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A large amount of water is used in the textile industry during the finishing and dyeing processes leading to the production of what is known as textile wastewaters. Textile wastewater is highly rich in COD and color and is characterized by relatively low biodegradability. This study aimed to investigate the treatability of reactive red dye-rich textile wastewater with the application of an airlift internal circulation membrane bioreactor (AIC-MBR). Experimental results demonstrated that high removal efficiencies of COD, NH3-N, and reactive red up to 99.70%, 97.83%, and 97.23%, respectively, can be achieved using the AIC-MBR system. Besides, EPS and SMP analyses reflected an SMP polysaccharide (PS) and protein (PN) membrane rejection that reached 88% and 72.6%, respectively. Finally, the capillary suction time measurement highlighted a good dewatering capacity of the sludge with a low membrane fouling tendency at the end of the operating period.

Atrazine is a triazine herbicide widely used for the control of weeds. Physico-chemical characteristics of atrazine such as long half-life, low vapor pressure, low pKa, and high mobility have led to its persistence in the environment. Thus, atrazine may accumulate and exceed acceptable levels in terrestrial ecosystems, groundwater, and surface water bodies. Several studies related to atrazine determination have been performed as the first step to monitor its presence in the environment. In addition, various treatment strategies have been developed for the efficient removal of atrazine from wastewater. This review summarizes the primary methods for atrazine determination, focusing upon selective and sensitive methods that achieve low detection limits (ng/L). In addition, several treatment strategies that recorded removal efficiencies from 7.0 to 99.70% for atrazine are discussed.

A simultaneous liquid-phase microextraction method was investigated as an alternative to the traditional dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of copper. The potential of this approach is based on the simultaneous complexation and extraction process (SCE) using an innovative spraying apparatus forming finer droplets. Method optimization was performed after ensuring the complexation of copper with a novel ligand, namely 8-(1,3-dihydroxy-1-phenylpropan-2-ylimino)methyl)-7-hydroxy-4-phenyl-2H-chromen-2-one ligand with respect to the conventional FAAS system; the detection power of the new developed system (spraying-assisted fine droplet formation-based simultaneous liquid-phase microextraction-slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry, SAFDF-SLPME-SQT-FAAS) was about 33.8. The quantification and detection values were calculated to be 8.7 and 2.6 µg L−1. Recovery studies were tested in clove extract samples. Obtained percent recoveries were between 96.0 and 103.3% highlighting the applicability and the accuracy of the developed method.

This review highlights the methodologies for sampling, sample preparation, and identification of microplastics found in wastewater treatment plants. The presence and deposition of microplastics in the environment lead to serious environmental and ecological concerns. The role of wastewater treatment plants in spreading microplastics to the environment poses additional threats that need to be treated. Thus, the key challenges remain in understanding the fate and occurrence of microplastics in the wastewater treatment plant and the ability to detect them at each stage of the treatment. This review, therefore, helps to understand the fate and occurence of microplastics in the wastewater treatment plant. Besides, it is organized to present an overall discussion of the available microplastics detection techniques from sampling to identification. (C) 2020 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A novel preconcentration methodology to enhance the sensitivity of a flame atomic absorption spectrometer for indium determination was investigated in this study. The proposed methodology is based ...

Dairy wastewater in the literature has been treated using different electrochemical methods, but none of them applied a simultaneous hybrid electrocoagulation-electrooxidation (EC-EO) system. In th...

Quorum quenching using different kinds of inhibitors is a new subject of research that is used for biofilm prevention in wastewater treatment membrane systems. In this study, three natural compounds, namely tea, coffee and vanillin, were tested in order to evaluate their possible effects on wastewater sludge characteristics in a batch type aerobic reactor. The parameters evaluated included the soluble microbial products (total soluble microbial products, protein and carbohydrate fraction of soluble microbial products), extracellular polymeric substance concentrations (total extrapolymeric substances, protein and carbohydrate fraction of the extrapolymeric substances), floc size, zeta potential, sludge volume index and capillary suction time. The effects of these plant based compounds upon the quorum sensing N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone signal were also investigated using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) under optimized conditions. The results indicated different effects for each natural compound upon the sludge characteristics. The role of these natural compounds as quorum quenchers in the batch-type aerobic reactor was inconclusive due to their effects on extraction outputs. Understanding the effect of quorum quenchers on sludge characteristics is important and recent studies have been aimed at preventing biofilm formation in membrane bioreactors.

