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Recently, cyclomodulins have been identified in Escherichia coli (E. coli), which can induce dysplastic damage. This work aimed to determine the dysplastic activity of cyclomodulin-harboring E. coli isolated from CRC patients, obese and normal-weight subjects in a mouse model. Forty-two mice were pretreated with streptomycin, azoxymethane, and dextran sodium sulfate. Mice were infected with E. coli pks + isolated from a CRC patient, with E. coli pks + cif + isolated from obese or normal-weight subjects, or with E. coli HB101. The presence of cyclomodulin-harboring E. coli in the feces, weight loss, changes in fecal consistency, and the presence of blood in the feces were monitored and used to assess the disease activity index (DAI). After 62 days, the mice were sacrificed to evaluate the presence of intestinal polyps and dysplastic damage by histologic sections. Cyclomodulin-harboring E. coli colonized the mice; these mice exhibited weight loss and watery diarrhea, and isolated normal-weight E. coli had a higher DAI. Polyps were observed in mice infected with cyclomodulin-harboring E. coli in the ileum but to a greater extent in obese isolates. E. coli isolated from CRC showed more significant endothelial damage associated with dysplasia in the ileum in equal proportions from obese and normal-weight isolates. In conclusion, E. coli harboring cyclomodulins isolated from CRC, obesity, or normal weight can cause dysplastic damage in the ileum of mice and may be a risk factor for CRC development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Type 2 diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the world, and more people than ever before have impaired glucose tolereance, or prediabetes. Many patients with impaired glucose tolerance and undiagnosed diabetes do not know that their glucose metabolism system has been in a state of disorder. Every year, about 5-10% of prediabetics develop diabetes. One of the important achieving factors may be the increase in blood lipids. However, it is not clear whether triglyceride is associated with impaired glucose tolerance and prediabetes in the Qatari population. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the first several clinical variables and prediabetes status in normal and overweight populations. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Qatar Biobank program. The study included 5,996 participants who were adults over the age of 20. We collected information about participants’ fasting blood glucose levels with other clinical measurements and used various machine learning models and logistic regression to study the association between the clinical measurements and prediabetes for normal and overobese weight groups. The use of several machine learning models showed that, after adjusting the potential confounding factors such as age and sex, Triglyceride has been demonstrated to be positively correlated with prediabetes, and there was a special population dependence phenomenon. Among them, nonobese people (p

Type 2 diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the world, and more people than ever before have impaired glucose tolereance, or prediabetes. Many patients with impaired glucose tolerance and undiagnosed diabetes do not know that their glucose metabolism system has been in a state of disorder. Every year, about 5-10% of prediabetics develop diabetes. One of the important achieving factors may be the increase in blood lipids. However, it is not clear whether triglyceride is associated with impaired glucose tolerance and prediabetes in the Qatari population. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the first several clinical variables and prediabetes status in normal and overweight populations. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Qatar Biobank program. The study included 5,996 participants who were adults over the age of 20. We collected information about participants' fasting blood glucose levels with other clinical measurements and used various machine learning models and logistic regression to study the association between the clinical measurements and prediabetes for normal and overobese weight groups. The use of several machine learning models showed that, after adjusting the potential confounding factors such as age and sex, Triglyceride has been demonstrated to be positively correlated with prediabetes, and there was a special population dependence phenomenon. Among them, nonobese people (p < 0.05). The effect value and 95% confidence interval and OR of triglyceride on prediabetes was 2.79 and (e0.78, e1.28), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Identifying high-risk populations and promoting stroke prevention measures can be achieved through studies on stroke and its risk factors. As a new alternative indicator of insulin resistance (IR), the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index may potentially increase stroke risk. However, the evidence confirming this association is inadequate and inconsistent, possibly due to variations in stroke assessment criteria or characteristics of the study populations. This study aims to evaluate the association between the TyG index and stroke risk level among individuals with normal-weight. Methods A total of 30,895 participants aged ≥ 40 years with normal-weight were enrolled in this study. The TyG index was calculated as Ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. Normal-weight was described as a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5-

