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Jiahua Wu, Xihua Lin, Xueyao Yin, Zhiye Xu, Nan Wu, Ziyi Zhang, Jiaqiang Zhou,* Hong Li* Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Hong Li; Jiaqiang Zhou, Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, People’s Republic of China, Email srrshnfm@zju.edu.cn; zjq8866@zju.edu.cnPurpose: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an increasingly prevalent issue in China’s public health landscape. Few studies have investigated the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in overweight people. We proposed to analyze and contrast the occurrence of MetS in normal-weight and overweight individuals and identify potential indicators for forecasting MetS in adults in Zhejiang Province.Methods: This cohort study included 359 adults aged 40– 65 years and followed up for five years in Zhejiang Province. The study assessed the predictive capabilities of five indicators linked to obesity and lipid levels, namely body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), triglyceride-glucose index (TyGi), and their combined indices (TyG-BMI, TyG-WHtR). The evaluation was done employing the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve (AUC). DeLong test was applied to compare area under different ROC curves.We evaluated the relationships between five variables and MetS using multivariate logistic regression.Results: In normal-weight individuals, the five-year cumulative incidence of MetS was 21.85%, but in overweight people, it was 60.33%. After adjusting for confounding factors, BMI, WHtR, TyGi, TyG-BMI, and TyG-WHtR were independently linked to MetS in normal-weight individuals, while BMI, TyGi, TyG-BMI, and TyG-WHtR were independently linked to MetS in overweight individuals. In normal-weight individuals, the WHtR (AUC=0.738 and optimal threshold value =0.469) and TyG-WHtR (AUC=0.731 and optimal threshold value =4.121) had the larger AUC, which was significantly greater than that of the different three indicators. The TyG-BMI (AUC=0.769 and optimal threshold value = 211.099) was the best predictor of MetS in overweight individuals.Conclusion: The five-year cumulative incidence of MetS in overweight people was approximately triple that of normal-weight people in Zhejiang Province. In the overweight population, the TyG-BMI performed better than the other indices in predicting MetS. WHtR and TyG-WHtR outperformed BMI, TyGi, and TyG-BMI in anticipating MetS in a normal-weight population.Keywords: metabolic syndrome, normal weight, overweight, WHtR, BMI, TyG

Abstract The difference in the survival of obese patients and normal-weight/lean patients with diabetic MAFLD remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to describe the long-term survival of individuals with diabetic MAFLD and overweight/obesity (OT2M), diabetic MAFLD with lean/normal weight (LT2M), MAFLD with overweight/obesity and without T2DM (OM), and MAFLD with lean/normal weight and without T2DM (LM). Using the NHANESIII database, participants with MAFLD were divided into four groups. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related, and cancer-related mortalities for different MAFLD subtypes were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models. Of the 3539 participants, 1618 participants (42.61%) died during a mean follow-up period of 274.41 ± 2.35 months. LT2M and OT2M had higher risks of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR, 2.14; 95% CI 1.82–2.51; p

Background: There is increasing awareness of the physiological effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) in obese subjects. However, there are no data on the effects of RIF on plasma volume changes (ΔPV) in individuals with different body weights. Background and Objectives: This study investigated the effects of RIF on ΔPV in normal-weight (NW) and overweight (OW) adult men, and adult men with obesity (OB) and severe obesity (SO). Materials and Methods: Thirty-two male subjects (32) were divided into four groups (n = 8 per group) according to their body mass index (BMI): normal weight (NW) (BMI < 25 kg/m2; age = 27.4 ± 3.8), overweight (OW) (BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m2; age = 26.8 ± 3.7), obese subjects (OB) (BMI between 30 and 34.9 kg/m2; age = 25.6 ± 2.9), and severely obesity (SO) (BMI between 35 and 40 kg/m2; age = 24.0 ± 4.1). Blood samples were collected for 24 h on 4 different occasions, at T0 before the start of the Ramadan month, at T1 15 days after the start of Ramadan, at T2 one day after the end of Ramadan, and at T3 on the 21st day after the end of Ramadan to determine ΔPV. All groups completed their fasting rituals for the 30 days of Ramadan. Results: A significant group × time effect occurred for body mass (p = 0.001; ES = 0.53), BMI (p = 0.001; ES = 0.53), and body fat percentage (p = 0.001; ES = 0.52). Post hoc tests indicated reductions in body mass in OB and SO at T1 (p = 0.03; ES = 0.21 and p = 0.002; ES = 0.12) and T2 (p = 0.03; ES = 0.31 and p = 0.02; ES = 0.23), reductions in BMI in OB and SO at T1 (p = 0.04; ES = 0.35 and p = 0.03; ES = 0.42) and T2 (p = 0.03; ES = 0.52 and p = 0.005; ES = 0.48), and reductions in body fat percentage only in OB AT T1 (p = 0.002; ES = 0.31) and T2 (p = 0.001; ES = 0.17). A significant group × time effect occurred for hematocrit (p = 0.02; ES = 0.34), hemoglobin (p = 0.01; ES = 0.35), and ΔPV (p = 0.02; ES = 0.18). Post hoc tests indicated increases in hematocrit in OB at T2 (p = 0.03; ES = 0.36) and hemoglobin in OB and SO at T1 (p = 0.03; ES = 0.35 and p = 0.002; ES = 0.32) and T2 (p = 0.003; ES = 0.21 and p = 0.002; ES = 0.33). There were also increases in ΔPV in OB at T1 and T2 (p = 0.002; ES = 0.25 and p = 0.003; ES = 0.22) and in SO only at T2 (p = 0.02; ES = 0.37). Contrast analysis indicated that NW was significantly lower than the grand mean of OW, Ob, and SO for all anthropometric and PVV variables (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: The effects of RIF on ΔPV and anthropometric characters was greater in obese individuals compared to normal-weight and overweight participants, suggesting that the improvements in body composition and ΔPV produced by RIF could positively influence obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difference in the survival of obese patients and normal-weight/lean patients with diabetic MAFLD remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to describe the long-term survival of individuals with diabetic MAFLD and overweight/obesity (OT2M), diabetic MAFLD with lean/normal weight (LT2M), MAFLD with overweight/obesity and without T2DM (OM), and MAFLD with lean/normal weight and without T2DM (LM). Using the NHANESIII database, participants with MAFLD were divided into four groups. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related, and cancer-related mortalities for different MAFLD subtypes were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models. Of the 3539 participants, 1618 participants (42.61%) died during a mean follow-up period of 274.41 ± 2.35 months. LT2M and OT2M had higher risks of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR, 2.14; 95% CI 1.82–2.51; p < 0.0001; adjusted HR, 2.24; 95% CI 1.32–3.81; p = 0.003) and CVD-related mortality (adjusted HR, 3.25; 95% CI 1.72–6.14; p < 0.0001; adjusted HR, 3.36; 95% CI 2.52–4.47; p < 0.0001) than did OM. All-cause and CVD mortality rates in LT2M and OT2M patients were higher than those in OM patients. Patients with concurrent T2DM and MAFLD should be screened, regardless of the presence of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Julián Andrés López-Herrera,1 Adriana Nathaly Castillo,2 Jenny Elizabeth Ordoñez-Betancourth,3 Wilson de Jesús Martínez Quiroz,4 Luis Felipe Higuita-Gutiérrez,5,6 Milton F Suarez-Ortegon7 1Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali, Cali, Colombia; 2Departamento de nutrición y dietética, Institución Universitaria Escuela Nacional del Deporte, Cali, Colombia; 3Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia; 4Dirección de gestión clínica y promoción y prevención, Metrosalud, Medellín, Colombia; 5School of Medicine, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; 6School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; 7Departamento de Alimentación y Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali, Cali, ColombiaCorrespondence: Milton F Suarez-Ortegon; Luis Felipe Higuita-Gutiérrez, Email milton.suarez@javerianacali.edu.co; luis.higuita@campusucc.edu.coBackground and Aim: Individuals with a normal weight may have metabolic alterations at risk for chronic non-communicable diseases. The prevalence of this condition and associated factors have not been reported in Latin American populations. We aimed to estimate the presence and associated factors of Metabolically Unhealthy Normal Weight (MUNW) in adults from a public program for the control and prevention of chronic diseases in Medellín, Colombia.Methods: Cross-sectional study. Overweight and normal weight were characterized according to the absence or presence of one or more components of the metabolic syndrome, obtaining four phenotypes: Metabolically Healthy Normal Weight (MHNW), MUNW (phenotype of interest), Metabolically Healthy Overweight (MHO), and Metabolically Unhealthy Overweight (MUO). The association of these phenotypes with sociodemographic variables of lifestyles and increased waist circumference was conducted by using logistic regression.Results: In 37,558 individuals (72.7% women), the prevalence of MUNW was 