Search

This article presents an analysis of the functional design of a collection of 346 projectile points from archaeological sites in the Puna de Atacama (21.9°–24.7° S) that belong to the cultural sequence dating from 12,500–2400 yr BP, which ranges from the earliest groups to inhabit the area to the emergence of the first agro-pastoralist societies. The results obtained reveal significant changes in projectile or weapons technologies throughout the sequence. This begins with projectile points whose measurements point to the predominance of the spearthrower-dart system during the Early Archaic, followed by the diversification and specialization of these technologies during the Middle Archaic, with a significant increase in the use of throwing and thrusting spears. In the Late Archaic, projectile point dimensions diminished significantly, displaying patterns that remained until the Early Formative. Nevertheless, during this last period some measurements decreased slightly, and a major change is detected in the haft width of stemmed points. Three alternate hypotheses are proposed for these last changes: 1) the presence of the bow-and-arrow system from the late Archaic onward; 2) the appearance of the bow-and-arrow system from the Early Formative only; 3) the reduction and standardization of spearthrower-darts, without the presence of the bow-and-arrow system until after the Early Formative. We argue that the first two hypotheses are the most plausible, although we consider the first to be the most likely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engraulis ringens (anchovy) is a small pelagic fish of the Family Engraulidae that inhabits the neretic‐coastal zone from northern Peru to south‐central Chile. It is the main resource species of industrial fishing of northern Chile, representing 80% of the annual landings of the purse seine fleet. The history of this fishery (1985–2023) shows a strong decrease in annual industrial landings, especially during extreme El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The greatest decrease in landings in two decades occurred in 2020, coinciding with a cold La Niña event, which had not been observed in previous La Niña events. We evaluated whether the current decrease in annual landings of E. ringens is associated with oceanographic changes in northern Chile during El Niño or La Niña events. We applied a neuronal network model to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of E. ringens using the catch probability of each boat of the industrial purse seine fleet. The selected oceanographic variables (sea surface temperature, salinity, depth of the mixed layer, sea height and currents) for the 2003–2020 period were obtained from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS program) and used as predictor variables of the monthly landings of E. ringens. The neural network model explained 97% of the monthly variability of catch probability of E. ringens by the industrial purse seine fleet. The spatial distribution of catch probability of E. ringens was analyzed independently for El Niño (2015), La Niña (2007, 2013, and 2020), and Neutral (2004) years. We found that catch probability extended further west during La Niña events (except for 2020), occupying a greater area, but were limited to a 10 nautical mile coastal strip during the El Niño event. The spatial distribution of catch probability in the Neutral condition was near the coast, although not as restricted as during the El Niño event. The higher catch probabilities in the La Niña event of 2020 were near the coast, in contrast to the previous La Niña events of 2007 and 2013, due to the restriction of the optimal habitat of E. ringens in response to changes in oceanographic conditions. The application of the results of this study will allow understanding and probably anticipating the consequences that extreme ENSO events could have on the catch probability of the industrial anchovy purse seine fleet in northern Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recordings of earthquakes by a temporary deployment of 84 short period seismometers in northern Chile were used to derive regional 3D seismic velocity models for the Taltal segment. We used the Regressive ESTimator (REST) package for event detection and automatic onset estimation of P‐ and S‐wave arrival times to create an earthquake catalog with 23,985 hypocenters. We followed standard acceptability criteria (i.e., azimuthal gap and residual cutoff) to create a high‐quality data set and inverted for 3D Vp, Vs and Vp/Vs models using local earthquake tomography. Plots of hypocenters from the catalog, comprising 16,349 earthquakes, reveal active structures in the upper crust, dip changes along the slab and fracturing within the oceanic crust. Moreover, the wavespeed models illuminate anomalies in both the Nazca and South American plates that correlate with the observed seismicity distribution, including variations from low (1.75) to high (>1.80) Vp/Vs near the Atacama fault system on the coastline and the Domeyko Fault System in the forearc. The seismic velocity models also provide evidence for fluid circulation caused by the subducting Taltal ridge on the coast and partial melting feeding a volcanic complex close to the Andes. Finally, the observed low Vp/Vs ratios (∼1.75) are associated with copper mining operations in the area, suggesting that this kind of imaging can be used to characterize the distribution of potential ore deposits in the area. Plain Language Summary: We recorded earthquakes in northern Chile with a network of 84 seismometers and used the arrival times of P and S waves to generate 3D wavespeed models of the region. These models reveal several structures in the area, including changes in the angle of the subducting Nazca plate and fractures in the oceanic crust. Among features observed in both the Nazca and South American plates are the Atacama and Domeyko fault systems. We also infer fluid circulation caused by the subducting Taltal ridge and partial melting that feeds a volcanic complex near the Andes. Low values of the Vp/Vs ratio are associated with copper mining operations in the area and could be used to identify new ore deposits. Key Points: Seismic catalog reveals forearc activity and slab dip variations. Vp anomalies in the oceanic plate are related to mid‐depth seismic eventsVelocity models uncover anomalies in Salar de Atacama and Taltal ridge that might influence seismicity distribution and hydration changesShallow low Vp/Vs (<1.75) correlate with ore deposits; deep high Vp/Vs (>1.80) suggest fluids and melting for the Lastarria volcanic complex [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of poisonous pigments for mortuary preparation in ancient hunter-gatherers allows us to investigate the relationship between this practice with socio-economic organization, mortuary ideology, and potential impacts on human health from overexposure to these dangerous compounds. About 6000 years ago, the Chinchorro people, maritime hunter-gatherers in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile, began mining manganese to ornament the dead, representing the earliest form of artificial mummification in the world. We present the analysis of the bones from 68 Chinchorro mummies using flame atomic absorption spectrometry, revealing, for the first time, the presence of manganese in their bodies. We excluded the potential diagenesis by comparison of manganese concentration difference between the cemetery soils and outer coating of the mummy and by manganese source identification by SEM/EDX. Approximately 84% (57/68) of individuals have manganese concentrations beyond normal 1 ppm and 20.6% (14/68) were overexposed to levels of higher toxicity (≥ 10 ppm), with no sex differences, suggesting equal participation in manganese handling. We conclude that manganese exploitation and refining for the ritualistic treatment of the dead posed a serious occupational hazard for the living, with evidence that many of the Chinchorro people were likely involved in these activities. This is relevant, considering manganese dust inhalation produces neurological disorders and Parkinson-like symptoms. These findings open new avenues for research into the long history of anthropogenic pollution in the Americas and the importance of mineral gathering and processing as part of a broader subsistence spectrum undertaken by these ancient hunters, gatherers, and fishers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanism is the presence of an excess of dark pigmentation in an animal, which causes a total or partial blackening of the skin. In fish, melanosis has been reported for a few species, indicating that it is not a common aspect and that it more frequently affects limnic species. The capture of a Sebastes oculatus female specimen, with complete melanism, is reported. The individual was captured by hand line, in the town of Isla Pájaro II, northern Chile. Its standard length is 31.5 cm and its total weight is 993 g. The general coloration of the body is dark gray. The fins do not have the orange hue characteristic of the species at their ends. The melanic condition in S. oculatus is very rare, it is the second time that it has been reported for this species, where the expression of a dark color would be beneficial for specimens that inhabit bottoms with little vegetation and between cracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Recordings of earthquakes by a temporary deployment of 84 short period seismometers in northern Chile were used to derive regional 3D seismic velocity models for the Taltal segment. We used the Regressive ESTimator (REST) package for event detection and automatic onset estimation of P‐ and S‐wave arrival times to create an earthquake catalog with 23,985 hypocenters. We followed standard acceptability criteria (i.e., azimuthal gap and residual cutoff) to create a high‐quality data set and inverted for 3D Vp, Vs and Vp/Vs models using local earthquake tomography. Plots of hypocenters from the catalog, comprising 16,349 earthquakes, reveal active structures in the upper crust, dip changes along the slab and fracturing within the oceanic crust. Moreover, the wavespeed models illuminate anomalies in both the Nazca and South American plates that correlate with the observed seismicity distribution, including variations from low (1.75) to high (>1.80) Vp/Vs near the Atacama fault system on the coastline and the Domeyko Fault System in the forearc. The seismic velocity models also provide evidence for fluid circulation caused by the subducting Taltal ridge on the coast and partial melting feeding a volcanic complex close to the Andes. Finally, the observed low Vp/Vs ratios (∼1.75) are associated with copper mining operations in the area, suggesting that this kind of imaging can be used to characterize the distribution of potential ore deposits in the area.

