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Homelessness is a chronic issue in almost nearly every nation globally whether in underdeveloped, developing or advanced countries. In Southeast Asia, homelessness is rife due to various reasons, where poverty is notably one of the most prominent factors. This conceptual paper reviews past literature focusing on the issue of homelessness in selected countries in Southeast Asia namely, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, and Thailand. The issue of poverty and homelessness has been a long-standing issue across the continent. The increase in homelessness due to poverty increases the challenge of reintegrating homeless individuals into society as most are denied the opportunity of permanent shelter. Living on the streets also implies that most of them are heavily dependent on support from both the government and society. This review of past literature reveals that homelessness and poverty are mutual, interdependent phenomenon that occurs simultaneously. All four countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Singapore) demonstrated that poverty is a significant trigger for the issue of homelessness, whereby most individuals are forced to live on the streets due to the vicious cycle of poverty. This review also significantly provides an overview on the issue of homelessness and poverty in the selected Southeast Asian countries, addressing the gap of limited research on the area of homelessness collectively in the region.

The Age-Graded Theory suggests that the causes of premature delinquency and adult deviant behaviour are not the exclusive outcomes of individual characteristics since a particular incident in life can affect individuals, perpetuating their persistency in committing offences. This paper demonstrates that constructive events in life can successfully prevent former prisoners from being reinvolved in crime, whilst adverse life happenings can derail former prisoners from staying on the right path—a phenomenon known as recidivism. Adopting the phenomenology research paradigm, the findings of this paper are based on the empirical data from a Malaysian case study involving 19 former prisoners with criminal records of various offences. The findings of this study reveal that Age-Graded life-course events are essential predictors of former prisoner criminal behaviour, rendering the theory valuable, especially when it comes to modelling social reintegration strategies and interventions for former prisoners.

Pengulangan kesalahan dadah didapati terus berlaku dalam kalangan gelandangan bekas banduan sepanjang hidup di jalanan. Walaupun telah mengikuti program pemulihan di dalam penjara namun mereka ini masih akan terjebak semula ke dalam kesalahan dadah. Keadaan ini membuatkan kajian ini cuba mengenal pasti motivasi yang menyebabkan gelandangan bekas banduan ini secara berterusan masih memilih untuk mengulangi aktiviti dadah sepanjang berintegrasi semula. Pengulangan tingkah laku berkaitan dadah menimbulkan isu tentang ketindakinginan berubah dalam diri gelandangan bekas banduan. Dengan itu, kajian cuba menyelami perasaan ketidakinginan untuk berubah gelandangan bekas banduan sehingga menyebabkan mereka masih memilih berterusan terlibat dalam aktiviti dadah. Kajian ini mengunakan kaedah kualitatif dengan menemubual sembilan orang informan gelandangan bekas banduan. Hasil dapatan kajian telah mendapati antara motivasi pengulangan kesalahan dadah dalam kalangan gelandangan bekas banduan adalah disebabkan oleh ianya i. sebagai suatu bentuk kehendak bebas (atau pilihan sendiri), ii. keupayaan mencapai keseronokan dan kepuasan dan iii. sebagai strategi penghindaran kepada perasaan (kekecewaan, malu, sedih dan marah) Manakala bagi perasaan ketidakinginan berubah pula membawa kepada penemuan empat sub-tema iaitu i. ketiadaan keupayaan untuk mereka keluar daripada kehidupan hidup di jalanan, ii. Perasaan di dalam keadaan zon selesa, iii. kekecewaan dan putus asa dalam diri dan iv. mengalami masalah kurang pertimbangan. Kesemua dapatan yang diperolehi ini memberi gambaran tentang pemilihan gelandangan bekas banduan ini secara berulang ke dalam kesalahan dadah. Maka dengan itu, keperluan dalam mencari solusi dalam mengubah ‘mindset’ serta tingkah laku golongan ini agar mampu mengeluarkan diri daripada aktiviti dadah.