23.3%. Among the additional phenotypes, MUO was found to be more prevalent (71.6%), while MHNW and MHO were very slightly common, 2% and 3.1%, respectively. In a multiple model, the factors associated with MUNW were age over 60 years (trend [OR 1.56 95% CI 0.97– 2.52] p-value = 0.066), living in a rural area ([OR 1.58 95% CI 1.09– 2.29] p-value = 0.015), and increased waist circumference ([OR 1.68 95% CI 1.45– 1.95] p-value < 0.001). Male gender was inversely associated with all phenotypes (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Almost a quarter of the analyzed population presented MUNW. People living in a rural area and over 60 years old were more likely to present MUNW. Men were less likely to present the weight phenotypes studied, although they could have been underrepresented.Keywords: normal weight, metabolism, risk factor, body mass index, metabolic profile, metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND: Healthy eating habits among mothers both before and throughout pregnancy are beneficial for their own well-being, the fetus and the child in adulthood. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to study the link between the quality of the diet of parturients and the birth weight of newborns. METHODS: The diversity scores (DDS) and dietary variety scores (DVS) were used to assess the quality of the diet, and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) and the nutrient adequacy ratio were calculated and compared in 200 parturients (Controls) who gave birth to normal-weight (NW) newborns and 200 parturients (Cases) who gave birth to low birth weight (LBW) newborns. RESULTS: Mean DDS was 7.01±1.36 in controls and 4.55±1.60 in cases. The mean DVS was 13.31±3.28 in controls vs 8.11±4.60 in the cases (P < 0.001). The MAR index of controls 0.84±0.004 was higher compared to cases 0.70±0.004. The lowest NAR values are found for calcium (0.60±0.02 vs 0.34±0.01), iron (0.66±0.01 vs 0.50±0.01), folates (0.68±0.011 vs 0.48±0.009) in controls and cases respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The diets of women with LBW newborns do not meet the basic nutritional needs for a successful pregnancy and childbirth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• It was the first large-scale study of the distribution of Rotterdam-based PCOS phenotypes in Ukraine. • Phenotype A was the most prevalent – 47.7%, phenotypes B, C, and D were almost equally distributed. • The rates of obesity and hyperandrogenism symptoms were higher in classic phenotypes than in non-classic. • At the same time, a phenotypic form does not exhaustively determine the anthropometric characteristics of a PCOS patient. To explore the distribution of Rotterdam-based PCOS phenotypes and their associations with anthropometric parameters predictive of cardiometabolic risks in Ukrainian referral PCOS women. It was a cross-sectional study conducted by the Ukrainian Society of Gynecological Endocrinology between September 2021 and January 2022 involving 42 clinics in 10 regional centres representing the major geographical parts of Ukraine. Two hundred obstetrician-gynecologists whose practice facilities corresponded to study criteria were committed to entering records of their PCOS patients aged 20–45 years into the uniform data collection forms. The recorded parameters were: PCOS phenotype with the mandatory assessment of biochemical hyperandrogenism, age, BMI, waist circumference, and hyperandrogenism symptoms. 5254 patients' records were completed. Phenotype A was the most prevalent – 47.7 %, phenotypes B, C, and D were almost equally distributed in the studied population: 17.6 %, 17.4 %, and 17.3 % respectively. The total prevalence of androgenic phenotypes based on the presence of biochemical hyperandrogenism was 82.7 %. The incidence of obesity and hyperandrogenism symptoms, and mean BMI values were higher in phenotypes A and B compared to C and D. At the same time, the presence of 34.1 % and 46.2 % of normal-weight subjects in phenotypes A and B respectively, supports the fact that the excessive BMI is not a universal characteristic of androgenic phenotypes. In younger age groups, phenotypes C and D demonstrated the predominance of normal weight, but in older subgroups, the situation changed: in the age group of 36–45 y.o. compared to 18–25 y.o., the percentage of overweight and obese subjects for the non-classic phenotypes increased more than for the classic ones: C (OR = 3.91, 95 % CI: 2.41–6.38), D (OR = 4.14, 95 % CI: 2.64–6.52), A (OR = 2.30, 95 % CI:1.72–2.08), and B (OR = 2.56, 95 % CI:1.69–3.89). In thoroughly assessed Ukrainian referral PCOS population the classic phenotypes prevailed as in other clinical cohorts. The classic phenotypes were characterized by the higher rate of