Background: Identifying high-risk populations and promoting stroke prevention measures can be achieved through studies on stroke and its risk factors. As a new alternative indicator of insulin resistance (IR), the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index may potentially increase stroke risk. However, the evidence confirming this association is inadequate and inconsistent, possibly due to variations in stroke assessment criteria or characteristics of the study populations. This study aims to evaluate the association between the TyG index and stroke risk level among individuals with normal-weight. Methods: A total of 30,895 participants aged ≥ 40 years with normal-weight were enrolled in this study. The TyG index was calculated as Ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. Normal-weight was described as a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5-<24.0 kg/m2. Stroke risk was assessed by the Stroke Risk Assessment Scale, developed by the China National Stroke Screening and Prevention Project. To evaluate the associations between the TyG index and stroke risk level, multivariate logistic regression models were employed. Results: Results showed that when the TyG index was considered as a continuous variable, each one unit increase in the TyG index was associated with a significantly higher risk of stroke [Moderate-risk (OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 2.03–2.28; P<0.001); High-risk (OR, 3.83; 95% CI, 3.57–4.10; P<0.001)]. Compared with Q1 of the TyG index, Q4 was significantly associated with moderate stroke risk (OR, 2.73; 95% CI, 2.50–2.99; P<0.001) and high stroke risk (OR, 5.39; 95% CI, 4.83–6.01; P<0.001). The continuous TyG index was an important risk factor for high stroke risk in the metabolically obese, normal-weight (MONW) individuals (OR, 3.44;95% CI, 2.92–4.06; P < 0.001). In the MONW individuals, when Q1 was used as a reference, participants in Q4 (OR, 5.33; 95% CI, 4.19–6.78; P < 0.001) was significantly associated with high stroke risk. Subgroup analysis showed significant interaction in the age and sex subgroups in the overall population (Pinteraction <0.001). Conclusion: The risk of stroke is increased with the TyG index among Chinese adults of normal weight; hence, the index may be an important indicator for identifying high-risk stroke populations among individuals with normal body weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyse the association between sex hormones and bone age (BA) in boys aged 9–18 years, both individually and interactively, and further to explore whether nutritional status may influence this association. A retrospective analysis was performed among 1382 Chinese boys with physical measurements, sexual characteristics, BA radiographs and sex hormone indicators from February 2015 to February 2022. A total of 470 (34.0%) boys had advanced BA. BA was positively associated with estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone in both advanced and normal BA groups after adjusting for age, genetic height and body mass index. Multiple logistic regression showed that after adjusting for covariates, estradiol (odds ratio [OR] = 1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14–2.12), LH (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.04–1.96), and testosterone (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.17–2.13) were significantly associated with the increased risk of advanced BA in boys, and the association was reinforced when these hormones were interactively explored. Stratified by nutritional status, the interaction between estradiol, LH, and testosterone showed a strong association with advanced BA in boys with normal weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Very low-carbohydrate diets or ketogenic diets (KDs) have garnered attention for weight loss in patients with overweight or obesity as well as for normal-weight adults, yet the adverse effects of KDs, such as dyslipidemia in normal-weight adults, have not been studied extensively. Objective This meta-analysis aimed to identify the effects of KDs on the lipid profile in normal-weight (body mass index [BMI] < 25 kg/m2) adults from randomized controlled trials. Data Sources PubMed and Embase databases were searched on November 21, 2021, using search terms representing KDs and lipid profiles. Two researchers independently screened articles according to PICOS inclusion criteria. Data Extraction General study information, dietary data, and lipid profiles were extracted from eligible studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias 2 tool. Data Analysis Fixed- or random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate the effects of KDs on total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, apolipoprotein A (apoA), and apolipoprotein B (apoB), considering heterogeneity across studies. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach. Results Three studies were selected for meta-analysis. A KD significantly increased TC by 1.47 mmol/L (95%CI, 0.72–2.22 mmol/L), LDL-C by 1.08 mmol/L (95%CI, 0.37–1.79 mmol/L), and apoB by 0.35 g/L (95%CI, 0.06–0.65 g/L). In addition, a KD significantly increased HDL-C by 0.35 mmol/L (95%CI, 0.27–0.42 mmol/L) and apoA by 0.34 g/L (95%CI, 0.28–0.41 g/L) compared with control diets. Triglyceride levels were not significantly different between KDs and control diets (P  =   0.63). Conclusion This study suggests unfavorable effects of KDs on TC and LDL-C in normal-weight adults. Although an increase in HDL-C can compensate for unfavorable changes in lipids, normal-weight individuals should consider the risk of hypercholesterolemia when consuming a KD. Results for triglycerides were inconsistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Differences by sex in blood leptin and body fat percentage in children are present before 10 years old Girls have higher circulating leptin and body fat percentage than boys The sex differences in blood leptin and adiposity in children increase progressively with the age