The Atacama desert stands as the most arid, non-polar, region on Earth and has accommodated a considerable portion of the world's ground-based astronomical observatories for an extended period. The comprehension of factors important for observational conditions in this region, and the potential alterations induced by the escalating impact of climate change, are, therefore, of the utmost significance. In this study, we conduct an analysis of the surface-level air temperature, water vapour density, and astronomical seeing at the European Southern Observatory (commonly known by its acronym, ESO) telescope sites in northern Chile. Our findings reveal a discernible rise in temperature across all sites during the last decade. Moreover, we establish a correlation between the air temperature and water vapour density with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases, wherein, the warm anomaly known as El Niño (EN) corresponds to drier observing conditions, coupled with higher maximum daily temperatures favouring more challenging near-infrared observations. The outcomes of this investigation have potential implications for the enhancement of the long-term scheduling of observations at telescope sites in northern Chile, thereby aiding in better planning and allocation of resources for the astronomy community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the nutritional status of Aymara and non-Aymara children in Arica, comparing anthropometric measurements of boys and girls aged 4-10 to inform interventions for child health and development. We conducted a non-experimental, quantitative, cross-sectional study in Arica, Chile. The sample included 458 children, with equal representation of Aymara and non-Aymara children from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Trained research assistants collected anthropometric data using standardized techniques. IBM SPSS statistical software was used for data analysis, including Student's t-test and the Levene test. Both Aymara and non-Aymara children showed high prevalence of overweight and obesity. Boys had a meso-endomorph somatotype, while girls had an endomorph somatotype. Among 8-year-olds, non-Aymara children had a slightly higher mean body weight (35.87, SD 4.50) compared to Aymara children (32.27, SD 4.31), but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). However, 10-year-old Aymara girls had a significantly higher mean body mass index (22.34, SD 4.21) than non-Aymara girls (20.10, SD 3.58) (p=0.05). Regarding body fat percentage, 10-yearold non-Aymara girls had a slightly higher mean (31.01, SD 5.64) than Aymara girls (26.12, SD 5.63), but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The study found high levels of overweight and obesity in children from northern Chile, increasing with age for both Aymara and non-Aymara groups. The somatotype patterns were consistent across both groups. Although the differences between Aymara and non-Aymara children were not statistically significant, the Aymara group showed slightly higher levels of overweight and obesity. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to confirm these results and identify potential trends. Efforts should focus on promoting healthy nutrition and physical activity to address the growing problem of overweight and obesity in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Arqueologia is the property of Revista de Arqueologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is a first approach to the kinship and social organization of the Ayquina-Turi Atacama Indigenous Community (El Loa Province, Antofagasta II Region) from the perspective of a genealogical inquest made in situ and in the city of Calama. The discussion unfolds in four stages: first, an introduction to the setting where the ethnographic inquiry was conducted; second, the presentation of the problem which inspired the research; third, the exposition of the baseline information; and fourth, the analysis thereof. In contrast to the current situation in other peasant indigenous communities in the Central and Southern Andes, it is possible to identify a strong tendency towards the conformation of matrifocal family units related to a generalized practice of intrafamily adoption, which finds ethnographic echoes reverberating in other places of South America, namely British Guiana.

