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Functionalization and various applications of biomaterials have progressively gained a major interest due to the cost-effectiveness, renewability, and biodegradability of these substrates. The current work focalized on the functionalization of microcrystalline cellulose with polyethyleneimine solution (3 %, 5 %, and 10 %) and hydrazine sulfate salt (1:1, 1:2, 2:1) using an impregnation method. Untreated and treated samples were characterized using FT-IR, SEM, XRD, TGA, and DTA analyses. The crystallinity index values for control microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose-polyethyleneimine, and cellulose-hydrazine were 57.13.8 %, 57.29 %, and 52.62 %, respectively. Cellulose-polyethyleneimine (5 %) and cellulose-hydrazine (1:1) displayed the highest adsorption capacities for calmagite (an anionic dye). At equilibrium, the maximum adsorption capacities for calmagite achieved 104 mg/g for cellulose-polyethyleneimine (5 %), 45 mg/g for cellulose-hydrazine (1:1), and only 12.4 mg/g for untreated cellulose. Adsorption kinetics complied well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption isotherm fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm. Overall, the functionalized cellulosic samples could be considered potential materials for the treatment of contaminated waters.

A biological extract of Cynomorium coccineum was used for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles using copper sulphate as a starting matter. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed the presence of the functional groups characteristics of biological extract, i.e., triterpenes, phenolics, flavonoids, and other reducing agents. SEM analysis showed that the surface of the particles were clusters and rough. The Elemental analysis by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) proved the purity of the particles, showing the presence of elemental copper oxide which was surrounded with some elements of the plant. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed that the crystalline nature of the particles was affected by temperature. The average crystallite size was calculated to be about 14.2 nm. The total weight loss registered within the thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was 52.8%, suggesting that about 47.2% of the metallic copper is present in the prepared copper nanoparticles which supported the data reported within EDX analysis. The adsorption characteristics of the nanoadsorbents were examined using methylene blue as adsorbate and the bio-sorption capacity reached 64 mg/g at room temperature. The values of B and bt, calculated from Temkin equation, increased with the increase in temperature (295–328 K), indicating endothermic adsorption and strong dye-nanoadsorbent interaction. The mean free energy (E = 100–129.1 kJ/mol), calculated from Dubinin-Radushkevich indicated that the chemisorption is the process involved for the adsorption of methylene blue. In summary, the results obtained in this study deliver the design and the synthesis of new materials for removing pollutants. Keywords: Biological, Cynomorium coccineum, Nanoparticles, Nano-adsorbent, Molecular solute-solvent interactions, Molecular-level (microscopic) interactions in solutions

Marine algae wereprovedto begoodadsorbentsformany pollutants. In this work, Aegagropila Linnaei (Aegagropila L.) was treated with sodium hydroxideand sodium chlorite. The extracted cellulose content was 18.5%. It was functionalized with Dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and diallylamin co-polymer. The products were characterized using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). The samples were studied as adsorbents of methylene blue(MB) and acid blue 25(AB25) in a controlled batch system. The effect of salts concentration (KCl, NaCl, and CaCl2), adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time and initial dye concentration on the adsorption mechanism was discussed. At equilibrium, the adsorption of MB and AB25ontoextracted and functionalized cellulose reached 109 mg/g and 139 mg/g, respectively. Under the same conditions, the adsorption capacity of AB25 and MB onto unmodified Aegagropila L. was, only, 32 mg/g and 47 mg/g. The pseudo second-order kinetic equation exhibited the optimal fitting results. The mean free energy (E = 70.71 to 223.6 Kj/mol), calculated from Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm, suggested a chemi-sorption mechanism. Overall, the results confirmed that the studied products could be considered as valuable bio-sorbents of dyes from contaminated waters.

Metal oxide nano-materials have been proved to be highly developed materials. In this current work, copper sulfate was reduced into copper oxide nanoparticles using biological Nerium oleander leaves extract. The prepared particles were used as valuable nano-adsorbents of methylene blue and crystal violet from aqueous solution. FT-IR spectroscopy analysis indicated that the studied extract contained carbonyl groups, phenolics, and other reducing agents. SEM analysis showed that the nanoparticles varied in size and shape distribution. The purity of the particles was proved by EDX analysis, showing the presence of elemental copper oxide. The crystalline nature of the nanoparticles was confirmed using XRD patterns and the crystallite size was calculated as 21 nm. The effect of dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, time, and temperature on the sorption behavior was discussed. The sorption equilibrium of methylene blue and crystal violet was reached, only, at about 30 and 40 min, respectively. The sorption process was correlated with kinetics and common isotherm models. The pseudo second-order equation exhibited the optimal fitting results. Langmuir monolayer adsorption was 81.2 mg/g for methylene blue and 67 mg/g for crystal violet which was a level comparable to some other common bio-sorbents. In summary, we have highlighted effective and eco-friendly nano-adsorbent for the treatment of colored waters and it will be, also, interesting for multipurpose applications.

