Search

International audience; As decisions on climate change adaptation involve stakeholders with different values, beliefs and attitudes (VBA), decision outcomes depend on how stakeholders interact and how power is distributed. In this paper, we explore the VBA of stakeholders involved in three water management projects focusing on dams, micro-reservoirs, or wetlands in a Peruvian watershed facing droughts. We apply a framework with the core ideas of the hydrosocial cycle, the decision context perspective, and the VBA hierarchy to show how stakeholders’ perspectives and power influence practices on the ground. The analysis of VBA reveals three different perspectives on water management held by different stakeholder groups. First, a community-based perspective, frequent among local communities, favors micro-reservoirs managed by communities. Second, an infrastructure-based perspective, frequent among public sector stakeholders, shows a preference for dams managed by the private sector. Third, a nature-based perspective, with a preference for wetlands managed by the public sector, is found across stakeholder groups. In the three water management projects, different power distributions determine which VBA dominate and influence practices on the ground. Dams on the ground represent power from the public and private sectors, while micro-reservoirs represent local grassroot control. In the wetland project, the outcomes of the evolving hydrosocial cycle are still unclear and will depend on how multiple perspectives are considered. Examining and questioning the decision context in which adaptation occurs can help excluded stakeholders achieve more power and agency and tackle the fundamental question of ‘adaptation of what and for whom’.

The HIV-1 Envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole target for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Env is heavily glycosylated with host-derived N-glycans, and many bnAbs bind to, or are dependent upon, Env glycans for neutralization. Although glycan-binding bnAbs are frequently detected in HIV-infected individuals, attempts to elicit them have been unsuccessful because of the poor immunogenicity of Env N-glycans. Here, we report cross-reactivity of glycan-binding bnAbs with self- and non-self N-glycans and glycoprotein antigens from different life-stages of Schistosoma mansoni. Using the IAVI Protocol C HIV infection cohort, we examine the relationship between S. mansoni seropositivity and development of bnAbs targeting glycan-dependent epitopes. We show that the unmutated common ancestor of the N332/V3-specific bnAb lineage PCDN76, isolated from an HIV-infected donor with S. mansoni seropositivity, binds to S. mansoni cercariae while lacking reactivity to gp120. Overall, these results present a strategy for elicitation of glycan-reactive bnAbs which could be exploited in HIV-1 vaccine development., This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program under grant agreement 681137 (to K.J.D. and I.H.), the Medical Research Council (MRC) (to K.J.D. [MR/K024426/1]), The Rosetrees Trust (to K.J.D. [M686]) and Fondation Dormeur, Vaduz (to K.J.D). This research was funded or supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London and/or the NIHR Clinical Research Facility. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service (NHS), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), or the Department of Health. N.R. acknowledges funding from Ministry of Science and Education grants CTQ2017-90039-R, RTC-2017-6126-1, and CTQ2011-27874 (fellowship to K.B.) and the Maria de Maeztu Units of Excellence Program from the Spanish State Research Agency (grant MDM-2017-0720). F.A. was funded by the Wellcome Trust (104958/Z/14/Z). J.A. was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the grant PID2019-109395GB-I00. J.A. and S.M. acknowledge support of BBSRC (grant BB/P010660/1). T.H. and S.W. were funded by Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) Norwich Research Park Doctoral Training Grant BB/M011216/1. IAVI’s work is made possible by generous support from many donors, including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, Irish Aid, the Ministry of Finance of Japan in partnership with The World Bank, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), and the United States Agency for International Development. The full list of IAVI donors is available at www.iavi.org. Brendan McAtarsney and Jonathan Hare from the IAVI Human Immunology Lab (HIL) for coordinating the samples transfers and shipments. Monica Agromayor and the KCL Nikon Centre for assistance and advice on confocal microscopy. NMRI strain Schistosoma mansoni-infected Biomphalaria glabrata snails were provided by the NIAID Schistosomiasis Resource Center, Rockville, USA.