During the second decade of the twentieth century, with the industrialization of the Chuquicamata mine (Atacama Desert, Chile), workers from an American mining company introduced baseball to the inhabitants of the city of Tocopilla. From an elite sport practised by the Americans and embodying social segregation, baseball evolved into a widespread social practice that identified the city at a national level. Local communities adopted baseball, becoming a sport with solid labour, ethnic, economic, and political identity. In addition, the mining capitalists instrumentalized the popular triumph of baseball to create better social relationships between American and local workers and to improve the company's corporate image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stratabound Cu–(Ag) deposits in the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile were emplaced under an extensional setting during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Las Luces and Altamira are two stratabound Cu–(Ag) deposits located approximately at the same latitude (~ 25°45′S), but the former is hosted by Jurassic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, and the latter by Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequences. Both deposits show similar hydrothermal alteration types with albitization and hematite–chlorite superimposed on low-grade regional metamorphism. Sulfide mineralization is represented mainly by pyrite, chalcopyrite, and a bornite– "chalcocite" assemblage. Chalcopyrite is relatively minor and can replace early pyrite. In addition, framboidal pyrite of possible diagenetic origin was observed in Altamira. Copper mineralization is dominated by a bornite– "chalcocite" assemblage; however, electron probe analyses show that "chalcocite" has a composition ranging from geerite to djurleite. The typical mymekitic-like exsolution texture observed in the bornite–Cu sulfides assemblage is interpreted as caused by sub-solidus re-equilibration on cooling of the bornite–digenite solid solution. Silver, the main by-product in these deposits, is probably incorporated in solid solution in Cu sulfides and bornite, although Ag–sulfide microparticles were occasionally observed within sulfides in Altamira. Copper sulfides of the geerite–djurleite series can contain high amounts of Ag, ranging between 202 and 789 ppm, whereas in bornite from Las Luces Ag can reach up to 270 ppm. The presence of low-temperature (~ 100 °C) hydrothermal Cu sulfides is consistent with formation temperatures of < 300 °C, based on previous fluid inclusion studies. Bulk stable isotope data shows that sulfur in these deposits have different sources. In Las Luces δ34S values for bornite and pyrite (− 2.5 to + 2.9‰) indicate a magmatic source, whereas in Altamira the negative values for "chalcocite" (δ34S: − 38.7 to − 10.7‰) are interpreted as sulfur derived by bacterial reduction of marine sulfate. The Las Luces and Altamira deposits were possibly formed by high water/rock ratios where basin-derived fluids leached metals from the volcanic/volcano-sedimentary host rocks. However, extensive leaching of the volcanic host rocks necessary to extract the Cu contained in silicate minerals is not consistent with the relatively small volume of hydrothermal alteration associated with these deposits, suggesting an additional magmatic contribution. In the revised genetic model, variable contributions of a magmatic and non-magmatic source are needed to form these stratabound Cu–(Ag) deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orogenic growth of the Domeyko Cordillera was induced by a positive tectonic inversion. In this work, we have validated this interpretation from new field data, which were combined with 2‐D reflection seismic profile interpretations obtained along the Central Andes forearc of northern Chile. To compare with this information, we performed a new series of Analog Models dealing with positive tectonic inversion. On the basis of this, we propose an integrated kinematic model that describes the relationships between extensional structures, inversion structures, and pure thrust faulting. The proposed model is developed with an initial syn‐rift phase related to the filling of half‐graben basins, followed by a positive tectonic inversion phase. Our models show two main structural styles: partially inverted normal faults and newly formed pure thrust faulting. The partial inversion of previous normal faults represents the initial stage of exhumation of the syn‐rift deposits. The pure thrusting consists of east‐verging faults, which decapitate early or partially inverted normal faults. The first type of structures are compared with west‐verging inverted, or partially inverted, normal faults, inversion anticlines, and buttressing structures, exposed on the western flank of the Domeyko Cordillera. The second type of structures are compared with the east‐verging thrust faults exposed on the eastern flank of the Domeyko Cordillera. Finally, we consider that the architecture of the Domeyko Fault System is associated with inversion structures and pure thrust faulting; being these faults first‐order structures that led to the orogenic growth of the Domeyko Cordillera from the Upper Cretaceous. Key Points: Pure thrusting and inverted normal faults are described and interpretedAnalog models are performed to compare with the Domeyko Cordillera as a natural caseDecapitation of inverted normal faults by thrusting is proposed as first‐order structural mechanisms in the Domeyko Cordillera [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality characterization and assessment are key to protecting human health and ecosystems, especially in arid areas such as northern Chile, where water resources are scarce and rich in pollutants. The objective of this study was to review and assess available official water quality data in the Chilean Altiplano-Puna basins for a 10-year period (2008–2018), including water treatment systems. Within the 43,600 km2 of Chilean Altiplano-Puna territory, only 16 official water quality monitoring stations had up-to-date data, and the sampling frequency was less than 3 per year. Most of the water samples collected at the evaluated stations exceeded the drinking and irrigation water Chilean standards for arsenic, boron, and electrical conductivity. Moreover, the characteristics of the Altiplano-Puna affect water quality inside and beyond the area, limiting water usage throughout the Altiplano-Puna basins. Drinking water treatment plants exist in urban and rural settlements; however, the drinking water supply in rural locations is limited due to the lack of adequate treatment and continuity of service. Wastewater treatment plants operate in some urban locations but rarely exist in rural locations. Limited data impede the proper assessment of water quality and thus the evaluation of the need for treatment systems. As such, the implementation of public policies that prioritize water with appropriate quantity and quality for local communities and ecosystems is imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arrayán Formation comprises a thick, well stratified, strongly folded turbiditic succession, exposed along the Chilean coast, between 31°30′ and 32°S. It is interpreted as the frontally accreted portion of the Choapa Accretionary Complex formed in the south western Gondwana margin in Carboniferus and Permian times. The Arrayán deposits are unconformably overlain by the marine neritic and richly fossiliferous late Early to early Late Permian Huentelauquén Formation. The contact with the basally accreted metamorphic units of the Choapa Accretionary Complex is tectonic. A previous and a recently dated sample from the Arrayán Formation (PS-8, this paper) yielded mid-Early Carboniferous (Visean) maximum depositional ages of 340 ± 5 Ma and 342 ± 4 Ma respectively. This age (i) contradicts the so far accepted Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous age assigned to the Arrayán Formation, based on its fossiliferous content, (ii) indicates that the age of the psylophytal remains found in this formation are post-Visean, (iii) confirms that the Arrayán Formation is younger than the mid-Early Carboniferous and older than the late Early to early Late Permian Huentelauquén Formation, and (iv) locates its stratigraphic position between the late Early Carboniferous and Early Permian. Previous dates from the compositionally similar metaturbiditic Agua Dulce Formation, which is exposed next to the Arrayán Formation and grades into a mélange, yielded a similar age, which indicates that deposition of both units was coeval. The maximum depositional ages of the Arrayán and the Agua Dulce formations are older than the maximum depositional ages obtained from the metamorphic units in the Choapa Accretionary Complex, which confirms that frontal accretion began earlier than basal accretion, and that the latter reached the Permian and was coeval with deposition of the Huentelauquén Formation. The stratigraphic position and the zircon age distribution pattern suggest that the El Toco, Sierra El Tigre and the Arrayán formations are correlative. The Las Tórtolas Formation is somewhat younger than these formations. The age distribution pattern of the zircon grains in sample PS-8 shows two well-defined age peaks at ∼340 (Visean) and ∼480 Ma (Ordovician) and a barren interval between them. The barren interval coincides partly with the Middle Ordovician to Late Carboniferous passive stage proposed for this region of Gondwana. The Ordovician peak is present in all analyzed samples, between 22° and 39°20′S, whereas the Visean peak and the barren interval are less developed in samples north of 27°S. This similarity indicates the existence of roughly similar sources of sediments along this large section of the western Gondwana margin and, possibly, a rather similar paleogeographic context and depositional environment in the trench. A peak younger than 300 Ma in the Llano de Chocolate Beds indicates a younger depositional age and a different paleogeographic setting in the active continental margin, possibly in the forearc basin, like the Huentelauquén Formation. Broken-formation or mélange facies occur in all complexes, except in the El Toco Formation, and affect the frontally accreted portion of the subduction wedge. The much higher metamorphic grade shown in the Chañaral mélange compared to the much lower grade present in the Agua Dulce mélange suggests formation at different levels along a mega-splay or thrust rooted in the subduction channel. The overall mid-Mississippian age of the frontally accreted deposits analyzed in this study indicates that subduction was active already in the Early Carboniferous. The age, the tectonic setting and the geographic location of these deposits is totally different from the mostly older, marine deposits exposed to the east, in the Frontal Cordillera, which accumulated during a passive stage, in the Middle/Late Ordovician to late Early Carboniferous. [Display omitted] • The Arrayán Formation in coastal N-Chile is Visean to Early Permian and not Devonian. • Frontally accreted Arrayán, El Toco, Sierra El Tigre deposits formed on W-Gondwana. • Zircon ages in frontally accreted deposits in Chile (22°-39°S) have similar sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Atacama desert stands as the most arid, non-polar, region on Earth and has accommodated a considerable portion of the world’s ground-based astronomical observatories for an extended period. The comprehension of factors important for observational conditions in this region, and the potential alterations induced by the escalating impact of climate change, are, therefore, of the utmost significance. In this study, we conduct an analysis of the surface-level air temperature, water vapour density, and astronomical seeing at the European Southern Observatory (commonly known by its acronym, ESO) telescope sites in northern Chile. Our findings reveal a discernible rise in temperature across all sites during the last decade. Moreover, we establish a correlation between the air temperature and water vapour density with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases, wherein, the warm anomaly known as El Niño (EN) corresponds to drier observing conditions, coupled with higher maximum daily temperatures favouring more challenging near-infrared observations. The outcomes of this investigation have potential implications for the enhancement of the long-term scheduling of observations at telescope sites in northern Chile, thereby aiding in better planning and allocation of resources for the astronomy community.