Abstract Background This study aimed to compare the ability of certain obesity-related indicators to identify metabolic syndrome (MetS) among normal-weight adults in rural Xinjiang. Methods A total of 4315 subjects were recruited in rural Xinjiang. The questionnaire, biochemical and anthropometric data were collected from them. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the association between the z-score of each index and MetS. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare the diagnostic ability of each index. According to the cut-off value of each index, nomogram models were established and their diagnostic ability were evaluated. Results After adjusting for confounding factors, each indicator in different genders was correlated with MetS. Triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) showed the strongest association with MetS in both males (OR = 3.749, 95%CI: 3.173–4.429) and females (OR = 3.521,95%CI: 2.990–4.148). Lipid accumulation product (LAP) showed the strongest diagnostic ability in both males (AUC = 0.831, 95%CI: 0.806–0.856) and females (AUC = 0.842, 95%CI: 0.820–0.864), and its optimal cut-off values were 39.700 and 35.065, respectively. The identification ability of the TyG index in different genders (males AUC: 0.817, females AUC: 0.817) was slightly weaker than LAP. Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) had the similar AUC (males: 0.717, females: 0.747) to conicity index (CI) (males: 0.734, females: 0.749), whereas the identification ability of a body shape index (ABSI) (males AUC: 0.700, females AUC: 0.717) was relatively weak. Compared with the diagnostic ability of a single indicator, the AUC of the male nomogram model was 0.876 (95%CI: 0.856–0.895) and the AUC of the female model was 0.877 (95%CI: 0.856–0.896). The identification ability had been significantly improved. Conclusion LAP and TyG index are effective indicators for identifying MetS among normal-weight adults in rural Xinjiang. Nomogram models including age, CI, LAP, and TyG index can significantly improve diagnostic ability.

Overweight and obesity are considered epidemic problems. The number of factors involved in developing extra body fat makes harder the detection of this problem. Therefore, among the several variables and their levels presented in overweight and obese people, there is a need to improve the classification of people with these conditions. To this aim, in this paper, we conducted a variable analysis from biochemical and lipid profiles in young Chileans with normal weight, overweight, and obesity using machine learning techniques. XGBoost library was selected as the classifier. 21 variables (13 from biochemical and 8 from lipid profiles) were chosen as features. 100 iterations were conducted, and an 80% cross-validation was obtained. The variables with greater relevance in the classification task were total cholesterol, glycemia, LDH enzyme, bilirubin, and VLDL cholesterol. All of these, except bilirubin, are consistent with previous research in which these features have been used to assess risk factors for developing overweight or obesity. Then, further research must include a deep study regarding bilirubin's influence over these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe triglyceride-glucose (TyG)-driven indices, incorporating obesity indices, have been proposed as reliable markers of insulin resistance and related comorbidities such as diabetes. This study evaluated the effectiveness of these indices in detecting prediabetes in normal-weight individuals from a Middle Eastern population.MethodsUsing the data of 5,996 adult Qatari participants from the Qatar Biobank cohort, we employed adjusted logistic regression to assess the ability of various obesity and triglyceride-related indices to detect prediabetes in normal-weight (18.5 ≤ BMI

Background: Differences in adolescents and adults by sex in blood levels of leptin and adiposity have been described; however, it is not yet clear if these differences arise from the prepubertal stage in subjects with a normal-weight. Therefore, we examine whether there are differences by sex in levels of blood leptin and adiposity in children with a normal-weight between 0 and 10 years old. Methods: Search strategy: eligible studies were obtained from three electronic databases (Ovid, Embase and LILACS) and contact with experts. Selection criteria: healthy children up to 10 years of age with normal-weight according to age. Data collection and analyses: data were extracted by four independent reviewers using a predesigned data collection form. For the analysis, we stratified according to age groups (newborns, 0.25–0.5 years, 3–5.9 years, 6–7.9 years, 8–10 years). The statistical analysis was performed in the R program. Results: Of the initially identified 13,712 records, 21 were selected in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The sex was associated with the overall effect on blood leptin (pooled MD = 1.72 ng/mL, 95% CI: 1.25–2.19) and body fat percentage (pooled MD = 3.43%, 95% CI: 2.53–4.33), being both higher in girls. This finding was consistent in the majority of age groups. Conclusion: The results of our meta-analyses support the sexual dimorphism in circulating blood leptin and body fat percentage between girls and boys with normal-weight from prepuberty. Highlights: Differences by sex in blood leptin and body fat percentage in children are present before 10 years old Girls have higher circulating leptin and body fat percentage than boys The sex differences in blood leptin and adiposity in children increase progressively with the age [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective. This study aims to use recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) of uterine vectormyometriogram (VMG) created from the slow wave (SW) and high wave (HW) bands of electrohysterogram (EHG) signals and assess the directionality of the EHG activity (horizontal or X , vertical or Y ) in normal-weight (NW) and overweight (OW) women during the first stage of labor. Approach . The study involved 41 parturient women (NW = 21 and OW = 20) during the first stage of labor, all of whom were attended at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital of the Maternal and Child Institute of the State of Mexico in Toluca, Mexico. Twenty-minute EHG signals were analyzed in horizontal and vertical directions. Linear and nonlinear indices such as dominant frequency (Dom), Sample Entropy (SampEn), and RQA measures of VMG were computed for SW and HW bands. Main results . Significant differences in SampEn and Dom were observed in the SW band between NW and OW in both X and Y directions, indicating more regular dynamics of electrical uterine activity and a higher Dom in NW parturient women compared to OW women. Additionally, the RQA indices calculated from the VMG of SW were consistent and revealed that NW women exhibit more regular dynamics compared to OW women. Significance . The study demonstrates that RQA of VMG signals and EHG directionality differentiate uterine activity between NW and OW women during the first stage of labor. These findings suggest that the uterine vector may become more periodic, predictable, and stable in NW women compared to OW women. This highlights the importance of tailored clinical strategies for managing labor in OW women to improve maternal and infant outcomes., (Creative Commons Attribution license.)

BackgroundHypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor for cognitive impairment. Lipid accumulation product (LAP), an index that represents fat overaccumulation in the body, has been shown to be associated with cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, the relationship between LAP and cognitive function in hypertensive patients with normal weight has been infrequently studied.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the relationship between LAP and cognitive function in hypertensive patients with normal weight.MethodsThis study included 5,542 Chinese hypertensive patients with normal weight. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The relationship between LAP and MMSE scores was evaluated using multiple linear regression.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 64.8 ± 9.3 years, and 2,700 were men (48.7%). The mean MMSE score was 24.5 ± 5.1 in men and 19.2 ± 6.5 in women. The mean LAP was 26.2 ± 25.5 in men and 42.5 ± 34 in women. Log10-LAP showed a significant positive association with MMSE score (men: β = 0.69, 95% CI 0.14–1.24, p = 0.015; women: β = 1.03, 95% CI 0.16–1.90, p = 0.020). When LAP was divided into 3 groups according to tertiles, participants in the third LAP tertile had higher MMSE scores for both men (p for trend = 0.04) and women (p for trend = 0.015).ConclusionLAP showed an independent positive association with MMSE in Chinese hypertensive patients with normal weight.

Background: Hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor for cognitive impairment. Lipid accumulation product (LAP), an index that represents fat overaccumulation in the body, has been shown to be associated with cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, the relationship between LAP and cognitive function in hypertensive patients with normal weight has been infrequently studied. Objective: This study aimed to assess the relationship between LAP and cognitive function in hypertensive patients with normal weight. Methods: This study included 5,542 Chinese hypertensive patients with normal weight. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The relationship between LAP and MMSE scores was evaluated using multiple linear regression. Results: The mean age of the participants was 64.8 ± 9.3 years, and 2,700 were men (48.7%). The mean MMSE score was 24.5 ± 5.1 in men and 19.2 ± 6.5 in women. The mean LAP was 26.2 ± 25.5 in men and 42.5 ± 34 in women. Log10-LAP showed a significant positive association with MMSE score (men: β = 0.69, 95% CI 0.14–1.24, p = 0.015; women: β = 1.03, 95% CI 0.16–1.90, p = 0.020). When LAP was divided into 3 groups according to tertiles, participants in the third LAP tertile had higher MMSE scores for both men (p for trend = 0.04) and women (p for trend = 0.015). Conclusion: LAP showed an independent positive association with MMSE in Chinese hypertensive patients with normal weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Given the numerous gaps in our knowledge about the biological interactions of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], we determined whether Lp(a) was associated with hyperinsulinemia in healthy normal-weight, prepubertal children. Methods. A total of 131 healthy normal-weight Mexican children aged 6 to 9 years at Tanner stage 1 who were born appropriate for gestational age were enrolled in a case–control study. Children with hyperinsulinemia were allocated into the case group (n = 32), and children with normal insulin levels were allocated into the control group (n = 99). Birth weight, age, and body mass index were matching criteria. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to compute the odds ratio (OR) between Lp(a) and both hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Furthermore, a multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between Lp(a) and both insulin levels and HOMA-IR. Both models were adjusted by sex, age, birth weight, and body mass index. Results. The median (25–75 percentile) serum levels of Lp(a) [20.0 (13.7–29.6) versus 14.6 (10.6–26.7) mg/dL, p =.003] and insulin [24.5 (6.0–30) versus 7.9 (4.3–9.0) µU/L, p <.0005] were higher in the case group than in the control group. The logistic regression analysis showed that Lp(a) was associated with hyperinsulinemia (OR 5.86; 95%CI 2.5–13.6, p <.0005) and insulin resistance (OR 2.01; 95%CI 1.1–9.9, p =.004). In addition, the linear regression analysis showed a significant association between serum Lp(a) and insulin levels (β 11.1; 95%CI 1.8–10.9, p <.0001) and the HOMA-IR index (β 2.606; 95%CI 2.3–2.9, p <.0005). Conclusion. Lp(a) was associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in healthy normal-weight, prepubertal children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overconsumption of high-calorie or unhealthy foods commonly leads to weight gain. Understanding people’s neural responses to high-calorie food cues might help to develop better interventions for preventing or reducing overeating and weight gain. In this review, we conducted a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of viewing high-calorie food cues in both normal-weight people and people with obesity. Electronic databases were searched for relevant articles, retrieving 59 eligible studies containing 2410 unique participants. The results of an activation likelihood estimation indicate large clusters in a range of structures, including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), amygdala, insula/frontal operculum, culmen, as well as the middle occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus, and fusiform gyrus. Conjunction analysis suggested that both normal-weight people and people with obesity activated OFC, supporting that the two groups share common neural substrates of reward processing when viewing high-calorie food cues. The contrast analyses did not show significant activations when comparing obesity with normal-weight. Together, these results provide new important evidence for the neural mechanism underlying high-calorie food cues processing, and new insights into common and distinct brain activations of viewing high-calorie food cues between people with obesity and normal-weight people.

Annalisa Panico,1 Giovanni Messina,2,3 Gelsy Arianna Lupoli,1 Roberta Lupoli,1 Marianna Cacciapuoti,1 Fiorenzo Moscatelli,2 Teresa Esposito,3 Ines Villano,3 Anna Valenzano,2 Vincenzo Monda,3 Antonietta Messina,3 Francesco Precenzano,4 Giuseppe Cibelli,2 Marcellino Monda,3 Giovanni Lupoli1 1Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy; 2Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy; 3Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; 4Department of Mental and Physical Health, and Preventive Medicine, Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by phenotypic heterogeneity and has a wide variety of consequences. Approximately half of women with PCOS are overweight or obese, and their obesity may be a contributing factor to PCOS pathogenesis through different mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate if PCOS alone affects the patients’ quality of life and to what extent obesity contributes to worsen this disease. Design: To evaluate the impact of PCOS on health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL), 100 Mediterranean women with PCOS (group A), 50 with a body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m2 (group A1) and 50 with BMI 25 (A1) showed a significant and more marked reduction in scores, suggesting a lower quality of life, compared with controls (B) and with normal-weight PCOS patients (A2). Conclusion: PCOS is a complex disease that alone determines a deterioration of HRQoL. The innovative use of these psychometric questionnaires in this study, in particular the PCOS questionnaire, has highlighted that obesity has a negative effect on HRQoL. It follows that a weight decrease is associated to phenotypic spectrum improvement and relative decrement in psychological distress. Keywords: polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity, normal-weight, health-related quality-of-life, psychological disturbances

This study aimed to determine the differences in dietary intake and quality between normalweight (NW) and overweight/obese (OW/OB) young adults in Klang Valley, Malaysia. A case-control study was conducted among 294 private universities students in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Respondents completed a set of questionnaire and 3 days 24-hr dietary recall. Weight, height, body fat percentage (%BF), visceral fat, and waist circumference of respondents were measured. Dietary intake of respondents was analyzed and their diet quality was evaluated using a healthy eating index (HEI) scale. Findings displayed OW/ OB group had significantly higher energy, macronutrient, sugar, saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium intake (p < 0.001) than NW group. The total HEI score was significantly lower in OW/OB group [45.14 (11.13)] than NW group [51.43 (11.61)]. This was affected by component scores of percentages (%) of energy from fat (p < 0.001) and saturated fat (p = 0.023), cholesterol and sodium intake (p < 0.001) with OW/OB had significantly lower score than NW group. However, OW/OB group achieved a significantly higher component score for cereals (p < 0.001) and meat food groups (p = 0.005) than NW group. HEI analysis also displayed both groups achieved low component scores for fruits, vegetables, milk, and food variety. Although OW/OB group had poorer diet quality than NW group, both groups had low consumption of fruits, vegetables, milk, and less varied diet. Therefore, there is a need for educational campaigns on food groups' diversification especially in increasing nutrient-dense food in their diet to increase awareness in healthy eating among young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Normal-weight central obesity is associated with higher mortality than general obesity as defined by body mass index, particularly in the absence of central fat distribution. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the magnitude and predictors of normal-weight central obesity in an urban informal settlement setting in Kenya. Methods: We used data from the AWI-Gen study, a cross-sectional survey targeting randomly selected consenting adults between the ages of 40–60 in two urban informal settlements of Nairobi between 2014 and 2016. Central obesity was determined using waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, visceral fat thickness, and subcutaneous fat thickness. General obesity was determined using body mass index (BMI). Results: About 20.0% of participants in the study had general obesity. The prevalence of central obesity as measured by waist circumference was 52.0%, by waist-to-hip ratio was 53.5%, by visceral fat thickness was 32.4% and by subcutaneous fat thickness was 49.2%. The prevalence of normal-weight central obesity in the study population was highest when measured by waist to hip ratio (38.1%) and lowest when measured by visceral fat thickness (18.1%). Factors associated with normal-weight central obesity as assesses by waist circumference were being female, of older age, and in full-time employment. Older age was associated with normal-weight central obesity as assessed by waist to hip ratio. Conclusion: The findings highlight a significant prevalence of normal-weight central obesity among adults in a poor urban setting in Kenya, pointing to women as a key target group for focused interventions. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish whether there is a link between normal-weight central obesity and mortality in such settings as has been found in other settings.

Background: Normal-weight central obesity is associated with higher mortality than general obesity as defined by body mass index, particularly in the absence of central fat distribution. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the magnitude and predictors of normal-weight central obesity in an urban informal settlement setting in Kenya. Methods: We used data from the AWI-Gen study, a cross-sectional survey targeting randomly selected consenting adults between the ages of 40–60 in two urban informal settlements of Nairobi between 2014 and 2016. Central obesity was determined using waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, visceral fat thickness, and subcutaneous fat thickness. General obesity was determined using body mass index (BMI). Results: About 20.0% of participants in the study had general obesity. The prevalence of central obesity as measured by waist circumference was 52.0%, by waist-to-hip ratio was 53.5%, by visceral fat thickness was 32.4% and by subcutaneous fat thickness was 49.2%. The prevalence of normal-weight central obesity in the study population was highest when measured by waist to hip ratio (38.1%) and lowest when measured by visceral fat thickness (18.1%). Factors associated with normal-weight central obesity as assesses by waist circumference were being female, of older age, and in full-time employment. Older age was associated with normal-weight central obesity as assessed by waist to hip ratio. Conclusion: The findings highlight a significant prevalence of normal-weight central obesity among adults in a poor urban setting in Kenya, pointing to women as a key target group for focused interventions. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish whether there is a link between normal-weight central obesity and mortality in such settings as has been found in other settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Executive functioning (EF) problems may serve as vulnerability or maintenance factors for Binge-Eating Disorder (BED). However, it is unclear if EF problems observed in BED are related to overweight status or BED status. The current study extends this literature by examining EF in overweight and normal-weight BED compared to weight-matched controls. Method: Participants were normal-weight women with BED (n = 23), overweight BED (n = 32), overweight healthy controls (n = 48), and normal-weight healthy controls (n = 29). The EF battery utilized tests from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox and Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). Results: After controlling for years of education and minority status, overweight individuals performed more poorly than normal-weight individuals on a task of cognitive flexibility requiring generativity (p<.01), and speed on psychomotor performance tasks (p5.01). Normal-weight and overweight BED performed worse on working memory tasks compared to controls (p5.04). Unexpectedly, normal-weight BED individuals out-performed all other groups on an inhibitory control task (p<.01). No significant differences were found between the four groups on tasks of planning. Discussion: Regardless of weight status, BED is associated with working memory problems. Replication of the finding that normal-weight BED is associated with enhanced inhibitory control is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim This study investigated the associations between the common hepatocyte nuclear factor - 1A ( HNF1A ) variants and the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in relation to the glycemic control and weight status. Methods A retrospective longitudinal analysis was conducted among 354 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (mean follow-up duration: 5.8 ± 2.5 years). The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the cumulative incidence of DR was calculated using a Cox proportional hazard model. During the observation period, the longitudinal associations of the HNF1A diplotypes with the risk of DR and the clinical parameters were also analyzed using the generalized estimating equations approach. Results The combination of risk variants, i.e., rs1169288-C, rs1183910-A and rs2464196-A, was defined as the H1 haplotype. The incidence of DR was higher in the H1/H1 diplotype cases than in the others (HR 2.75 vs. non-H1/non-H1; p = 0.02). Only in normal-weight subjects, the risks of DR and poor glycemic control were higher in the H1/H1 diplotype cases than in the others [odds ratio 4.08 vs. non-H1/non-H1, p = 0.02; odds ratio 3.03, p = 0.01; respectively]. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the common HNF1A diplotype of three risk variants may be an independent risk factor for the development of DR resulting from poor glycemic control in normal-weight patients with T2DM. These results need to be replicated in larger and more varied study populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to compare the ability of certain obesity-related indicators to identify metabolic syndrome (MetS) among normal-weight adults in rural Xinjiang.Methods: A total of 4315 subjects were recruited in rural Xinjiang. The questionnaire, biochemical and anthropometric data were collected from them. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the association between the z-score of each index and MetS. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare the diagnostic ability of each index. According to the cut-off value of each index, nomogram models were established and their diagnostic ability were evaluated.Results: After adjusting for confounding factors, each indicator in different genders was correlated with MetS. Triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) showed the strongest association with MetS in both males (OR = 3.749, 95%CI: 3.173-4.429) and females (OR = 3.521,95%CI: 2.990-4.148). Lipid accumulation product (LAP) showed the strongest diagnostic ability in both males (AUC = 0.831, 95%CI: 0.806-0.856) and females (AUC = 0.842, 95%CI: 0.820-0.864), and its optimal cut-off values were 39.700 and 35.065, respectively. The identification ability of the TyG index in different genders (males AUC: 0.817, females AUC: 0.817) was slightly weaker than LAP. Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) had the similar AUC (males: 0.717, females: 0.747) to conicity index (CI) (males: 0.734, females: 0.749), whereas the identification ability of a body shape index (ABSI) (males AUC: 0.700, females AUC: 0.717) was relatively weak. Compared with the diagnostic ability of a single indicator, the AUC of the male nomogram model was 0.876 (95%CI: 0.856-0.895) and the AUC of the female model was 0.877 (95%CI: 0.856-0.896). The identification ability had been significantly improved.Conclusion: LAP and TyG index are effective indicators for identifying MetS among normal-weight adults in rural Xinjiang. Nomogram models including age, CI, LAP, and TyG index can significantly improve diagnostic ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies conducted in developing countries have noted associations between concurrent stunting, social-emotional problems and poor cognitive ability in young children. However, the relative contribution of these variables in Latin America is likely changing as undernutrition rates decline and prevalence of childhood obesity rises. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 106 normal-weight and 109 obese preschool children to compare the relative contribution of early nutrition, sociodemographic factors and psychosocial variables on cognitive development in normal-weight and obese preschool children in Chile. The study variables were categorized as: (1) socio-demographic (age, sex, birth order and socioeconomic) (2) early nutrition (maternal height, birth weight, birth length and height at 5 years) (3) psychosocial factors (maternal depression, social-emotional wellbeing and home space sufficiency). In order to assess determinants of cognitive development at 4-5 years we measured intelligence quotient (IQ); variability in normal children was mostly explained by socio-demographic characteristics (r = 0.26), while in obese children early nutritional factors had a significant effect (r = 0.12) beyond socio-demographic factors (r = 0.19). Normal-weight children, who were first born, of slightly better SES and height Z score >1, had an IQ ≥ 6 points greater than their counterparts ( p < 0.05). Obese children who were first born with birth weight >4,000 g and low risk of socio-emotional problems had on average ≥5 IQ points greater than their peers ( p < 0.05). We conclude that in Chile, a post-transitional country, IQ variability of normal children was mostly explained by socio-demographic characteristics; while in obese children, early nutrition also played a significant role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This study was designed with the aim of assessing the energy and nutrient intakes of male university students before and during Ramadan and comparing it with the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 30 male students aged between 19-24 years from International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Kuantan Campus were recruited before Ramadan. The height, weight, waist and hip circumferences were recorded on day one of Ramadan and also recorded on day 21 of Ramadan to assess the changes. From the weight and height, the body mass index was calculated and from the waist and hip circumference, the waist-to-hip ratios were calculated. The respondents were requested to keep three days food record in household measurements; once prior to fasting and once during the third week of Ramadan. The records were then analyzed using Malaysian Food Composition Table and Food Atlas to get the averages of energy and macronutrients intakes of the subjects. Findings – After 21 days of Ramadan, the results revealed that there was reduction in the body weight and there was