Search

Acetaminophen is one of the most commonly used over-the-counter antipyretic and analgesic drugs on the market and has been relevant in the medical world for almost a hundred years. It has maintained an excellent reputation as a safe therapeutic in several types of patient profiles. However, the number of children diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders, namely ADHD, have been on the rise. Recent findings have indicated an association between in utero exposure to acetaminophen and an increased risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD in offspring. The mechanism by which this potential side effect occurs is difficult to pinpoint. However, it is known that the metabolism of acetaminophen is known to cause oxidative stress, which has been shown to influence the developing fetus. This review highlights the epidemiological data indicating the correlation between prenatal acetaminophen exposure and ADHD and discusses several proposed theories by which this phenomenon may occur. While there is not yet enough clinical evidence to prove that acetaminophen may cause ADHD, there is a strong enough correlation to indicate a warning to pregnant patients of the potential risks. The risks and benefits of treatment should be considered so that the patient may continue with the course of action with the most favorable outcome. This review was mainly based on manuscripts pulled from Google Scholar and PubMed. The purpose of this literature review is to assist clinicians to better understand lesser-known risks in acetaminophen usage in pregnant patients.

Telemedicine, telehealth, and E-health all offer significant benefits for pain management and healthcare services by fostering the physician–patient relationship in otherwise challenging circumstances. A critical component of these artificial-intelligence-based health systems is the “agent-based system”, which is rapidly evolving as a means of resolving complicated or straightforward problems. Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) are well-established modeling and problem-solving modalities that model and solve real-world problems. MAS’s core concept is to foster communication and cooperation among agents, which are broadly considered intelligent autonomous factors, to address diverse challenges. MAS are used in various telecommunications applications, including the internet, robotics, healthcare, and medicine. Furthermore, MAS and information technology are utilized to enhance patient-centered palliative care. While telemedicine, E-health, and MAS all play critical roles in managing chronic pain, the published research on their use in treating chronic pain is currently limited. This paper discusses why telemedicine, E-health, and MAS are the most critical novel technologies for providing healthcare and managing chronic pain. This review also provides context for identifying the advantages and disadvantages of each application’s features, which may serve as a useful tool for researchers.