Prosopis chilensis and Prosopis tamarugo, two woody legumes adapted to the arid regions of Chile, have a declining distribution due to the lack of new seedling establishment. This study investigated the potential of both species to establish in soil collected from four locations in Chile, within and outside the species distribution, and to assess the role of the root-colonizing microbiome in seedling establishment and growth. Seedling survival, height, and water potential were measured to assess establishment success and growth. 16S and ITS2 amplicon sequencing was used to characterize the composition of microbial communities from the different soils and to assess the ability of both Prosopis species to recruit bacteria and fungi from the different soils. Both species were established on three of the four soils. P. tamarugo seedlings showed significantly higher survival in foreign soils and maintained significantly higher water potential in Mediterranean soils. Amplicon sequencing showed that the four soils harbored distinct microbial communities. Root-associated microbial composition indicated that P. chilensis preferentially recruited mycorrhizal fungal partners while P. tamarugo recruited abundant bacteria with known salt-protective functions. Our results suggest that a combination of edaphic properties and microbial soil legacy are potential factors mediating the Prosopis establishment success in different soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An autonomous lander equipped with a video camera (dropcam) was used for in situ observations of the bento-demersal macrofauna on the upper continental slope off Punta Pichalo in northern Chile, an area of permanent coastal upwelling processes, located ~70 km north of Iquique. The lander was deployed at nine stations and between 227 and 798 m of depth. According to morphological characteristics, 34 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified to the lowest taxonomic level; 24 belonged to macroinvertebrates and 10 to fishes. Macroinvertebrates comprised 9 OTUs of crustaceans, seven cnidarians, and six echinoderms. Fishes included 3 OTUs of the order Chondrichthyes, 3 belonging to macrourid. Perciformes, Anguilliformes, and Alepocephaliformes were represented by one OTU each. Also, we observed one species of lanternfish (Myctophidae). Apart from the brachyuran decapod Lophorochinia parabranchia Garth, 1969 and euphausiids, all species were observed at depths greater than 560 m. The presence of one individual identified as the granulate dogfish Centroscyllium granulatum Günther, 1887 extended the known distribution range of this species about 1000 km to the north. Images taken at 795 m showed Bathyraja peruana McEachran & Miyake, 1984. Our study suggests that the upper continental slope of northern Chile harbors nearly undiscovered biodiversity, worth to be studied more intensively to complete the comparable sparse knowledge about marine biodiversity and species distribution at the continental margin in front of Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Eating disorders (ED) are associated with internalized problems (INTP), such as depression and anxiety. Evidence shows that ED and INTP are associated with comorbidities. The relationship between these variables has not been the focus of studies on young people from Northern Chile. Children and adolescents are considered as an at-risk group, since they have been found to experience greater vulnerability to psychological problems than other age groups within the population and given the scarcity of studies in Chile, it is necessary to study the relationship between these variables. Methods This study analyzed the relationship between ED and INTP in Chilean high school students aged 12 to 18 years using Pearson's correlation. This is a non-experimental and transactional correlational study. We included 2277 students belonging to the public, government-subsidized, and private educational establishments in Northern Chile. The Child and Adolescent Evaluation System [Sistema de Evaluación de Niños y Adolescentes (SENA)] was used to detect a range of INTP, as well as ED. The Brief Self-Control Scale was used in this study. Results A strong and direct correlation of the eating disorder variable with depression and anxiety was found. Additionally, significant differences were observed with sex, highlighting females with a higher presence of INTP and ED. Conclusions There is a need to establish strategies in the school setting for detecting frequent symptomatology in adolescents with INTP and ED to achieve a timely and accessible intervention. Plain English Summary Since the symptomatology of ED is more prevalent in adolescents, this research evaluated relationships between ED and INTP in young people from Northern Chile. This research is relevant because the evidence on this topic in Chile is scarce and the relationships found could be the first research on the subject and serve to design an intervention plan at the school level in the medium and long terms. It is a non-experimental and transactional correlational study because all variables were measured at a single moment, and it sought to establish relationships between variables without assuming causality. The sample of secondary school students consisted of 2277 students, belonging to the public, subsidized, and private schools. Strong relationships were observed between INTP and ED, the strongest correlations being with the variables depression and anxiety. In addition, female participants presented greater problems in ED and INTP.