Setiap banduan yang dikenakan hukuman pemenjaraan di atas kesalahan jenayah yang dilakukan akan kembali kepada masyarakat kecuali bagi pesalah hukuman mati. Proses integrasi semula ke dalam masyarakat umum bukanlah suatu proses yang mudah. Terdapat pelbagai cabaran yang perlu dihadapi oleh bekas banduan. Sekiranya mereka gagal dalam proses tersebut, kemungkinan bekas banduan akan terlibat semula dalam tingkah laku jenayah atau residivisme. Perkara ini menimbulkan kebimbangan terutamanya kepada agensi yang terlibat secara langsung dalam rehabilitasi banduan dan Orang DiParol (ODP). Pelaksanaan sistem parol di Malaysia pada tahun 2008 adalah antara usaha pihak kerajaan khususnya Jabatan Penjara dalam membantu ODP berjaya dalam proses integrasi semula. Kakitangan parol merupakan individu yang paling hampir dengan ODP dan bekas banduan selain keluarga. Oleh itu, kajian ini dilakukan untuk meneroka pandangan kakitangan parol tentang faktor risiko dinamik residivisme yang dihadapi oleh klien mereka. Kajian kualitatif ini melibatkan temu bual secara mendalam dengan 13 kakitangan parol Jabatan Penjara Malaysia. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa terdapat empat faktor risiko dinamik residivisme yang perlu diberi perhatian iaitu kegagalan mendapatkan pekerjaan, stigma dan sikap masyarakat yang ragu-ragu serta tertutup terhadap bekas banduan, faktor diri sendiri dan kesediaan untuk berubah, serta penolakan keluarga. Hasil kajian ini adalah signifikan terutamanya kepada agensi kerajaan yang terlibat secara langsung dalam sistem keadilan jenayah, ahli akademik, pengamal bantuan seperti pekerja sosial, kaunselor dan pegawai psikologi penjara serta Badan Bukan Kerajaan.

Background: Risky sexual behaviours amongst adolescents are associated with detrimental impact on their personal growth, influenced by psychosocial factors including subjective cultural norms. This systematic review aimed to examine the evidence on ASEAN countries’ adolescents risky sexual behaviour defined as sexual deviance with its associated psychosocial factors.Methods: A systematic literature review was guided by PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) for a search through four electronic databases for articles published within the time frame of 2010 and 2020 resulting in 20 articles that meet the inclusion criteria. Results: Adolescent sexual deviance in ASEAN is associated with salient psychosocial factors such as cultural norm, self-esteem, parental support/monitoring, substance abuse (alcohol/drugs/smoking), spirituality and religion. Intention, attitude and motivation of sexual transgression appear to be recurrent factors as well. Most studies are cross-sectional and quantitatively designed. The diverse and nuanced psychosocial factors of sexually deviant behaviour affirm the sexual dimension and values of absolutism, hedonism and relativism.Conclusions: Strategies for reducing risky sexual behaviours among ASEAN adolescents should take regard of subjective culture norms and psychosocial needs to achieve the goal of progress as per the ASEAN Youth Development Index. More qualitative and longitudinal approaches in future research are also recommended for more in-depth insights for appropriate intervention or rehabilitative measures.

In addition to social and environmental factors, individual personality traits have intricately linked with maladaptive behaviour. Thus, the purpose of this article was to review the link between individual personality traits and criminality. A systematic review was conducted to obtain information regarding the link between individual personality traits with criminal behaviour in the Sage, Web of Science, APA PsycNet, Wiley Online Library, and PubMed databases. The results indicate that individual personality traits that contribute towards criminality are (i) psychopathy; (ii) low self-control; and (iii) difficult temperament. As an overall impact, the review is expected to provide in-depth understanding of the link between individual personality traits and criminality; hence, greater consideration will be given to the dimension of personality as a notable risk factor of criminal behaviour.

The Zuckerman Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ-50-CC) is widely used tool to measure personality traits among the test takers and has been translated in various languages. However, based on the literatures related to personality, it is apparent that there is no Mandarin translated ZKPQ is available to measure personality traits among Chinese population based on the Alternative Five Factor Model. Therefore, the aim of this study is to validate and explore the psychometric properties of the Mandarin-translated version of the Zuckerman Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire. A cross-sectional study was designed involving 250 Malaysian Chinese High school students, aged thirteen to eighteen. Forward-backward translations were performed followed by the factor analysis and reliability testing. The five factors structure was assessed and the factor loadings are similar with the Malay version of ZKPQ. This Mandarin translated ZKPQ comprised of 38 items with the factor loadings ranged from 0.41 to 0.79. The reliability values also showed that Mandarin translated ZKPQ is reliable. As such, the Mandarin translated ZKPQ was found to be valid and reliable to use among Mandarin speaking population for the purpose of personality testing and screening.