International audience; Power asymmetries affect the governance of natural resources but are rarely considered explicitly in ecosystem services research, which often overlooks the diversity of actors and their interactions. In this paper, we propose an innovative and easily replicable method to analyze two types of power asymmetries, using social network analysis and a power typology which distinguishes between influence and domination. We apply this method to a network of actors involved in the governance of eight ecosystem services in the Peruvian Andes. The results reveal substantial power asymmetries, of different types. Indirect managers of ecosystem services had higher influence and domination than the direct managers and beneficiaries. Businesses showed significantly lower influence than members of civil society, non-governmental organizations, and the public sector (state or decentralized organizations, public enterprises). Compared to other actors, members of the public sector had significantly higher domination, especially national actors. Domination and influence relationships strongly increased conflict probability, along with difference of domination score between two actors. A better interdisciplinary understanding of the determinants of power asymmetries can make the governance of socio-ecological systems more sustainable.

The present study is focused to elucidate the main characteristics of the digestive function of this carnivorous fast-growing fish living at high temperatures. With this aim, we have examined the effects of an increased temperature from 30 to 34 °C on the daily pattern of gastrointestinal pH, enzymatic proteolytic digestive activity and the feed transit time in early juveniles of cobia (Rachycentron canadum), a species living in tropical and subtropical waters with an increasing aquaculture production. Fish were fed two meals a day. Gastric luminal pH was permanently acidic (mean pH values: 2.76–4.74) while the intestinal pH increased from neutral/slightly acidic to slightly alkaline when the digesta was present, with an increasing alkalinity from proximal to distal intestine (mean pH values: 6.05 to 7.69). The temperature did not affect the gastric pH but a slightly higher acidity was induced in the intestine at 34 °C. Pepsin activity showed a daily rhythm at 30 °C with maximum in the middle of the light period, while at 34 °C some hourly changes coinciding with feed adding without a clear daily trend during the 24-h period were observed. The trypsin activity exhibited a daily rhythm at both temperatures with an increase after morning feeding to reach a maximum several hours later. Average pepsin activity during the daily cycle was slightly higher at 34 °C (6.1 and 7.3 U mg−1 BW at 30 and 34 °C respectively), but values were significantly different only at 8 and 24 h after the morning meal. Similarly, the trypsin activity was significantly affected by the temperature only at 8 and 16 h after the morning meal, but daily activity averages were similar (1.20 and 1.29 U g−1 BW at 30 and 34 °C respectively). The partial transit rates of the first meal in the stomach for each period inter-samplings were higher during the first 4-h period and decreased progressively along the rest of the 24-h cycle at both temperatures, but no significant differences were detected at 30 °C. In addition, the transit was notably faster at 34 °C particularly during the first 8 h after feeding, with rates between 100 and 65% of total volume displaced (intake or released) during each 4-h period. In the intestine the transit rate was relatively constant and similar at both temperatures during 12 h after feeding. Then the rates remained very low during the following 12 h. Residence time of the first meal was longer at 30 than at 34 °C, particularly in the stomach (12 h:02 min vs 4 h:54 min respectively). In the intestine the difference was not so large (8 h:18 min vs 6 h:24 min respectively). In a parallel study under same conditions, cobia reared at 30 °C grew faster and showed a more favorable feed conversion ratio than those at elevated temperature (34 °C). The present results indicate that at 34 °C, a subtle increase of proteolytic activity cannot compensate for the faster gut transit rate. Therefore, 30 °C is more appropriate temperature for the early on-growing of cobia because at higher temperatures the digestion efficiency decrease being one of the causes for a lower growth., The project WISEFEED received funding by the European Union's H2020 programme (Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant No 691150). Additional funding from project EFISHDIGESTAGL2014-52888 (MINECO, Spain + FEDER/ERDF contribution). S.E. acknowledges a Foundation for Science and Technology of Portugal (FCT) investigator grant IF/00482/2014/CP1217/CT0005 funded by the European Social Fund, the Operational Programme Human Potential and FCT. This work also received national funds through FCT through project UDI/Multi/04326/2013 and Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation NORHED, No. QZA-0485 SRV-13/0010.