Engraulis ringens (E. ringens) is a small pelagic fish of which the geographic and bathymetric distribution is conditioned by fluctuations in oceanographic conditions at different time scales (daily, weekly, monthly, annually, supra-annually, and longer) and by fishing. Understanding the organism−environment interactions and predicting the spatial distribution of its schools can improve conservation actions and fishery management, along with the operation of the fleets targeting E. ringens. There is an important fishery of E. ringens in Northern Chile (18°21′ S–26°00′ S), which provides about 80% of the purse seine catch. To identify and predict potential fishing grounds for E. ringens in this system, we implemented a predictive model of fishing grounds based on neural networks, which was trained with the georeferenced data of daily catches by industrial purse sein ships from 2003 to 2020 and information on oceanographic variables (sea surface temperature, salinity, depth of the mixed layer, sea height, and currents) obtained from the Copernicus Marine Enviroment Monitoring Service (CMEMS program). The neural network model had a very good performance (86%). Longitude (23%) was the most relevant variable for identifying potential fishing grounds, followed by the mixed layer depth (18%), latitude (15%), sea surface temperature (12%), month (12%), sea height (9%), salinity (9%), and the zonal and meridional components of the current velocity (2%). The neural network model classified correctly the majority of the areas with and without fishing potential; thus, its use is recommended to predict fishing grounds for E. ringens in the study area. Its application could increase by 88% of the probability of capture anchovy by the purse seine fleet of Northern Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín del Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino is the property of Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Se presentan los resultados de los análisis técnicos de manufactura en fibra vegetal de esteras o mantas funerarias, ampliamente usadas entre los cazadores, pescadores y recolectores de la tradición cultural Chinchorro, que habitaron la costa del norte de Chile y sur de Perú entre los 10.000 y 3500 aP. Se analizaron 153 fragmentos de esteras de 12 sitios funerarios de Arica y Camarones. Se describen y grafican los atributos de las dos técnicas identificadas: twining o torzal (94%) y técnica de estera cosida (6%) y sus rasgos estéticos de pintados y bordados. Estas técnicas fueron muy conservadoras y no variaron a través del tiempo y el espacio. La excepción es la técnica de estera cosida, que aparece hacia fines del Arcaico Tardío (4000-3500 aP). La aplicación de diseños pintados se registra desde el Arcaico Temprano (10.000-7000 aP) con ajedrezados y franjas bicolor (rojo y negro), a lo que se agregan en el Arcaico Tardío diseños más complejos (escalonados y círculos) además de esteras con aplicación de bordados. No detectamos diferencias en la manufactura de las esteras en relación con la edad, sexo y tipo de tratamiento funerario de los individuos que portaban estas esteras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in the modeling of volcanic phenomena have allowed scientists to better understand the stochastic behavior of volcanic systems. Eruptions can produce various types of volcanic phenomena of different sizes. The size of a given volcanic phenomenon dominates its spatial distribution and is commonly represented by volume/mass parameters in the models that reproduce their behavior. Multi-hazard assessments depend on first-order parameters to forecast hazards at a given geographic location. However, few multi-hazard assessments consider the size of the eruption (e.g., tephra fallout) to co-parameterize the size of the accompanying phenomena (e.g., mass flows) in a given eruptive scenario. Furthermore, few studies simulate multi-phenomenon eruptive scenarios with semi-continuous variations in their size, something that allows a better quantification of the aleatoric variability of the system. Here, we present a multi-hazard assessment of the San Pedro volcano, a high-threat volcano from northern Chile, that produced two large-size Plinian eruptions (VEI 5 and 6) in the last 16 ka, and ten Strombolian eruptions (VEI 2) between 1870 and 2021 CE, with the latest occurring on 2 December 1960 CE. We use intra-scenarios (i.e., subdivisions of eruptive scenarios) to explore the size variability of explosive volcanic phenomena. The size of intra-scenarios is extrapolated from the largest-size deposits of each type of phenomenon from the geologic record of the San Pedro volcano. We simulate explosive intra-scenarios for tephra fallout, concentrated PDCs, and lahars, and effusive scenarios for blocky lava flows. On the local scale, mass flows are likely (66–100%) to affect transport and energy infrastructure within a 14 km radius of the volcano. On the regional scale, large-size eruptions (VEI 5) in the rainy season are about as likely as not (33–66%) to accumulate 1 cm of tephra on energy, transport, and mining infrastructure over a 50 km radius, and these same eruptions are unlikely (10–33%) to accumulate 1 cm of tephra on the city of Calama. This work shows how multi-phenomenon intra-scenarios can be applied to better quantify the aleatoric variability of the type and size of volcanic phenomena in hazard assessments.

The Maricunga metallogenic belt, herein defined to encompass the region from 25° S to 28° S along the Cordillera Frontal of northern Chile, is known for hosting a series of gold-copper and lesser copper-molybdenum porphyries and gold-silver epithermal systems that are hosted in a segment of the late Oligocene-Miocene Andean calc-alkaline magmatic arc. Based on an up-to-date geochronological database, four episodes of magmatism and related hydrothermal deposits are proposed to characterize intensity and style of volcanism and hypabyssal intrusive rocks over time. The late Oligocene episode (26-21 Ma) is characterized by stratovolcanoes, dome complexes, pyroclastic sequences, and hypabyssal intrusives of andesitic to dacitic composition that host gold-rich porphyry systems such as Caspiche, Maricunga, and La Pepa. The early Miocene episode (21–17 Ma) has similar rock types but is volumetrically reduced, hosting epithermal and porphyry deposits like La Coipa and Caserones, respectively. A reinvigoration of volcanism occurred during the third stage between 17 and 11 Ma, giving rise to large volcanic complexes and intra-to extra-caldera ignimbritic deposits that host several gold-rich porphyry deposits such as Lobo-Marte, Luciano, and Cerro Casale; as well as epithermal deposits such as Fenix. Some of the 17 to 11 Ma and younger igneous rock belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series, showing a higher alkali content compared to previous periods. The last magmatic episode, from 11 to 5 Ma, coincides with the shallowing of the subduction angle and is characterized by an eastward migration of volcanism, and more heterogeneous rocks including trachytic compositions. During this period mineralization was emplaced at the Salares Norte epithermal deposit and El Volcan porphyry Au–Cu deposit. Porphyry and epithermal systems formed throughout the evolution of the Maricunga belt. Overprint of advanced argillic alteration on porphyry style alteration is widespread albeit commonly devoid of significant addition of epithermal Au–Ag mineralization. The Au-rich nature of the majority of the porphyry systems is attributed to the shallow crustal depths of emplacement compared to Cu- and Mo-rich porphyry systems. Conversely, high-sulfidation epithermal Au–Ag deposits such as La Coipa and Nueva Esperanza are not known to be telescoped on coeval porphyry gold deposits. The location of the mineralized centers was favored by crustal weaknesses expressed by intersection of oblique- and parallel-to arc structures, the former inherited from the construction of the continent before to the formation of the Andean range. The arc oblique structures also segment the Maricunga belt into domains with unique magmatic and hydrothermal styles. • This is an updated compilation of the distribution of magmatism and related mineralization within the Maricunga belt. • The belt is segmented by major cross-strike structural corridors which control the styles of mineralization for each segment. • Mineralization events that defined the Maricunga belt covered a more extensive area from original models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Antropologia is the property of Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We report the capture of a single