The presence of reactive dyes in textile wastewater is a serious environmental concern due to their associated mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. The present study aims to analyze the effect of different anodic materials on the decolorization of a real textile wastewater effluent. For this purpose, four different anodic materials-TiO

The urgent call for the control and regulation of pesticide usage arose from the adverse health effects associated with their excessive and wrong application mostly in the agricultural field. The uncontrolled use of pesticides has been proved to affect the environment because of their ability to accumulate in different environmental resources such as water and soil. Fenazaquin is one of the mostly used pesticides in the agricultural field known by its adverse health effects. In this study, the previously mentioned pesticide "fenazaquin" was analyzed in two different kind of environmental samples: irrigation canal water and soil samples using a highly accurate gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GCMS). In the first step of the study, the limit of qualification (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and relative standard deviation (RSD) were determined and calculated to be 0.04 mg/L, 0.14 mg/L and 10.2%, respectively. In the following step, the samples were spiked at different concentrations using low volumes of high concentration stock solution, to ensure the real effects of the sample matrices were observed. All measurement were performed by applying the adequate temperature program of the sensitive analytical instrument GCMS. The results obtained using the classical recovery procedure was satisfactory but matrix matching calibration strategy was used to improve the percent recoveries to almost 100%. Thus, this study explains the possibility of fenazaquin determination in two different environmental samples using the classical recovery and matrix matching strategies. Irrigation canal water and soil samples are on a high contamination risk from the pesticides used in the agricultural field., Pestisitlerin tarımsal alanlarda gereğinden fazla ve yanlış kullanımlarının yol açtığı sağlık problemleri, pestisit kullanımının düzenlenmesi ve kontrol edilmesi için acil müdahalenin gerekliliğini doğurmuştur. Kontrolsüz pestisit kullanımının çevreye olan etkisi su ve toprak gibi çevresel kaynaklarda meydana gelen p ile kanıtlanmıştır. Fenazaquin tarım alanlarında yaygın olarak kullanılan ve canlı ve çevre sağlığı açısından olumsuz etki gösterdiği bilinen pestisitler içerisinde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, iki farklı çevresel kaynaktan alınan numune analiz edilmiş; yüksek hassasiyete sahip bi gaz kromatografisi-kütle spektrometrisi (GC-MS) kullanılarak sulama kanal suyu ve toprak numunelerinde daha önce belirtilen pestisit ‘fenazaquin'in tayini gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında tespit limiti (LOD), tayin limiti (LOQ) ve bağıl standart sapma (RSD) değerleri sırasıyla 0.04 mg/L, 0.14 mg/L and 10.2% olarak belirlenmiştir.l Bir sonraki adımda, gerçek örnek matrislerinin analiz sonuçlarına etkilerini gözlemlemek amacıyla, yüksek konsantrasyonlu stok çözeltilerin düşük hacimleri ilave edilerek numuneler farklı kokonsantrasyonlarda hazırlanmıştır.Yapılan bütün ölçümlerde hassas analitik cihaz GCMS sisteminde geliştirilen uygun sıcaklık programı kullanılmıştır. Klasik geri kazanım prosedürünü kullanarak elde edilen sonuçlar yeterli derecede olmasına rağmen matris eşleştirme kalibrasyon stratejisinin kullanımı sayesinde geri kazanım oranı neredeyse %100’e yükseltilmiştir. Nitekim, bu çalışma iki farklı çevresel numunedeki fenazaquinin klasik geri kazanım ve matris eşleşme stratejisi ile tespit edilebileceğini açıklamaktadır. Sulama kanalı suyu ve toprak örnekleri tarım alanlarında kullanılan pestisitlerden kaynaklanan yüksek kontaminasyon riski altındadır.

Nanoparticles are defined as a group of particles having sizes between 1 and 100 nm and characterized by some specific physicochemical properties such as surface area, surface charge, degree of agglomeration, particle morphology and surface coating. Nanoparticles have been widely used in different fields resulting in their intentional or unintentional release into the aquatic environment. This work focused on reviewing the main sources of nanoparticles in the aquatic environment, their interactions and transformation processes. This review also summarizes all the possible toxicity forms and the factors affecting nanoparticles toxicity in the aquatic environment.