This paper seeks to determine and characterize social and cultural preferences for the conservation of endangered forest elephants (EFEs) in the Congo Basins Tridom Landscape. Using unique data from a stratified, random, face-to-face survey with 1,035 households in 108 villages in 2014, we combine double-bounded dichotomous choice with open-ended elicitation formats to assess the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for EFE conservation. We find that local households are willing to pay CFA 1,139.4 (€1.74) per month to prevent EFE extinction. This totals CFA 753.9 million (€1.15 million) per year for all inhabitants. Indigenousness positively influences the WTP for EFE conservation. Spatial data suggest that local communities prefer that elephants remain far from their crops. The existence of human-elephant conflicts has a neutral effect on preferences for EFE conservation. Therefore, our study suggests that local communities would engage in biodiversity preservation when the public benefits of conservation are accompanied by private benefits, such as human-elephant conflict avoidance.

This study determined impacts of dietary methionine concentrations at two temperatures on growth, feeding efficiency and N‐metabolites in juvenile cobia. Methionine concentrations of the experimental diets were deficient (M9; 9 g/kg), sufficient (M12; 12 g/kg) and surplus (M16, 16 g/kg). Water temperature was normal (30°C) or elevated (34°C). Twenty cobia in triplicate tanks were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks. Both methionine and temperature affected cobia's growth and feeding efficiency. Cobia fed M9 performed lower than the fish fed M12 and M16 diets. Additionally, cobia reared at 34°C performed poorer than at 30°C, probably due to lower voluntary feed intake in the fish reared at 34°C. Protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value in cobia fed M9 diet were less than M12 or M16 diets. This was confirmed with the improved retentions of indispensable amino acids (AAs). No interactions between methionine and temperature were observed in growth and protein accretion. At 30°C, CF improved, while HSI and VSI declined upon methionine supplementation levels. Of which an interaction between temperature and methionine was present. Plasma, muscle and liver free AA and N‐metabolites were affected by methionine and temperature. Furthermore, temperature affected cobia's lipid class composition, resulting in increased phospholipids and cholesterol at 34°C., The project WISEFEED received funding by the European Union's H2020 Programme (Marie Skłodowska‐Curie grant No 691150) and additional funding from MINECO Spain project EFISHDIGEST AGL2014‐52888 and the European Social Fund FCT IF/00482/2014/CP1217/CT0005. S.E. acknowledges a Foundation for Science and Technology of Portugal (FCT) investigator grant IF/00482/2014/CP1217/CT0005 funded by the European Social Fund, the Operational Programme Human Potential and FCT. This work also received National Funds through FCT through project CCMAR/Multi/04326/2013 and Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation NORHED, No. QZA‐0485 SRV‐13/0010.

Trabajo presentado en la International Conference and Exposition Aquaculture Europe 2017, celebrada en Dubrovnik del 17 al 20 de octubre de 2017., Increased sea temperature due to climate change will affect the physiology, behavior, and geographical distribution of marine species, including fish (Botkin et al., 2007). However, little information is available on the impact of elevated temperature and interactions with appetite, amino acid metabolism and growth in cobia (Rachycentron canadum), a candidate species in aquaculture. This work is part of a larger study aimed to determine whether there is a link and possibly a positive effect between the dietary methionine levels, elevated temperature and feed intake. Here we describe the effects on appetite and mRNA expression of the orexigenic (appetite stimulant) neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related protein (AgRP), and the anorexigenic (appetite inhibiting) cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and cholecystokinin (CCK) in cobia brain., Project WISEFEED funded by the European Union’s H2020 programme (Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant No 691150). Additional funding from Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation NORHED, No. QZA-0485 SRV-13/0010, MINECO Spain project EFISHDIGEST AGL2014-52888, and the European Social Fund FCT IF/00482/2014/CP1217/CT0005. Sofia Engrola cknowledges a FCT investigator grant IF/00482/2014/CP1217/CT0005 funded by the European Social Fund, the Operational Programme Human Potential and the Foundation for Science and Technology of Portugal (FCT).