adiposity and severity of clinical hyperandrogenism. At the same time, obese, overweight, and normal-weight subjects were present in all phenotypes, and the risk of obesity in non-classic phenotypes was higher in older age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between overweight or obesity and depressive symptoms in individuals with or without cardio-metabolic abnormalities is unclear. In a cross-sectional study we examined the odds of experiencing depressive symptoms in overweight or obese older adults with or without metabolic abnormalities. Methods: The participants included 3318 older adults from the Hunter Community Study Cohort with a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 18.5 kgm2, stratified by BMI and metabolic health risk. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kgm2 and metabolically healthy as the absence of metabolic risk factors, according to International Diabetic Federation criteria for metabolic syndromes. Moderate to severe depressive symptoms were defined as a Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score ≥ 16. Results: Compared to the metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW) group, the odds of experiencing moderate/severe depressive symptoms were higher in those classified as a metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) (odds ratio (OR) = 1.25, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.76–2.06) or metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.00–2.19), but not in those classified as metabolically unhealthy overweight (MUOW) (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.63–1.45), metabolically healthy overweight (MHOW) (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.51–1.26), and metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.65–1.64). Compared with MHNW males, the odds of moderate/severe depressive symptoms were increased in all other BMI category–metabolic health groups for males and females. Limitations: Our relatively small sample size and cross-sectional design did not allow us to robustly establish causality. Conclusion: The odds of experiencing moderate/severe depressive symptoms were increased in metabolically unhealthy older adults regardless of normal weight or obesity, with the odds of having moderate/severe depressive symptoms being higher in females than in males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The condition of being underweight is a social problem in Japan among women. However, there is a lack of evidence for dietary guidance for underweight women because there has been no comparison of lipids or HbA1c among underweight, normal weight, and overweight women in different age groups. We analyzed the effect of body size and age on the serum lipid and hemoglobin A1c levels in Japanese women in a cross-sectional study. A total of 26,118 women aged >20–65 years underwent physical examinations between 2012 and 2022. Seventeen percent of women aged >20–29 years were underweight, and 8% of those aged 50–65 years were underweight. Total cholesterol and non-HDL-C concentrations increased with age, but the difference between underweight and overweight individuals was lowest among women aged 50–65 years. On the other hand, the differences in HDL-C, TG, and HbA1c levels between underweight and overweight subjects were greatest in the 50–65 age group, but the differences between underweight and normal weight subjects were much smaller. Considering that, unlike HDL-C, TG, and HbA1c, TC and non-HDL-C increase to levels comparable to overweight levels in underweight women in aged 50–65 years, educating people about a diet that lowers non-HDL-C is necessary even in young underweight women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundGestational diabetes (GDM) affects nearly 15% of pregnancies worldwide and is increasing globally. While this growth is thought to be primarily from overweight and obesity, normal and underweight women are affected as well, particularly in low and middle-income countries. However, GDM in non-overweight women remains understudied. Thus, we examined the prevalence among normal and underweight women globally.MethodsA comprehensive literature search was performed in Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library. Studies retrieved were screened for eligibility against predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Prevalence of GDM among women with normal and underweight body mass index (BMI) was extracted, and average prevalence was calculated globally, by World Health Organization region, and by country. Pregnancy outcomes were described when available.ResultsA total of 145 studies were included. The average global prevalence of GDM among non-overweight women (BMI