significant (P<0.05) improvement in the waist-to-hip ratio of the subjects. The effect was more prominent in the normal-weight compared to overweight respondents. The mean energy and protein intakes were significantly (P<0.001) lower than the RNI for Malaysians of similar age group. However, mean energy and protein intakes increased during Ramadan compared to the first day of Ramadan. This study indicates that Ramadan fasting does not affect energy and macronutrients intake but only the routine of intake is affected. Research limitations/implications – This research was limited to a specific group of normal and overweight students who were residing on campus of the IIUM. Their intakes might not be consistent with those at home or living outside the university campus. Another thing is that the students might have over-reported their energy and macro-nutrients intakes compared to what they have consumed in reality. So, the self-reported intakes could not be ascertained. The stated factors might have confounding effects on the finding of this research. Practical implications – Most research argues that the body weight loss during Ramadan fasting is due to reduced energy consumption; however, this is not true in all cases. This study infers that there is no reduction in the total energy consumption, rather there is a change in the pattern of energy intake. This brief study would help researchers planning to conduct research on Ramadan fasting and will caution fasting readers about the intakes. Originality/value – This study indicates that during Ramadan fasting does not affect energy and macro-nutrients intake but only the schedule of intake is affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate metformin effects on the endocrine-metabolic parameters and ovarian morphology in normoinsulinemic women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design: Randomized double-blind study. Setting: Operative Division of Endocrinological Gynecology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. Patient(s): Twenty-eight normal-weight normoinsulinemic PCOS women. Intervention(s): Patients were randomized to receive metformin 500 mg twice a day (group A, 15 subjects) or placebo (group B, 13 subjects) for 6 months. Ultrasonographic pelvic exams, hormonal and lipid features, and oral glucose tolerance test were performed at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of treatment. Main Outcome Measure(s): Hormonal and glycoinsulinemic assessment, ovarian ultrasound appearance. Result(s): Glycoinsulinemic assessment remained unvaried in both groups. About 70% of patients in group A experienced a restoration of menstrual cyclicity. Metformin significantly decreased testosterone levels at 3 and 6 months) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels at 6 months, and improved hirsutism score at 6 months. No clinical or hormonal modifications occurred in group B. Metformin, but not placebo, reduced ovarian volume and stromal/total area ratio at 3 and 6 months. Conclusion(s): Metformin seems to improve the menstrual pattern and ultrasonographic ovarian features in normoinsulinemic PCOS women. These effects seem to be, at least in part, independent of the insulin-lowering properties of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to obtain baseline data regarding self-reported body image, attitudes toward overweight people, and dietary behaviors of normal-weight and obese women in Taiwan. Fifty obese women (BMI ≧ 27) and age-matched normal-weight women participated in this study. Written questionnaires were used for data collection. Simple frequency and t-test were used to analyze data. In general, the majority of normal-weight women perceived themselves as being heavier than their actual body weight. The normal-weight group had more high inaccurate images of their bodies than that of the obese group (72% vs. 24%). Obese and normal-weight women had similar attitudes to overweight people, but some of their attitudes showed significant differences. Obese women would prefer to consume more fried foods and drink sugar-containing foods than would normal-weight women (p < 0.05). Education about accurate perceptions of what is normal weight for women and adopting energy-diluted foods for obese women is needed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overconsumption of high-calorie or unhealthy foods commonly leads to weight gain. Understanding people's neural responses to high-calorie food cues might help to develop better interventions for preventing or reducing overeating and weight gain. In this review, we conducted a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of viewing high-calorie food cues in both normal-weight people and people with obesity. Electronic databases were searched for relevant articles, retrieving 59 eligible studies containing 2410 unique participants. The results of an activation likelihood estimation indicate large clusters in a range of structures, including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), amygdala, insula/frontal operculum, culmen, as well as the middle occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus, and fusiform gyrus. Conjunction analysis suggested that both normal-weight people and people with obesity activated OFC, supporting that the two groups share common neural substrates of reward processing when viewing high-calorie food cues. The contrast analyses did not show significant activations when comparing obesity with normal-weight. Together, these results provide new important evidence for the neural mechanism underlying high-calorie food cues processing, and new insights into common and distinct brain activations of viewing high-calorie food cues between people with obesity and normal-weight people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]