specimen of the species Paulia horrida Gray, 1840, off the coast of Arica, in the Arica and Parinacota Region, Northern Chile. This finding extends the currently known distributional range of the species by 2,434 km towards the south, since the southernmost known area for this species corresponds to Punta Sal, Peru. We discuss the importance of finding this relatively unknown species in Chile and the need to continue sampling to confirm the continuous distributional range of the species between the south of Peru and the north of Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eating disorders (ED) are associated with internalized problems (INTP), such as depression and anxiety. Evidence shows that ED and INTP are associated with comorbidities. The relationship between these variables has not been the focus of studies on young people from Northern Chile. Children and adolescents are considered as an at-risk group, since they have been found to experience greater vulnerability to psychological problems than other age groups within the population and given the scarcity of studies in Chile, it is necessary to study the relationship between these variables. Methods: This study analyzed the relationship between ED and INTP in Chilean high school students aged 12 to 18 years using Pearson's correlation. This is a non-experimental and transactional correlational study. We included 2277 students belonging to the public, government-subsidized, and private educational establishments in Northern Chile. The Child and Adolescent Evaluation System [Sistema de Evaluación de Niños y Adolescentes (SENA)] was used to detect a range of INTP, as well as ED. The Brief Self-Control Scale was used in this study. Results: A strong and direct correlation of the eating disorder variable with depression and anxiety was found. Additionally, significant differences were observed with sex, highlighting females with a higher presence of INTP and ED. Conclusions: There is a need to establish strategies in the school setting for detecting frequent symptomatology in adolescents with INTP and ED to achieve a timely and accessible intervention. Plain English Summary: Since the symptomatology of ED is more prevalent in adolescents, this research evaluated relationships between ED and INTP in young people from Northern Chile. This research is relevant because the evidence on this topic in Chile is scarce and the relationships found could be the first research on the subject and serve to design an intervention plan at the school level in the medium and long terms. It is a non-experimental and transactional correlational study because all variables were measured at a single moment, and it sought to establish relationships between variables without assuming causality. The sample of secondary school students consisted of 2277 students, belonging to the public, subsidized, and private schools. Strong relationships were observed between INTP and ED, the strongest correlations being with the variables depression and anxiety. In addition, female participants presented greater problems in ED and INTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For 80 years, there were no sightings of the Andean frog, Telmatobius halli, due to the ambiguity with which its type locality was described ("warm spring near Ollagüe", northern Chile). The type specimens were collected during the International High Altitude Expedition to Chile (IHAEC) in 1935 and were subsequently described in 1938. In 2018 and 2020, two studies independently reported the rediscovery of the species, but they reached different conclusions about its identity and geographic distribution. In fact, the populations identified as T. halli in those studies are more phylogenetically related to other species than to each other, so they clearly do not belong to the same taxon. Although the study of 2020 is more in line with the geographic information of the description, it does not consider some bibliographic details and the transport limitations of the IHAEC. Here, based on a detailed analysis of the chronicles of the IHAEC and other bibliographic sources, I first refute the proposals of the 2018 and 2020 studies and then provide a possible solution. The combined information from the chronicles indicates that the type locality of T. halli is found at the sources of the Loa River, a different place from those identified in the two previous studies. By also incorporating geographic information of the time, I conclude that its true type locality is Miño, an abandoned mining camp located near the origin of the Loa River, where currently no populations of the genus have been described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic concentrations greater than 100 µg/L in drinking water are a known cause of cancer, but the risks associated with lower concentrations are less well understood. The unusual geology and good information on past exposure found in northern Chile are key advantages for investigating the potential long-term effects of arsenic. We performed a case-control study of lung cancer from 2007 to 2010 in areas of northern Chile that had a wide range of arsenic concentrations in drinking water. Previously, we reported evidence of elevated cancer risks at arsenic concentrations greater than 100 µg/L. In the present study, we restricted analyses to the 92 cases and 288 population-based controls who were exposed to concentrations less than 100 µg/L. After adjustment for age, sex, and smoking behavior, these exposures from 40 or more years ago resulted in odds ratios for lung cancer of 1.00, 1.43 (90% confidence interval: 0.82, 2.52), and 2.01 (90% confidence interval: 1.14, 3.52) for increasing tertiles of arsenic exposure, respectively (P for trend = 0.02). Mean arsenic water concentrations in these tertiles were 6.5, 23.0, and 58.6 µg/L. For subjects younger than 65 years of age, the corresponding odds ratios were 1.00, 1.62 (90% confidence interval: 0.67, 3.90), and 3.41 (90% confidence interval: 1.51, 7.70). Adjustments for occupation, fruit and vegetable intake, and socioeconomic status had little impact on the results. These findings provide new evidence that arsenic water concentrations less than 100 µg/L are associated with higher risks of lung cancer.

Prosopis chilensis and Prosopis tamarugo, two woody legumes adapted to the arid regions of Chile, have a declining distribution due to the lack of new seedling establishment. This study investigated the potential of both species to establish in soil collected from four locations in Chile, within and outside the species distribution, and to assess the role of the root-colonizing microbiome in seedling establishment and growth. Seedling survival, height, and water potential were measured to assess establishment success and growth. 16S and ITS2 amplicon sequencing was used to characterize the composition of microbial communities from the different soils and to assess the ability of both Prosopis species to recruit bacteria and fungi from the different soils. Both species were established on three of the four soils. P. tamarugo seedlings showed significantly higher survival in foreign soils and maintained significantly higher water potential in Mediterranean soils. Amplicon sequencing showed that the four soils harbored distinct microbial communities. Root-associated microbial composition indicated that P. chilensis preferentially recruited mycorrhizal fungal partners while P. tamarugo recruited abundant bacteria with known salt-protective functions. Our results suggest that a combination of edaphic properties and microbial soil legacy are potential factors mediating the Prosopis establishment success in different soils.

The evolution of alluvial fans on the narrow coastal plain of the Atacama Desert in northern Chile is so far poorly investigated. Therefore, a detailed geomorphological map at a scale of 1:7500 of a coastal alluvial fan complex at Guanillos (21°58′S, 70°10.5′W) is provided as a first step to understand the fan’s morphogenesis. Geomorphological mapping was based on a digital elevation model with a resolution of 2 m generated from Pleiades-1 tri-stereo satellite imagery, derived terrain parameters, and on-site field mapping. The resultant map is used to characterize and categorize the overall morphology of the alluvial fan complex. In particular, linear features constructed by primary alluvial fan processes can be differentiated successfully from those developed by secondary processes. Furthermore, the advanced evolutionary state of the fan complex is revealed. We introduce a morphostratigraphic model comprising the fan’s prograde evolution, dissection, and successive abandonment of surface generations.