Atrazine is used in agriculture and is known for its high toxicity. It therefore poses a risk to surface and ground waters, and human life. In this study, an electrochemical method was optimized fo...

Despite recent increase in microplastics-related studies, little is known about their abundance in seabed sediment areas. However, the quantity of microplastics (MPs) in sediments is imperative for an overall understanding of worldwide MPs pollution. To address the above-mentioned gap, this study was performed on 43 seabed sediment stations from the Marmara Sea of Turkey. Studied stations vary between marine (MRN), pier (PIER), stream (STR), sea discharge (SD), and deep-sea discharge (DSD) stations. Collected seabed sediment samples were analyzed for MPs abundance, shape, size and color distribution. Besides, an investigation on the effect of sea depth on MPs' total abundance, size, and shape was investigated using Pearson's and Spearman's product momentum correlation coefficient. Empirical data analysis showed that the highest MPs abundance at STR stations changed between 1956.5 +/- 3031.8 and 3256.2 +/- 5168.2 particle/kg (dry weight: d.w.) for small MPs particles (SMP) and large MPs particles (LMP), respectively. Contrarily, the lowest abundance was found as 224.8 +/- 423.05 and 287.68 +/- 218.6 particle/kg (d.w.) for SMP and LMP fractions, respectively at DSD stations. The MPs abundance were found at 5 categorized stations in the following order; STR>PIER>MRN>SD>DSD, noted that the highest MPs quantity was found at STR-6 station located in Golden Horn. The isolated MPs were predominantly filament and fragment in shape (42.34 +/- 6.10% and 33.91 +/- 6.92%), blue and white in color (40.46 +/- 4.66% and 24.75 +/- 3.83%). Mean MPs abundance was determined to be 1957.37 +/- 4079.96 particle/kg (d.w) at all 43 stations and sizes between 1 and 5 mm was found to be predominant at depths between 5 and 71m. Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between sea depth and parameters such as total MPs abundance, shape, and size. The overall results revealed the widespread presence of MPs in the seas surrounding Istanbul.

Microplastics (MPs) are considered a new type of pollutant that invades different environmental regions. The gradual increase in consumption of plastic products has led to its abundance in the ecosystem as a result of degradation of larger plastics into smaller particles. A great scientific interest in this topic arose from a series of unknowns that fell into different research disciplines. This review aims to take a look at the latest research papers on the detection of MPs in the world's marine environments. Some of the recent studies performed in the marine environments of the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern regions are listed in this study. The highest number of MPs were found mainly in the Pacific ocean with an average concentration of 918 items/m3. However, the occurrence of MPs in the Atlantic, Arctic, Indian and Southern oceans reduced to 7.68 item/m3, 0.7 item/m3, 0.32 item/m3 and 0.022 items/m3, respectively. Average MPs concentration reported are based on the case studies listed in this paper. Additionally, this paper highlights the variety of equipment used for the detection of MPs in seawater and deep seawater. On the other hand, the mitigation of MPs occurrence was discussed noting the urgent need for global cooperation to reduce the use of plastics and increase the use of biodegradable and bioplastics. Finally, the importance of this study remains in the broad screening of MPs in the world's marine environment underlying existing research gaps and possible mitigation methods for MPs reduction.

This study is carried out to investigate the effect of the cathodic contribution in the performance of electro-oxidation process for decolorization of the textile wastewater effluent pre-treated with a lab-scale moving bed-membrane bioreactor. For this purpose, titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used as anode electrode and four different cathodic electrode materials: Graphite, TiO2, TiO2-coated Platine, and TiO2-coated ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) (namely RuO2) were tested and compared for their color removal efficiencies. Besides, the optimization parameters that affect color removal in correspondence to the electrode materials, such as applied current, electrolysis time, and pH were studied. In this context, the optimum parameters for each electrode material were selected, and the color removal percentages were found as 92.95%, 91.58%, 91.40%, and 89.17% for TiO2/Graphite, TiO2/Platine, TiO2/TiO2, and TiO2/RuO2, respectively. Finally, the operational cost for each of the tested cathodic electrode materials was calculated in each of the studied optimization parameters making it easier and practical for the selection and evaluation of the electrode materials by the readers. The correlation coefficients (R2) were 81.2%, 87.1%, 86.7%, and 88.6% respectively as a result of the optimization study using the nonlinear regression modeling.