The aim of our study was to assess the effect of blood cadmium levels (B-Cd) on abdominal aortic calcification (AAC). We used the data from the 2013–2014 NHANES database. A total of 1530 participants were included in our study, with a mean AAC score of 1.40 ± 0.10, and a prevalence of severe AAC of 7.98%. Participants with higher B-Cd quartiles showed a higher prevalence of severe AAC. B-Cd was positively associated with higher AAC scores and increased risk of severe AAC. In the obese population, blood cadmium levels showed a positive association with the risk of severe AAC. There may be a positive correlation between B-Cd levels and AAC scores and risk of severe AAC, and this correlation is more pronounced in the obese population. Therefore, the cadmium load in AAC patients in the obese population should be considered in clinical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the relationship between body fat distribution and risk of cardiometabolic and microvascular events among individuals with prediabetes or diabetes with normal body mass index (BMI). Methods: A total of 17,232 participants with prediabetes or diabetes from UK Biobank (UKB) with 12‐year follow‐up and 499 diabetic participants from China with 2‐year follow‐up with normal BMI were included. Anthropometric measurements of waist circumference (WC), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR), and body fat composition assessment of trunk‐to‐leg fat ratio (TLFR) were obtained. Outcomes included incident all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality and macrovascular and microvascular diseases. Results: In British cohort, participants with central obesity defined by WHR had 27%–54% higher risk of incident all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23–1.64), cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.54 [1.15–2.07]), myocardial infarction (HR = 1.43 [1.15, 1.78]), stroke (HR 1.26 [0.90, 1.75]), heart failure (HR = 1.27 [1.00, 1.61]), diabetic nephropathy (HR 1.33 [1.07, 1.65]), and diabetic retinopathy (DR) (HR = 1.48 [1.12, 1.96]) than those without obesity. Central obesity defined by WC and WHtR was associated with 40%–44% and 23%–98% higher risks of developing diabetic events, respectively. In the Chinese cohort, individuals with abdominal obesity, defined by WC (HR 1.44) or WHtR (HR 1.43) but not by WHR, carried more than 40% higher risk of developing DR than those without it. Higher TLFR carried 1.30–2.85 times higher risk of CVD and microvascular diseases among the dysglycemic population. Conclusions: Body fat distribution diseases among individuals with prediabetes or diabetes are associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic and microvascular diseases independent of BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundFast eating has been positively associated with visceral fat accumulation in normal-weight individuals according to body mass index (BMI). However, previous studies have not examined energy and nutrients, or adjusted for food intake. We examined the relationship between eating speed and visceral fat accumulation, using waist circumference as an index, in middle-aged participants who were considered to be of standard weight according to BMI, with nutrient intake added as an adjustment factor.MethodsWe included 6,548 Japanese participants (3,875 men and 2,673 women) aged 40–74 years with BMI 18.5–25.0 kg/m2 who were enrolled in the Yamagata Cohort Study. Participants were divided into “fast,” “normal,” and “slow” eaters according to self-reported eating speed. Nutrient and food intake were evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire, and the difference in intake by eating speed and sex was compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between waist circumference obesity (men ≥85 cm, women ≥90 cm, according to Japanese criteria) and eating speed, adjusted for nutrient intake and other lifestyle habits.ResultsIn men, slow eaters had greater intakes of dietary protein, fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega-3 PUFA, total dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber, soybean products, fish, green and yellow vegetables, other vegetables, mushrooms, and seaweed in comparison with normal-speed eaters. In men, waist circumference obesity was significantly lower among slow eaters than in the group with normal eating speed. In women, waist circumference obesity was not significantly associated with eating speed and was not also associated with nutrient/food consumption except omega-6 PUFA.ConclusionEating slowly was associated with healthy dietary habits. Our results could help prevent waist circumference obesity in men with a BMI between 18.5 and 25.0 kg/m2. However, similar findings were not observed in women, suggesting a sex difference.