Póster presentado en el Aquaculture Europe 16 (Food for Thought), celebrado en Edimburgo del 20 al 23 de septiembre de 2016., This study examines the postprandial pH changes in the digestive tract of Cobia juveniles reared at 30° and 34° C. Cobia juveniles maintain a gastric luminal pH close to 4 throughout the day. A slight increase occurred after feeding due to the buffering and dilution effect of the ingested food and drinked sea water. In the intestine the luminal pH increased after the first meal and declines to neutral values by the end of the day. Higher alkalinization was observed in the intestine at 34° than at 30° C., Financed by Project WISEFEED funded by the EU H2020 programme (Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant No 691150). Additional funding from Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation NORHED, No. QZA-0485 SRV-13/0010, and MINECO Spain, project EFISHDIGEST AGL2014-52888-R. S Engrola acknowledges a FCT investigator grant IF/00482/2014/CP1217/CT0005 funded by the European Social Fund, the Operational Programme Human Potential and the Foundation for Science and Technology of Portugal-FCT.

Trabajo presentado en la International Conference and Exposition Aquaculture Europe 2017, celebrada en Dubrovnik del 17 al 20 de octubre de 2017., Increased sea temperature due to global warming will affect the physiology, behavior, and geographical distribution of marine fish (Botkin et al., 2007). Temperature is one of the vital factors affecting metabolism, growth and energy budget of fish, as for other ectothermic organisms (Hunter et al., 2016). Until now, there is no information available on the impact of temperature on amino acids metabolism on cobia (Rachycentron canadum), a candidate species in aquaculture. The present study aimed to determine the interactions of elevated temperature and dietary methionine on growth, metabolism and N-retention in cobia., Project WISEFEED funded by the European Union’s H2020 programme (Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant No 691150). Additional funding from Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation NORHED, No. QZA-0485 SRV-13/0010; MINECO Spain, project EFISHDIGEST AGL2014-52888-R; and European Social Fund, IF/00482/2014/CP1217/CT0005. Sofia Engrola acknowledges a FCT investigator grant IF/00482/2014/CP1217/CT0005 funded by the European Social Fund, the Operational Programme Human Potential and the Foundation for Science and Technology of Portugal (FCT).

Entre os gases de efeito estufa, o óxido nitroso (N2O) é considerado importante por apresentar poder de aquecimento 296 vezes maior que o dióxido de carbono (CO2) e tem sua dinâmica muito dependente da disponibilidade de C e de N mineral no solo. Portanto, conhecer os fatores que interferem na sua emissão é fundamental para desenvolver estratégias de mitigação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica da emissão de N2O na presença de diferentes quantidades de palha de arroz e de teores de nitrato na solução do solo. Para tal, nove tratamentos com a combinação de doses de nitrato de sódio (equivalente a 0, 50 e 100 g kg-1 de N-NO−3) e as quantidades de palha de arroz (equivalente a 0, 5 e 10 Mg ha-1) foram aplicados em vasos, onde foram submetidos a condições anaeróbicas por alagamento. A emissão de N2O foi influenciada positivamente pela maior dose de NO−3 e pela menor quantidade de palha adicionada no solo. No 1º dia após alagamento (DAA), a emissão de N2O foi alterada de forma significativa entre os tratamentos, com e sem adição de NO−3, com pouca interferência da presença da palha de arroz nesse momento. O maior pico de emissão foi observado no 4º DAA nos tratamentos com maior adição de NO−3; naquele momento, a adição da palha de arroz provocou efeito negativo sobre a emissão de N2O, provavelmente por causa da imobilização do NO−3. Também houve alterações nas demais características eletroquímicas do solo, em que as maiores adições de palha elevaram os teores de Fe, Mn e C dissolvido. Esses resultados indicaram que a redução da concentração de NO−3 no solo e o aumento da quantidade de palha incorporada diminuem a emissão de N2O.