Engraulis ringens (E. ringens) is a small pelagic fish of which the geographic and bathymetric distribution is conditioned by fluctuations in oceanographic conditions at different time scales (daily, weekly, monthly, annually, supra-annually, and longer) and by fishing. Understanding the organism−environment interactions and predicting the spatial distribution of its schools can improve conservation actions and fishery management, along with the operation of the fleets targeting E. ringens. There is an important fishery of E. ringens in Northern Chile (18°21′ S–26°00′ S), which provides about 80% of the purse seine catch. To identify and predict potential fishing grounds for E. ringens in this system, we implemented a predictive model of fishing grounds based on neural networks, which was trained with the georeferenced data of daily catches by industrial purse sein ships from 2003 to 2020 and information on oceanographic variables (sea surface temperature, salinity, depth of the mixed layer, sea height, and currents) obtained from the Copernicus Marine Enviroment Monitoring Service (CMEMS program). The neural network model had a very good performance (86%). Longitude (23%) was the most relevant variable for identifying potential fishing grounds, followed by the mixed layer depth (18%), latitude (15%), sea surface temperature (12%), month (12%), sea height (9%), salinity (9%), and the zonal and meridional components of the current velocity (2%). The neural network model classified correctly the majority of the areas with and without fishing potential; thus, its use is recommended to predict fishing grounds for E. ringens in the study area. Its application could increase by 88% of the probability of capture anchovy by the purse seine fleet of Northern Chile.

Two models have been proposed to explain the early Andean evolution of the southwestern margin of Gondwana; a model that assumes continuous subduction-related magmatism since the Carboniferous and a second involving subduction cessation during the pre-Andean stage (~280–200 Ma) followed by subsequent reactivation at ca. 200 Ma. Here we provide new constraints regarding the onset of the Andean tectonic cycle and the transition between pre-Andean and early Andean stages (210–100 Ma) by performing a comprehensive study of the geochronology and petrogenesis of plutonic complexes from the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile. We present the first zircon U-Pb geochronology and trace element dataset of intrusive rocks combined with whole-rock geochemistry for the early Andean stage. The oldest unit identified is a syenogranite dated at 246.7 ± 3.9 Ma with a subduction signature, i.e., slightly peraluminous, enriched in LILE over HFSE, negative Nb-Ta and positive Pb anomalies, and strong REE fractionation, but also shows anorogenic features with an alkali-rich composition and high enrichment in rare earth and HFS elements compared to chondritic values. These characteristics are interpreted as representing a transitional, anorogenic event from the pre-Andean stage. In contrast, the second oldest magmatic event was dated at 211.4 ± 1.2 Ma and has a chemical composition consistent with Andean-related magmatism and its zircon composition is similar to those from Late Triassic-Early Cretaceous units. Consequently, we conclude that the Andean orogeny started at ca. 210 Ma, before earlier estimates. Our study also supports works that indicate episodic high-flux magmatism and the eastward migration of the magmatic arc during the Mesozoic. Furthermore, the whole-rock Th/Yb and zircon U/Yb ratios show a trend from the Late Triassic to Late Jurassic of increasing depletion of the mantle source. However, during the Early Cretaceous more variable and enriched signatures are observed, possibly related to changes in the tectonic regime. [Display omitted] • First zircon U-Pb/trace element dataset from the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. • Oldest rock (ca. 247 Ma) is a transitional granitoid of the pre-Andean stage. • Onset of the Andean orogeny occurred at least 10 Ma before previous estimates (ca. 210 Ma). • Early Andean plutonic rocks formed from a depleted source in a subduction setting. • Magmatic source enrichment occurred after tectonic change around ~150–130 Ma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compute stress drops from P and S phase spectra for 534 earthquakes in the source region of the 2014 MW8.1 Iquique megathrust earthquake in the northern Chilean subduction zone. An empirical Green's function based method is applied to suitable event pairs selected by template matching of eight years of continuous waveform data. We evaluate the parameters involved in the stress drop estimation, consider the effect of the local velocity structure and apply an empirical linear relation between P and S phase related geometry factors (k values). Data redundancy produced by multiple empirical Green's function and the combination of P and S phase spectra leads to a substantial reduction of uncertainty and robust stress drop estimates. The resulting stress drop values show a well‐defined log‐normal distribution with a median value of 4.36 MPa; most values range between 0.1 and 100 MPa. There is no evidence for systematic large scale lateral variations of stress drop. A detailed analysis reveals several regions of increased median stress drop, an increase with distance to the interface, but no consistent increase with depth. This suggests that fault regime and fault strength have a stronger impact on the stress drop behavior than absolute stresses. Interestingly, we find a weak time‐dependence of the median stress drop, with an increase immediately before the April 1, 2014 MW8.1 Iquique mainshock, a continuous reduction thereafter and a subsequent recovery to average values. Additionally, the data set indicates a relatively strong dependence of stress drop on magnitude which extends over the entire analyzed magnitude range. Key Points: A comprehensive stress drop distribution for the Iquique Earthquake rupture region is computed using a spectral ratio approachThe stress drops estimates reveal no large scale pattern or major trend such as a depth dependencyWe describe minor stress drop variations in greater detail and find a relatively strong scaling with moment for the entire data set [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We document a new record for Chinchilla lanigera, an endemic and threatened to extinction hystricomorph rodent that was considered extinct for the Antofagasta region, in northern Chile. This finding significantly increases the geographical distribution for this species, and it shifts the species' range 250 km to the north. It also represents a new lower altitudinal occurrence at only 73 m a.s.l., in an area close to the Pacific Ocean. The discovery of this new colony has several conservation and ecological implications for this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Many chemotherapeutics from plants have been tested in cancer, such as vinblastine and paclitaxel. The north of Chile, Arica & Parinacota region, is characterized by its vegetal biodiversity due to its unique geographical and climatological conditions, offering an unexplored and unique source of naturally-derived compounds. The present research has considered a screening of 26 highland herbs using an in vitro growth inhibition model in a panel of six cancer cell lines from different tissues. 5 of the 26 studied ethanolic extracts shows strong activity at least in one cell line when tested at 10 µg mL-1. We present a group of plants worthy to be evaluated as promissory extracts. This work is part of the systematic attempt to find new candidates to be used in cancer therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northern Chile is a region characterised by an extremely dry climate; however, there is a brief rainy season from December to March (austral summer), mainly above 3000 m a.s.l. It is interesting to consider where the humid air masses that generate such rain come from. For this purpose, daily precipitation data from 161 meteorological stations located in this area (18° S–19° S) were considered, and four clusters formed by k-means clustering. For each cluster, days of extreme precipitation (above 90th percentile) were selected to obtain flow strength (F), direction (D), and vorticity (Z) for each event according to the Jenkinson and Collison (JC) method. The back trajectory, for the previous 72 h, of air masses affecting the centroid of each cluster was determined by means of the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The analyses were carried out at sea level (1013 hPa) and in the middle (500 hPa) and upper (250 hPa) troposphere. Surface circulation was not a determining factor in the occurrence of extreme events, but it did influence circulation at 500 and 250 hPa. For stations located in the northern Altiplano, moisture advection from the Amazon basin is evident due to the configuration of the Bolivian high—an upper level anticyclone that develops over the Bolivian Altiplano during austral summer. For stations located in the southern part of the study area, the main source of moisture is the Pacific Ocean, and the weather is related to the arrival of frontal systems and to the configuration of cut-off low pressure systems in the mid-troposphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of an investigation of the exchange of products between the border caravans from the Andean highlands and the sub-cordillera valleys which took place in the Codpa valley in northern Chile in the middle of the 20th century. Making use of a multi-situated and extended ethnographic case study, it offers a relational and contextual interpretation of the historical phenomenon of the marchantes and their practice of “leaving children” from indigenous communities on the Bolivian border with Chile. We analyze oral sources, complemented by documentary ones, to detail the experiences of local actors and their universe of meanings. As a result, we argue that the marchantes were “cultural mediators” in the (re) production of the alterity of the frontier, using sociocultural practices that were inscribed in local kinship customs.

