization of organic solid waste through composting and to minimize their major environmental risks by reducing trace metal elements through this biological process.

The aim of this study was the valorisation of cactus (or prickly pear, Opuntia ficus-indica) seeds growing in six different regions of Morocco. Moisture, proteins, lipids profile, total polyphenols content, oxidative stability, and antioxidant activity were investigated. The Folin-Ciocalteu test highlighted the abundant presence of phenolic compounds (165 to 225 mg EAG/100 g of extract) and a significant antioxidant capacity against DPPH free radicals. The seeds contained protein (7–9.25%) and lipids (2.7–5%). Cactus oil quality indices such as acidity and peroxide value were below 1.2% and 10 mEq.O2/kg, respectively. GC analysis revealed that linoleic and oleic acid percentages ranged from 57.1 to 63.8%, and 13.5 to 18.7%, respectively. Cactus seed oil was rich in tocopherols (500–680 mg/kg) and phytosterols (8000–11,100 mg/kg) with a predominance of γ-tocopherols and β-sitosterol. Triacylglycerols, fatty acids and sterols composition showed small variation depending on the geographical origin, while the individual tocopherol profile was significantly influenced.

The urgent need to preserve cultural heritage is starkly evident in contemporary society, particularly poignant in Morocco where its rich cultural legacy faces unprecedented threats. The rapid forces of urbanization and relentless economic development have converged, resulting in the alarming devaluation and irreversible degradation of a substantial portion of this invaluable heritage. Within this disconcerting backdrop, certain remarkable vestiges have managed to endure the ravages of time. One such exemplar is the Marinid Madrasa, an architectural marvel from the 4th century, nestled within the Chellah archaeological site in Rabat, Morocco. Beyond its physical grandeur, the Madrasa plays a pivotal role as a conduit between the past and the future, facilitating the transmission of cultural heritage to generations yet unborn. This paper embarks on a multidisciplinary journey, employing advanced techniques such as terrestrial photogrammetry, numerical modeling, and specialized archaeological characterization, to undertake comprehensive diagnostic study processes. The convergence of these diverse methodologies lays a robust foundation for a holistic diagnostic study. This endeavor serves not only academic curiosity but becomes the cornerstone upon which strategies for compatible conservation and restoration interventions are erected. In the intricate interplay between historical preservation and the imperatives of progress, these methodologies form a bridge. This bridge links the architectural magnificence of the Madrasa with the imperatives of safeguarding it in a rapidly changing world. The ultimate aspiration of this multidisciplinary approach is twofold: to ensure the enduring protection of the Marinid Madrasa and other archaeological remnants against the erosive forces of time and urban development, and to forge a narrative that sensitively navigates the challenges posed by preserving cultural heritage in the face of modernity. In this endeavor, advanced technologies are interwoven with a profound recognition of the historical, social, and cultural significance of these sites, ultimately charting a course that not only conserves architectural brilliance but also honors the profound stories they encapsulate across the epochs.

Morocco's Atlantic coast, faces significant anthropogenic disturbances, leading to pollution in its waters used for various purposes. The primary objective of this study is to shed light on how the depollution project, a crucial part of the Bouregreg Valley development plan, has influenced the coastal area of the city. This has been achieved through a comprehensive analysis of the water quality, focusing on both physico-chemical characteristics and bacteriological aspects. Thirteen specific physicochemical parameters and fecal pollution indicators were meticulously monitored along the coastline. The goal was to gain insights into how water quality has changed over time and across different locations. The results of this investigation have revealed the substantial impact of the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) on the area, with varying degrees of efficiency observed, such as 63.04% for turbidity, 52.21% for BOD5, and 40% for organic matter.

In Morocco, the olive industry produces a large quantity of olive mill wastewater (OMW) every year for a short period (November to February). The physicochemical properties and quantities of these effluents depend largely on the extraction system used. The aim of this study is to characterize these effluents for the purpose of evaluating their impact on Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) germination and seedling growth. For this purpose, a germination experiment was conducted, wherein 25 Fenugreek seeds were positioned on filter paper within Petri dishes. Subsequently, these seeds were subjected to varying concentrations of water sourced from two olive crushing processes: the Continuous System (OMW-CS) and the Semi-Modern System (OMW-SM) (0%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). The Petri dishes were then placed in an incubator set at 25°C for a duration of 8 days The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that both types of water had an acid pH and were rich in organic matter. The 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) values were similar, while the chemical oxygen demand (COD) values were quite different. Microbiological analysis revealed that yeasts and fungi were the main constituents of the flora of these wastewaters, with no significant difference between the two types of OMW. However, the total number of aerobic mesophilic flora was higher for OMW-CS than for OMW-SM. Analysis of variance revealed a highly significant difference between OMW-CS concentrations (F=2998.667; p

