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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Donohue syndrome (DS) is an extremely rare and usually fatal inherited disease resulted from mutations in the INSR (Insulin Receptor) gene and delineated by severe insulin resistance with fasting hypoglycemia, postprandial hyperglycemia, and facial dysmorphism. Optimal treatment of these cases is unclear and most DS cases die during the first two years of life. Herein, we introduce a case of leprechaunism due to the rarity of this syndrome (one case in every four million birth) revealed by clinical and laboratory findings. CASE REPORT: We present a 4-day old boy with an abnormal facial appearance, low birth weight who was admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) due to poor feeding and jaundice. The patient had coarse facies, hypertrichosis, abdominal distention, genitomegaly, and acanthosis nigricans. Laboratory examinations revealed fasting hypoglycemia, postprandial hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia. The diagnosis of Donohue Syndrome was characterized by the combination of dysmorphic features and biochemical results. Supportive care such as normalizing blood glucose and continuous feeding was initiated. He was discharged with good condition several days later but was admitted again at 6 months of age due to sepsis and then died. CONCLUSION: According to the present case report, close monitoring of blood glucose as well as caring to prevent infection and sepsis is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scaling relations for the velocity profile and circulation time, which can be used in design and scale-up, are of great importance in rotating drums. We conducted simulations by discrete element method at various operating conditions (which covers both rolling and cascading regimes) for spherical and non-spherical particles. New scaling relations were proposed for evaluating and fully characterize velocity profile and circulation time in both rolling and cascading regimes. Using dynamic angle of repose, effect of shape was included in these correlations to extend them to spherical and non-spherical particles. Simulation results can satisfactorily reproduce experimental measurements. Visual results show that transition from rolling to cascading regime depends not only on Froude number, fill level and particle size, but also on the particle shape. The surface velocity is scaled with peak velocity and half chord length and its profile is asymmetric with the maximum occurring after the mid-chord position for all simulations. We obtained a correlation for the peak velocity based on our simulations as well as available experimental data in literature. We also found the velocity profiles along the bed depth in active and passive layers. Our results show that the circulation time of particles follow a log-normal distribution. The mean circulation time decreases with rotation speed and drum diameter and increases with fill ratio. This value is greater for spherical particles compared to non-spherical particles. Correlations are also proposed for mean and standard deviation of the circulation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]