The current paper focuses on the use of Cynomorium Coccineum peels extract for cotton fibers dyeing in an easy and effective way without the use of mordants. Prepared extracts were analyzed using U...

Cellulose-based substrates could represent potential funds for the sorption of pollutants. Herein, methylene blue was selected for demonstrating the bio-sorption efficiency of Nerium oleander, Pergularia tomentosa and Populus tremula seed fibers. Their cellulose contents were 45%, 43.8% and 60%. Their lignin amounts were 21%, 8.6% and 12%, respectively. Fourier Transform InfraRed suggested that the interaction of these bio-products with methylene blue could occur between hydroxyl and ester groups of cellulose and lignin and the sulfur and nitrogen atoms of the dye. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed a swelling of the bio-matters after dye biosorption. From X-Ray Diffraction, the shifting for higher values of the peaks related to the amorphous phase indicated the establishment of new rearranged regions. Such change from the decomposition behavior event studied by Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential Thermal Analysis revealed that methylene blue was interacted with cellulose and lignin structures. The effect of adsorbent dosage, pH, time, dye concentration and temperature was investigated in controlled batch experiments. Excellent sorption capacities followed the order: Nerium oleander (280.2 mg g−1) > Populus tremula (168 mg g−1) > Pergularia tomentosa (145.3 mg g−1). Freundlich fitted best the equilibrium data suggesting cooperative interactions via physisorption and chemisorption phenomenon. Kinetic data complied well with the pseudo-second-order suggesting a chemisorption mechanism.

The current report deals with the assessment of the characteristics of Tunisian Juglans regia L. (Walnut) fractions. First, prepared stem and leaves methanolic extracts were chemically characterized. The Total Phenolic Contents (TPC), Total Flavanoid Contents (TFC) and the concentration required to scavenge 50% of DPPH* (IC50) were determined. The ability of walnut fractions to quench reactive species was measured through 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) radical scavenging activity assay. The highest values of TPC and TFC were achieved using leaves fraction whereas the maximum value of IC50 was reached using stem part. The main constituents of this latter were analyzed using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS) and its antibacterial activities against pathogenic strains of Aspergillus Niger, Aeoromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas Fluorescens , Salmonella arizonae 2, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella arizonae1, Orchi Epididymite and Escherichia Coli were reported. Results reveal that Aspergillus Niger and Salmonella arizonae 1 are the most sensitive microorganisms exhibiting the largest inhibition zones (18 H value, extract concentration, temperature and agitation speed were studied and the dyeing performances of samples were determined. For example, compared to the dyeing properties using leaves extract at optimum conditions, the improvement of color in the leaves-stem mixture is about 1.7 times. The resulting data from rub, light, wash and perspiration fastness assays exhibited fair to excellent grades.

The current paper describes the chemical modification of hydroxyapatite surface by sodium metasilicate via double decomposition method at room temperature for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The physicochemical properties of the prepared adsorbents (CaHAp-MSi) were characterized by Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), chemical analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to study the effect of several parameters on the adsorption process such as initial MB concentration, contact time, pH value, and temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity for (CaHAp-MSi)15 composite achieved 163.4 mg/g and it was only 59.8 mg/g for unfunctionalized CaHAp. The adsorption of MB onto the studied adsorbents may have been controlled by both physisorption and chemisorption processes. Given the chemical structure of MB molecules and CaHAp–(MSi) composites, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions could be the major driving forces for an efficient adsorption. Thermodynamic investigation suggested that the adsorption of MB dye onto functionalized hydroxyapatite was non-spontaneous and exothermic. Overall, this study highlighted the possibility of developing CaHAp-MSi composites materials for an effective removal of cationic dyes from colored waters.

The current study reports on the functionalization of Nerium oleander seed fibers (NOF) with Ethylene-Diamine (ED-NOF) and Hydrazine (HD-NOF) in order to improve their reactivity in regard with the adsorption of dyes. Fibers were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and SEM features. The numbers of the coordinating sites per gram of each support, Ca (mmol·g− 1), were 0.847 and 0.588 mmol·g− 1 for ED-NOF and HD-NOF, respectively. The change of the adsorbed amount of Acid Blue 161 (AB161) and Acid Red 183 (AR183) in batch system was investigated with respect to pH value, contact time, dye concentration and temperature. Maximum amounts of dye removal were achieved using ED-NOF as adsorbent and they were found to be 35 mg·g− 1 and 12.2 mg·g− 1, respectively, for AB161 and AR183. The adsorption process complies well with the pseudo first-order. The fitting of the data to the adsorption isotherms best follow the Freundlich model. The studied fibers are to be moderate for the removal of AB161 (1 2). The energy (E) values are, in the most cases, lower than 40 kJ mol− 1, suggesting that the adsorption of AB161 and AR183 is physical one. The calculated adsorption energy constants (B) arranged well with the same trends observed for the effect of temperature.