RATIONALE Pesticides are a group of micropollutants that persist for a long time in the environment and pose threats to life. Much effort has been devoted to developing pre-concentration methods capable of producing samples suitable for the detection of pesticides. However, better methods are still required to detect these compounds when they are present in trace concentrations in soils. METHOD Spray-assisted fine-droplet-formation-based liquid-phase microextraction was used to prepare soil samples containing three different pesticides, fenpiclonil, nitrofen and fenoxaprop-ethyl, for subsequent analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A spraying apparatus was used for the dispersion of the extraction solvent into the sample/standard solution to improve the extraction efficiency. Optimization studies were performed to lower the detection limits of these analytes and the results obtained by the application of the newly developed system were compared with those obtained using the conventional GC/MS method. RESULTS A calibration curve over the range 5.0-100 μg L-1 was obtained under the optimal conditions. The limits of detection and quantification were 1.56-1.80 μg L-1 and 5.21-5.98 μg L-1 , respectively. The enhancements in detection ability over the conventional method for the three tested pesticides were 188.01, 176.96 and 517.14 for fenpiclonil, nitrofen and fenoxaprop-ethyl, respectively Recovery studies performed in soil samples were satisfactory reflecting accurate applicability of the developed method. CONCLUSIONS The developed microextraction method is a time-saving and simple version of the traditional dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method that also reduces the use of dispersive solvents.

Shale gas is an alternative natural source of energy resulting from the anaerobic degradation of organics within shale formations. However, shale gas exploration is accompanied by shale gas wastewater production constituting a new source of pollution threatening the environment. Electro-Fenton process (EF) is used for the first time in this study as a new method for shale gas wastewater treatment where the optimum operating parameters of the the responses including COD, color, total phenol removal efficiencies and waste sludge volume were determined using a response surface methodology (RSM). Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) was calculated and found to be above 0.94 for all the responses. The maximum removal efficiencies were found to be around 87.35%, 89.15%, and 91.75% for COD, color, and total phenol removal under the optimum conditions, respectively. The operational cost of the EF process applied to shale gas wastewater for COD removal at optimum conditions was determined to be 4.13 €/m 3 . The results indicated that the electro-Fenton seems to be an efficient treatment method for shale gas wastewater.

The bacterial communication through signaling molecules termed quorum sensing has gained a lot of attention due to its applicability to different fields of study. Quorum sensing regulates several bacterial activities such as biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, bioluminescence and bacterial virulence. These coordinated activities are only realized when the bacterial population reaches a high population density. The signaling molecules used in quorum sensing occur at very low concentrations which call for very sensitive methods for their identification and characterization. Many studies have been performed on the use of inhibitors in attempt to disrupt quorum sensing and consequently alleviate its negative effects. This article gives a description of the types of auto-inducers involved in quorum sensing and the fields of study they greatly affect especially the environmental one. It also covers types of analytical sample preparation and detection methods, and different types of inhibitors used for quorum quenching.

Membrane fouling is a serious challenge for membrane bioreactors (MBRs) as it shortens the membrane life and affects its permeability negatively. Considerable efforts and research are still under development to understand this phenomenon and to suggest new antibiofouling strategies. In this chapter, emerging antifouling control methods are critically reviewed to cover most of the recently emerging studies and issues related to biofouling control. The mechanical and chemical cleaning through the addition of different chemical agents are discussed in detail, focusing on the latest emerging chemical approaches. In addition, the role of aeration and the development of different modification strategies are negotiated as well for their effect on membrane fouling mitigation and energy consumption minimization. Furthermore, the latest biological, electrical, thermodynamics, and nanoparticles intervention for the mitigation of membrane fouling in MBRs is discussed in detail. Such a critical review gives a promising insight for a more green, sustainable, and less energy consuming methods mentioning, on the other hand, the challenges associated with them.