The issue of the homeless is a social issue which requires discussion to find a solution for what is currently happening. Though the government and the non-government agencies have done their best to provide the rehabilitation and care centres for the homeless, these efforts have been described as a temporary solution and not something permanent. The issue to be focused is the significant factor which serves as the background such as the homeless welfare policy, the increase of the minimum wage as well as the provision of low-cost homes. These matters should be implemented first by the government. The existence of a policy that strives to ensure the safety and welfare of the homeless will be a starting point that allows these groups to be assisted more efficiently. The increase of the number of rehabilitation centres provided by the government and non-government agencies may indicate that the homeless issue is not improving but it seems to be getting worse. This is because the increase of the centres is a lens that shows that the number of homeless people is increasing in Malaysia. The situation involves a demand and supply, and the high demand causing the occurrence of high supply clearly shows the state of homelessness in the country. As such, the government needs to cooperate with the government scholars to find a more comprehensive solution in curbing this homelessness problem. This concept paper will discuss the types of rehabilitation and care to provide in-depth understanding of the homeless issue in Malaysia.

The role of social workers in a community cannot be overemphasised by any mean, for the life span of any community depends on the quality of the social workers. The aim of this work is to affirm the roles of social workers in helping the community welfare. Qualitative research design was adopted for the work. Data collected with the Interview Schedule for Officials of the Federal Road Safety Corps and Interview Guide for selected group of people. This was administered to 30 respondents, which comprises both male and female in the Ungogo community. The purpose of the study was to examine the roles of social workers, in line with improved standards of living, sustained economic development and expansion of trade and economic relations in the community; enhanced levels of international competitiveness in the areas of community welfare, organization for increased productivity of people in the community. It common knowledge every individual strife to be the best when receive the necessary or adequate encouragement. To these extents, such a person bears some responsibilities even if passively so as a member. The implication of this work is to contribute to social change by informing social worker on their challenges and responsibilities ahead of them in the community.

Buku ini memerihalkan tentang prinsip asas kerja sosial, sejarah perkembangan kerja sosial sama ada sebagai disiplin ilmu atau profesion pertolongan profesional dan pendidikan kerja sosial di Malaysia. Disiplin kerja sosial merupakan cabang ilmu sains sosial yang melatih pekerja sosial untuk melakukan praktis intervensi dengan sistem mikro, mezzo dan makro. Matlamat utama praktis kerja sosial ialah meningkatkan kefungsian dan kesejahteraan biopsikososial serta memperkasakan klien yang terdiri daripada kumpulan rentan atau marginal. Pekerja sosial bekerja dalam pelbagai seting seperti sekolah, penjara, hospital, rumah jagaan dan perlindungan kanak-kanak, rumah orang tua dan lain-lain yang memerlukan khidmat pekerja sosial. Sehubungan itu, buku ini sangat signifikan terutamanya kepada mahasiswa yang mengambil kursus kerja sosial, agensi kerajaan dan Pertubuhan Bukan Kerajaan (NGO) yang menyalurkan perkhidmatan sosial. Keperluan kepada pekerja sosial semakin penting selaras dengan pelbagai isu sosial yang semakin kompleks. Isu tersebut perlu ditangani supaya tidak menjadi barah yang boleh meruntuhkan kemajuan sesebuah negara. Kemampanan pembangunan dan kemajuan sesebuah negara sangat bergantung kepada rakyatnya yang sejahtera dan harmoni.

Human trafficking is a modern form of slavery and organized crime that violates human rights and threatens public and national security. The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that there are 40.3 million people have been the victims of human trafficking, with the majority of them are women and children. Children are the most vulnerable and high risk group to be sexually exploited through child marriage and economically exploited as forced labour and beggars. The establishment of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children in 2000, was an international effort to combat this crime. Countries in Southeast Asia are also confronted with this crisis especially involving children and have been identified either as a source, destination or transit countries in the case of human trafficking. While the issue is very alarming, the accurate assessment of child victims is yet to be found due to the clandestine nature of the crime. There are many factors such as poverty, debt bondage, traditional practices that encourage early marriage, low level of education, fraudulent documents and collaboration between the recruiter and family, leader or related agencies have contributed significantly towards the existing child trafficking and sexual exploitation issues. This articles aims to present issues pertaining to child trafficking and exploitation. With that in mind, the current study employs library research as a research design in order to gather information from various sources such as journal articles, books, reports, and conference proceedings. It is highly expected that this article would provide exposure and in-depth understanding regarding child trafficiking and exploitation to related agencies. In-depth understanding is vital to develop related policies and guidelines to curb this transnational crime.