The current paper reports on the chemical modification of Almond Shell ( Prunus dulcis ) waste (AS) with either [PolyDimethy-Diallyl-Ammonium-Chloride-Diallylamin- co -polymer] (PDDACD) or Chitosan polymer (CS) to improve its reactivity. The characteristics of the products were achieved using Whiteness Index, FT-IR spectroscopy and SEM features. The surface of shell powders is found to be rough with macroporous and microporous structure. Adsorption process was investigated using Acid Blue 25 (AB25) and Methylene Blue (MB) with respect to the change in pH value, initial dye concentration, contact time and temperature. The optimum doses of cationic reagents for the removal of AB25 are to be 0.5% and 5%, respectively, for CS and PDDACD. The equilibrium of AB25 is attained at about 60 and 30 min, respectively, for [AS-CS] and [AS-PDDACD]. However, it was reached at 60 min for MB. At 25 °C and after equilibrium, the adsorbed capacity (q t ) of MB on AS was 84.9 mg·g − 1 . The modeling of kinetic data reveals that the adsorption of AB25 on [AS-CS] shows a good adjustment to the pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium data, globally, best fit the Freundlich model. The studied products are moderate and sometimes good sorbents for AB25 (n > 2). The Energy values (E) are higher than 40 kJ mol − 1 confirming that the adsorption of AB25 and MB is chemical. Based on the advantages offered and registered sorption results, Almond shell waste could be selected as adsorbent of both anionic and cationic dyes in its raw and functionalized form.

Alginate and carrageenan bio-polymers have been proved to be, only, good sorbents of cationic dyes. In this study, we reported the synthesis of [λ‑carrageenan‑calcium phosphate] and [sodium alginate‑calcium phosphate] modified with dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and diallylamin co-polymer, which could be used as effective adsorbents of anionic dyes. Evidence of chemical modification was proved through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) band shifting, peaks broadening in X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and the change in thermal event (TGA). The sorption process was studied using acid blue 25 as representative anionic dye. The adsorbed quantity reached, at equilibrium, 446 mg/g and 195 mg/g using cationized [sodium alginate‑calcium phosphate] and cationized [λ‑carrageenan‑calcium phosphate], respectively. However, it does not exceed 3.4 mg/g in the case of the unmodified [sodium alginate‑calcium phosphate]. The sorption of acid blue 25 using cationized hybrid materials complied well with the pseudo-second-order suggesting a chemi-sorption. Freundlich isotherm described well the adsorption mechanism of the three studied adsorbents. In summary, the high sorption capacities of the cationized hybrid materials obtained in this study suggest their use as effective adsorbents of acid dyes from wastewaters.

The printing of cellulosic materials using nanoparticles is seldom reported. In this investigation, cotton fabrics were successfully printed with 2%, 5%, 8% and 10% of colloid metal oxide nanoparticles through the reduction of copper, magnesium and nickel salts using biological Cynomorium Coccineum extract. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of the colored cotton displayed the presence of peak characteristics of phenolic groups of the biological extract. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) features and the shifting of the main peaks in X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the nanoparticles were embedded on the cellulose surface. The color depth (K/S) indicated the wine-red color of the printed samples. It was affected by the type of the metal, colloid metal concentration, number of the cycles of printing, and mordant quantity. The printed samples exhibited very good wash and rubbing fastness results. The biological activity of all printed cotton fabrics showed their ability to reduce the viable total count of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans microbes in their microbial suspensions, with different efficiency depending on the type of both colloid metal and nature of the microbe. Cotton printed with nickel oxide nanoparticles showed high activity against Salmonella typhi.

For the first time, co-polymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and diallylamin (PDDACD) was used to modify the films derived from the waste of palm date fruits, which were then investigated by the purification of colored aqueous solutions. The physico-chemical characteristics were identified using data color, FT-IR spectroscopy, and SEM features. The modified films were evaluated as adsorbents of Methylene Blue (MB), Direct Yellow 50 (DY50), Reactive Blue 198 (RB198) and Naphtol Blue Black (NBB). High retention capacities were achieved in the following order: The equilibrium da DY50 (14 mg g−1) −1) −1) −1). The kinetic modeling of the data revealed that the adsorption data follows the pseudo second order model. It was fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Redushkevich equations, and the data best fit the Freundlich model indicating that the adsorption might occur in the heterogeneous adsorption sites. These results reveal that PDDACD modified films are valuable materials for the treatment of industrial wastewater. Moreover, the as-prepared adsorbent is economically viable and easily controllable for pollutant adsorption.