The discovery of small-molecule drug candidates is a challenging multidimensional process that has distinct preclinical and clinical stages. The early-stage small-molecule drug discovery began by identification and lead generation that was later improved to overcome the challenges associated with different parameters related to the active ingredient characteristics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics (PD), efficacy, dose, and safety. Recent technological and analytical advances in this area have succeeded to identify new drug molecules and targets. In this chapter, the relation between natural products exploration and drug discovery is discussed by also mentioning different diversification methods. In addition, a brief review on the different types of target-based technologies with the accompanied automated molecule design such as de novo design, molecular docking, and microfluids-based synthesis was negotiated for the benefit of drug discovery. In this chapter, the role of quorum sensing in the antibacterial drug discovery was discussed based on its ability of regulating bacterial infection. Apart from natural products of drug discovery, other methods such as biosensors and induced pluripotent stem cells were presented by demonstrating their roles in producing new clinical products that may serve the drug discovery field. When biosensors succeed in quantifying a defined analyte in a final drug product and recording all the changes occurred after a drug entrance to the cell, stem cells demonstrate its capability in treating neurodegenerative diseases.

This study presents the use of Quick Easy Cheap Efficient Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) as an effective sample cleaning procedure and switchable solvent liquid phase microextraction (SS-LPME) as a preconcentration tool for the determination of fenazaquin by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at ultratrace levels. After a thorough optimization process, 0.50 mL of switchable solvent, 1.5 mL of 1.0 M sodium hydroxide, and 15 s of vortexing were determined as optimum conditions of the SS-LPME method. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) determined using the optimum method (SS-LPME/GC-MS) were 0.05 and 0.18 ng/mL, respectively. Compared with direct GC-MS determination of fenazaquin, the optimum method yielded about 800-fold enhancement in detection power of GC-MS. The method was applied to lake, irrigation canal, well, and wastewater samples. In order to test the method’s applicability on fresh tomato samples, a QuEChERS method was used before applying the SS-LPME method. Matrix-matched calibration standards were used to enhance the accuracy of fenazaquin quantification in spiked tomato samples to obtain recovery results close to 100%.

Microplastics (MP) pollution has emerged in the last 10 years as an interesting topic of research worldwide. However, microplastic pollution is a new multidisciplinary subject that encompasses many unknowns and enters different fields of science. Research carried out in Turkey on the subject is quite limited and remained on a small scale covering only several stations most of the time.This paper aims to study microplastics distribution, type, and color in 43 stations within the Marmara Sea. The novelty of this work is due to the selection of the stations which cover marine (MRN), pier (PIER), stream (STR), sea discharge (SD), and deep-sea discharge (DSD) stations. The effect of the seawater physicochemical characteristics on microplastics distribution was statistically studied using the Pearson's product momentum correlation coefficient. The highest microplastics abundance was for pier stations (3497.02 particle/km2) and the lowest was for marine stations (276.1857 particle/km2).

This study presents a novel preconcentration and separation method for manganese determination using a green switchable solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction and slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-LPME-SQT-FAAS). The switchable solvent was prepared from the mixture of N,N dimethylamine and ultrapure water, using dry carbon dioxide for protonation. A coordinate complex of manganese was formed with ((E)-2,4-dibromo-6-(((3-hydroxyphenyl)imino)methyl)phenol ligand synthesized in the lab. Parameters including pH, buffer volume, ligand concentration/volume, switchable solvent volume and sodium hydroxide concentration/volume were optimized to enhance complex formation and extraction efficiency. The limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOD) and enrichment factor were determined as 0.71 µg L−1, 2.4 µg L−1 and 101 folds, respectively. The applicability of the developed method was tested in soil samples using the matrix matching calibration method. The percent recovery results obtained (98–105%) established the method’s accuracy and applicability to real samples.

Determination of lead at trace levels was achieved by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) after the preconcentration with deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction (DES-LPME). A green solvent was used to extract lead from the aqueous solution. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency and determination were optimized in the aim to lower the detection limit. Under the optimum experimental and instrumental conditions, the proposed method exhibited a linear range between 50 and 1000 µg L−1, and the limits of detection and quantitation (LOD and LOQ) were found to be 8.7 and 29.0 μg L−1, respectively. The detection power was improved by 48 times using DES-LPME-SQT-FAAS method with respect to conventional FAAS system. Recovery studies were carried out in raw milk samples to check the accuracy and the applicability of the developed method and the percent recoveries obtained were between 102.5 and 103.2% for the spiked raw milk samples.