Since its independence, Morocco suffered from many economic, social, environmental, and urban challenges. To deal with the existing dysfunctions, the State will look towards creating structuring projects, laws, national programs, etc. Except that all, the measures taken to remedy this do not integrate the population. The objective of this study is the participatory approach concretization in the process of sustainable development through a questionnaire targeting the resident population and the daily citizens in Rabat. As a result, various dysfunctions affecting mobility, pollution, and the living environment in general in Rabat were highlighted. These results will be the subject of a roadmap for an integrated and inclusive sustainable development project in a safe environment.

The study aims was to analyze the influence of extraction method and geographical origin on the quality of olive oils. Thirty samples of the "Moroccan Picholine" variety were collected from three types of crushers (hydraulic press, two-phase and three-phase) in four cities of the main Moroccan olive-growing region, Fes-Meknes, during the 2021 and 2022 harvest seasons. Oils from this region are generally of virgin and extra virgin olive oils quality, according to the International Olive Council, with high levels of oleic acid reaching up to 80.12 ± 1.94% for oils produced in Meknes, two-phase triturations. Two-phase extracted oils from Fez and Meknes show the highest MUFA/PUFA (monounsaturated fatty acids/ polyunsaturated fatty acids) ratios and lower quality parameters, indicating richness in monounsaturated fatty acids and improved oxidative stability. Polyphenol levels varied significantly between the cities of Fez, Meknes, Taounate and Taza, reaching 307.31 ± 17.44 mg/kg GAE for Fez, with notable differences (p < 0.05). In addition, chlorophyll and carotenoid levels differed significantly according to the type of extraction and the city of origin (p = 0.004 and p = 0.042, respectively). Principal component analysis identified three distinct groups based on extraction method and geographical location, highlighting the importance of these factors in obtaining olive oils with the specific characteristics sought.

The restoration and conservation of monuments and archaeological sites is a delicate operation. It requires fidelity, delicacy, precision and archaeological authenticity. The aim is to reveal, recreate as accurately as possible the characteristics of an archaeological site or part of it. Research during the last two decades has proved that 3D modeling, or the digital documentation and visualization of archaeological objects in 3D, is valuable for archaeological research. As well, as for conservation and presentation to a wide audience, as it allows the creation of realistic and accurate digital copies of archaeological objects. In the past, 3D modeling technologies were prohibitively expensive and too technologically specialized to be integrated into most historical heritage projects. However, advancements in computing and digital photography over the past decade have resulted in several low-cost, user-friendly options for 3D modeling, using photogrammetry. The latter has been used successfully for documentation of historic cultural. In recent years, this technology has become increasingly more popular for archiving, which provide the 3D model and digital ortho-image using high accuracy dense 3D points. The study has opted for the technique of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry by 3D surveys of architectural elements, to develop an archetype of the deteriorated Islamic Marinid site (a dynasty between the 13th and 15th centuries), and the Roman site (25 BC), located at the Chellah archaeological site in Rabat and Salé cities. However, the recognition of the importance of these Islamic sites, in terms of the evolution of Moroccan Islamic art, requires the combination of large-scale scanning capability of unmanned terrestrial, aerial photogrammetry and the photorealistic rendering of 3D, as well as exhaustive research on the history of this cultural site. The data acquired build an architectural database to archive and retrieve the entire existing architecture of monuments. This study has been completed by photogrammetrists, architects, and restorers.

The present work was carried out to evaluate the phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activities of some solvent extract (methanol, hydroethanol and aqueous) of several Moroccan medicinal plants known for their high antioxidant properties. The extracts were obtained by sonication, then, the total phenolics and flavonoids compounds were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminium chloride. Afterwards, the Total Antioxidant Capacity and DPPH scavenging methods were performed. Results of phytochemical analysis showed that the total phenolics content were the highest in the hydroethanolic extract of Arbutus unedo with 160.76 mg GAE g-1DM, and the flavonoids content were the highest for the hydroethanolic extracts of Inula viscosa with 489.77 mg QE g-1 DM. Also, it can be noted that Arbutus unedo, Argania spinosa, and Myrtus communis exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity respectively with 0.026; 0.043; 0.036 mg ml-1.