This article addresses one of the many issues of Nigerian prisons conditions utilizing helpful equity activity against the conventional criminal equity framework, which puts much accentuation on the awaiting trials and the accused person in the prison facilities and subsequently making prison population to increase. The re-integrative Rehabilitation theory was utilized to support the discussion. Logically, to reestablish equity is to correct offenders and degenerates, and re-set up and revivify repelled connections and breakdown of law and order in society. Rehabilitation is a developing non-caretaker, non-reformatory and humanistic procedure for the treatment not punishment of offenders without recourse to legal battle that often results in remanding one party in prison custody. Considering the encompassing merits of rehabilitation justice, there is an urgent need to officially integrate this alternative to incarceration intervention programme into the Nigerian legal system, as this will go a long way in decongesting the seemingly overpopulated correctional institutions in Nigeria. The rehabilitation/restorative justice facilitators, victims and their families, offenders and their families, and ‘community’ as a sole owner of every individual living in it, collectively strive to restore justice, order, security, property, and core values in Nigeria.

Ketum or its scientific name Mitragyna Speciosa has been used in traditional medical practice to treat certain diseases. Recently, ketum has been used widely to replace the synthetic drugs. The mixture of the leaves and other substances such as paracetamol, mosquito coil powder, and soda water are boiled to produce ketum juice. The juice has similar impact as synthetic or traditional drugs on human body that contributes to addiction. This problem is particularly prevalent in Northern States of Peninsular Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to explore the ketum consumption among youths in the state of Kedah. The perception of seven subjects interviewed have shown that the ketum juice contributes to good health and at the same time serves as an alternative to drugs. The subjects were aware that the excessive use of ketum juice can lead to injury and fatality. These findings are important to help the professionals such as social worker and counselor in understanding the ketum consumption practice. The input will help them to come up with an appropriate interventions and programs to address the issue especially among youth.

This paper looks at the "Nigerian Prison Service (NPS) and the difficulties of staff welfare organization: An investigation of Oke Kura prison, went for determining the degree to which welfare administrations were being managed in Oke Kura prison and the elements influencing it. Overview outline through organized poll was utilized to remove applicable information for the study. Speculation was tried utilizing chi-square (X2) measurable device. The study found that Oke Kura prison has been not able meet least U.N standard in welfare administrations on account of blockage. There is a constant utilization of pail lavatories which open inmates to wellbeing dangers. Aside from lacking assets, it was found that bungle of welfare assets has presented detainees to unfortunate circumstance, which can result to scourges and less than ideal passing of the inmates. We in this manner prescribed that administration ought to assemble more structures in the prison to oblige the perpetually expanding number of detainees, states governments ought to be permitted to make state confinement focuses as other option to penitentiaries, consistent preparing and retraining of prison staff in accordance with current worldwide best practices for prisons gets to be essential.

Statistic reported that the involvement of female teenagers in delinquency behavior is increasing. According to the literature, one of the aspects that contribute to delinquency among female teenagers is individual internal factor. Thus, this study is aimed to analyze the internal aspects of female teenagers who are involved in delinquency behavior. The study applied qualitative approach. Respondents were selected by purposive sampling technique. Data was gathered through an in-depth interview with the respondents. Information from the interview was recorded to ensure that the information is completed. The data from the recorder was then transferred into a writing format manually. The data was analyzed to obtain the study themes. Results of the study showed that there are three internal aspects that influence the respondents to involve in delinquency such as perception towards their delinquency acts, life experiences and their reaction towards any particular situations.

Issues affecting the effectiveness of rehabilitation programme of the inmate, have important implications on the public safety after inmates are released from the prison. Many studies have been conducted on prisons environment effects, some investigating disciplinary methods and some exploring rehabilitation managements. Methodical evaluations of those studies, while varying greatly in exposure and method, display remarkable consistency in their overall findings. Administration and permissions, at best, show modest mean decreases in recidivism of inmate and, in some occurrences, have the differing effect and increase re-offense degrees. The way and manner recidivism effects found in studies of rehabilitation treatment, by comparison, are consistently positive and relatively large. There is, however, considerable inconsistency in those effects associated with the rehabilitation treatment, how well it is employed, and the nature of the inmates to whom it is applied. The specific sources of that inconsistency have not been well explored, but some principles for effective rehabilitation have emerged. The rehabilitation treatments generally found effective in research do not characterize existing practice of rehabilitation, and bridging the gap between research and practice residues noteworthy issues.