This study attempts to demonstrate how methods of social cartography can serve as a political tool for the re-vindication of indigenous rights. This study employed methods of social cartography to map indigenous territorial knowledge in the indigenous community of Chapiquiña in northern Chile as a process of re-appropriation of ancestral territory. Methods of social cartography serve to make visible mental “geo-graphies” which are invisible to the Chilean state. This process led us to infer the hypothesis that the process of rural-urban migration from these Aymara communities to the city of Arica is not a process of indigenous de-territorialization. Instead we argue that these processes represent the transformation and construction of contemporary rural-urban Aymara territory.

This paper reports a new case of treponemal disease in a pre-Columbian hunter-gatherer inhabiting the desert coast of South America. A well-preserved adult male skeleton from the "Vertedero Municipal" archaeological cemetery, located near the city of Antofagasta (Northern Chile). The skeleton was radiocarbon dated, and isotopic analyses were performed to assess diet and mobility. Lytic and proliferative lesions identified were evaluated macroscopically and radiologically. A radiocarbon date of 1830 ± 20 BP and isotopic values indicating a marine diet and coastal residence were obtained. The cranium shows reactive changes as focal superficial cavitation, radial scarring and nodular cavitation, while the ribs, sternum, clavicles, and scapulae exhibit multiple lytic and proliferative lesions. The right femur has a node while both tibiae show mild anterior cortical thickening with a narrowed medullary cavity. Cranial lesions are pathognomonic for treponemal disease while postcranial changes are typical, and highly consistent with this pathology. The type, morphology, and pattern of lesions make this case a good candidate for venereal syphilis. The case is relevant to the origin of venereal syphilis due to the lifestyle, temporal and ecological context of the individual. Diagnosis of venereal syphilis is based on skeletal lesions; thus, it must be confirmed by molecular analysis. A comprehensive review of cases of pre-Columbian treponemal disease in South America as well as molecular studies are needed to confirm the presence of venereal syphilis in the New World before European contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a statistical approach, Scheihing attempts to demonstrate the direct influence of recharge events in the Precordillera and the Andean Piedmont on water table variations in downstream alluvial fans. The author "unquestionably" discards the existence of ephemeral recharge processes in alluvial fans although they are frequently impacted by major floods. However, the author does not consider previous publications about recharge processes in arid alluvial fans, the hydraulic setting of the Pampa del Tamarugal Aquifer (PTA) and anthropogenic pressure changes in the PTA. Because the sustainable management of groundwater resources in drylands depends on a good understanding of hydrogeological processes, we propose a thorough reinterpretation of the short- and long-term PTA water table variations addressed by the author. In this comment, we illustrate the limits of the sole use of a statistical approach for characterizing both recharge processes and factors controlling the water table variations in the Atacama Desert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a statistical approach, Scheihing attempts to demonstrate the direct influence of recharge events in the Precordillera and the Andean Piedmont on water table variations in downstream alluvial fans. The author "unquestionably" discards the existence of ephemeral recharge processes in alluvial fans although they are frequently impacted by major floods. However, the author does not consider previous publications about recharge processes in arid alluvial fans, the hydraulic setting of the Pampa del Tamarugal Aquifer (PTA) and anthropogenic pressure changes in the PTA. Because the sustainable management of groundwater resources in drylands depends on a good understanding of hydrogeological processes, we propose a thorough reinterpretation of the short- and long-term PTA water table variations addressed by the author. In this comment, we illustrate the limits of the sole use of a statistical approach for characterizing both recharge processes and factors controlling the water table variations in the Atacama Desert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the first chemical and isotopic (δ13C-CO2, δ13C-CH4, 3He, 4He, 20Ne, 40Ar, 36Ar, δ18O, and δD) data for fluid discharges from Guallatiri volcano, a remote and massive stratovolcano, which is considered as the second most active volcano of the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) in northern Chile. Fumarolic gases had outlet temperatures of between 80.2 and 265 °C, and showed a significant magmatic fluid contribution marked by the occurrence of SO2, HCl, and HF that are partially scrubbed by a hydrothermal aquifer. The helium isotope ratios (< 3.2) were relatively low compared to those of other active volcanoes in CVZ, possibly due to contamination of the magmatic source by 4He-rich crust and/or crustal fluid addition to the hydrothermal reservoir. Geothermometry in the H2O-CO2-CO-H2-CH4 system suggests equilibrium temperatures of up to 320 °C attained in a vapor phase at redox conditions intermediate between those typical of hydrothermal and magmatic environments. Thermal springs located 12 km northwest of the volcano's summit had outlet temperatures of up to 50.1 °C, neutral to slightly basic pH, and a sodium bicarbonate composition, typical of distal fluid discharges in volcanic systems. Cold springs at the base of the volcanic edifice, showing a calcium sulfate composition, were likely produced by interaction of shallow meteoric water with CO2- and H2S-rich gases. A geochemical conceptual model was constructed to graphically represent these results, which can be used as an indication for future geochemical monitoring and volcanic hazard assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]