The reuse of wastewater, after treatment, is part of the country's water resource mobilization and development strategy. In irrigation and compared to conventional resources, the contribution of treated wastewater remains low, accounting for less than 1% of irrigated areas. However, the reuse of treated wastewater can be an important alternative to the use of untreated freshwater in the agricultural sector, particularly in a country like Morocco, where irrigation uses up to 90% of the consumed water. This study aims to assess the effect of treated wastewater reuse on the growth of beans (using stem length and leaf number). The experiment was conducted by irrigating bean plants with four types of water: raw slaughterhouse wastewater, biologically treated water with light, sand-filtered water, and well water used as a control. The effects of these waters on bean development and production were compared to determine the impact of different treatments. The results indicate that irrigation with treated wastewater can be a viable alternative to the use of untreated water in agriculture, particularly in Morocco, where irrigation represents a significant portion of water consumption. However, prior treatment of wastewater, especially that from slaughterhouses, is crucial to avoid negative effects on crop growth. These results highlight the importance of wastewater treatment before reuse, offering a new perspective on the sustainable management of water resources in Morocco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to address metabolic and heavy metal issues in organic waste through sustainable development, circular economy principles and effective solid waste management, particularly focusing on composting as a crucial approach recognized in Morocco’s Green Generation Plan to reduce waste sent to landfills and mitigate greenhouse effects and gas emissions to fight against environmental pollution. This study aims to elevate the significance of organic waste in agriculture by employing composting technics, thereby mitigating its heavy metal content and safeguarding soil and farmland against various forms of contamination. This approach aligns seamlessly with the principles of sustainable development and the circular economy, advocating for responsible waste management and the augmentation of natural resource value. The findings of the study indicated a decrease in heavy metal levels across all composts, with a minimum values at the end of the composting in Gr compost recorded in all heavy metals analyzed (Pb – 0.1125 mg·kg-1, Cd – 0.08 mg·kg-1, Cr – 2.22 mg·kg-1, Zn – 10.88 mg·kg-1, Mn – 28.85 mg·kg-1, Cu –8.30 mg·kg-1, Fe – 545.18 mg·kg-1 and Ni – 1 mg·kg-1). The findings from the assessment of heavy metal levels in the examined compost samples demonstrate their adherence to regulatory standards. Consequently, these composts can be confidently employed as organic soil enhancers, contributing to the enrichment of agricultural soils and fostering plant growth, all while avoiding the potential hazard of undue metal contamination. This study comes to confirm and consolidate previous works findings regarding the valorization of organic solid waste through composting and to minimize their major environmental risks by reducing trace metal elements through this biological process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cactus seed oil is gaining considerable popularity in the cosmetic industry. To estimate cactus seed oil’ industrial as well as domestic ease of use, we investigated the oxidative stability of Moroccan cactus seed oil under accelerated aging conditions. In addition, we compared cactus seed oil stability to that of argan oil, a popular and well-established cosmetic oil, under the same conditions. Cactus seed oil is much more sensitive to oxidation than argan oil. Its shelf-life can be estimated to be no longer than 6 months at room temperature. Such instability means that the preparation process for cactus oil must be carried out with great care and cactus seed oil needs to be protected once extracted.

Thymus leptobotrys is a medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, endemic in Morocco, and used in traditional medicine. The present work aims to study the phenolic compounds, the antioxidant activity, the anti-inflammatory effect, and the toxicity of two ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Thymus leptobotrys aerial part. The yield of the methanolic extraction (22.2%) is higher than that of the ethanolic extraction (15.8%) and is characterized by higher contents of polyphenols 243.08 mg/g GAE (mg/g of gallic acid), flavonoids 179.28 mg/g RE (mg/g of rutin), and tannins 39.31 mg/g CE (mg/g of catechin). The in vitro measurement of antioxidant activity with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical reduction test and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) test demonstrates the higher performance of the methanolic extract. The evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect in vivo on adult Wistar female rats leads to a very significant decrease in the inflammation of the edema compared to the standard drug (indomethacin) and the control group. The toxicity test reveals that both extracts showed no toxicity within an LD50 above 2000 mg/kg body weight of the rats.