A sensitive and efficient dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction (DMSPE) method was developed to determine fenazaquin at trace level by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Fenazaquin belongs to the quinolone group of pesticides having an ovicidal activity in some agricultural crops and it is known to cause several adverse health effects. Magnetic nanoparticles were utilized as adsorbents in the extraction process and were synthesized based on the basic precipitation procedure. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles were also functionalized in a nitrogen atmosphere with oleic acid in order to enhance the adsorption capacity. The main parameters that affect the DMSPE preconcentration method including the type and amount of magnetic nanoparticles, type and volume of elution solvent were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, a linear range was obtained between 0.20 and 500 ng/mL and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) calculated were 0.06 µg/L and 0.21 µg/L, respectively. The enhancement in detection power was found to be 793.7. The accuracy of the developed method was tested on diegsted almond samples, spiked at two concentrations and extracted with acetonitrile. The respective percent recovery results calculated for 5.0 and 20 mg/kg spiked samples were 91.2 ± 0.4% and 109.4 ± 3.4%.

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are rapidly developing systems widely used for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater prior to their discharge into the environment. Membrane fouling is the most important challenge in MBRs, because it negatively affects membrane performance, resulting in low permeate flux, higher transmembrane pressure and frequent membrane cleaning/replacement. In this study, the effect of tea and coffee on sludge characteristics, membrane fouling and the bacterial signalling molecule N-butyryl-l-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) in a membrane bioreactor system were investigated. For this purpose, four different continuously operated membrane bioreactors, treating synthetic domestic wastewater and dairy wastewater were operated in parallel under the same conditions. The results indicated that the soluble microbial products (SMP) and the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the reactors showed similar trends for both synthetic domestic and dairy wastewater, where protein levels were higher than carbohydrate levels. Other parameters such as floc size, zeta potential, hydrophobicity, sludge volume index and capillary suction time were also analysed prior to and after the addition of coffee and tea. Analysis of the wastewater samples by GC-MS revealed that coffee and tea significantly enhance the extraction efficiency of C4-HSL. The results obtained in this study can serve as a good basis for further research.

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is a rapidly growing technology, and it is increasingly used for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment applications all over the world. These systems provide high-quality effluents due to effective removal of several pollutants including micropollutants present in wastewater. This ability also allows MBRs to be used for wastewater reuse applications. This chapter summarizes the MBR technology for wastewater treatment and discusses factors affecting membrane fouling and fouling control strategies. Municipal and industrial wastewater treatment and possibilities of retrofitting and upgrading potential for existing wastewater treatment plants are also addressed.

Gunumuzde kaya gazi yeni bir enerji kaynagi olarak ele alinmakta ve kaya gazi ekstraksiyonuna yonelik arastirmalar tum dunyada hiz kesmeden devam etmektedir. Dusey ve yatay sondajin birlikte kullanildigi ekstraksiyon calismalarinda kaya gazinin aciga cikarilabilmesi icin kaya formlarina yuksek hacimlerde basincli su enjekte edilmektedir. Kaya formlarina enjekte edilen suyun geri cekilmesi ile kullanilan suyun yaklasik %10’u ila %80’i atiksu olarak karsimiza cikmaktadir. Olusacak atiksu hacmini minimize edebilmek icin kaya gazi atiksuyunun on aritimi yapilarak ekstraksiyon calismalarinda yeniden kullanimi son derece onemlidir. Diger yandan kaya gazi atiksuyu yuksek miktarlarda toplam cozunmus kati madde, agir metal, hidrokarbon ve organik madde icerir ve bu nedenle atiksuyun desarj edilmeden once aritilmasi gerekmektedir. Bu derleme calismasinda kaya gazi ekstraksiyonunda kullanilan yontemler ve ekstraksiyon esnasinda uretilen atiksuyun ozellikleri ve aritim metodlari irdelenmistir. Kaya gazi atiksuyunun mekanik buhar kompresyonu ile buharlastirilmasi, membran distilasyonu, ters ozmos, ileri ozmos, ileri kimyasal aritma yontemleri ve biyolojik aritma yontemleri ile aritilabilirligi arastirilmistir.