Background: There is increasing awareness of the physiological effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) in obese subjects. However, there are no data on the effects of RIF on plasma volume changes (ΔPV) in individuals with different body weights. Background and Objectives: This study investigated the effects of RIF on ΔPV in normal-weight (NW) and overweight (OW) adult men, and adult men with obesity (OB) and severe obesity (SO). Materials and Methods: Thirty-two male subjects (32) were divided into four groups (n = 8 per group) according to their body mass index (BMI): normal weight (NW) (BMI < 25 kg/m2; age = 27.4 ± 3.8), overweight (OW) (BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m2; age = 26.8 ± 3.7), obese subjects (OB) (BMI between 30 and 34.9 kg/m2; age = 25.6 ± 2.9), and severely obesity (SO) (BMI between 35 and 40 kg/m2; age = 24.0 ± 4.1). Blood samples were collected for 24 h on 4 different occasions, at T0 before the start of the Ramadan month, at T1 15 days after the start of Ramadan, at T2 one day after the end of Ramadan, and at T3 on the 21st day after the end of Ramadan to determine ΔPV. All groups completed their fasting rituals for the 30 days of Ramadan. Results: A significant group × time effect occurred for body mass (p = 0.001; ES = 0.53), BMI (p = 0.001; ES = 0.53), and body fat percentage (p = 0.001; ES = 0.52). Post hoc tests indicated reductions in body mass in OB and SO at T1 (p = 0.03; ES = 0.21 and p = 0.002; ES = 0.12) and T2 (p = 0.03; ES = 0.31 and p = 0.02; ES = 0.23), reductions in BMI in OB and SO at T1 (p = 0.04; ES = 0.35 and p = 0.03; ES = 0.42) and T2 (p = 0.03; ES = 0.52 and p = 0.005; ES = 0.48), and reductions in body fat percentage only in OB AT T1 (p = 0.002; ES = 0.31) and T2 (p = 0.001; ES = 0.17). A significant group × time effect occurred for hematocrit (p = 0.02; ES = 0.34), hemoglobin (p = 0.01; ES = 0.35), and ΔPV (p = 0.02; ES = 0.18). Post hoc tests indicated increases in hematocrit in OB at T2 (p = 0.03; ES = 0.36) and hemoglobin in OB and SO at T1 (p = 0.03; ES = 0.35 and p = 0.002; ES = 0.32) and T2 (p = 0.003; ES = 0.21 and p = 0.002; ES = 0.33). There were also increases in ΔPV in OB at T1 and T2 (p = 0.002; ES = 0.25 and p = 0.003; ES = 0.22) and in SO only at T2 (p = 0.02; ES = 0.37). Contrast analysis indicated that NW was significantly lower than the grand mean of OW, Ob, and SO for all anthropometric and PVV variables (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: The effects of RIF on ΔPV and anthropometric characters was greater in obese individuals compared to normal-weight and overweight participants, suggesting that the improvements in body composition and ΔPV produced by RIF could positively influence obesity.

BackgroundChildren and adolescents drink sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) frequently. Research has confirmed that SSBs associate with weight gain and overweight or obesity. However, it is unclear whether high SSBs intake associates with abnormal changes in physical growth and glucolipid metabolism before causing adverse health outcomes such as overweight and obesity. Early identification of associated health risks of overconsumption of SSBs have important public health implications. ObjectiveTo investigate the differences in physical growth and glucolipid metabolism between different SSBs intake frequency groups in normal weight children and adolescents aged 6-17 years, and to evaluate the early effects of SSBs intake on physical growth and glycolipid metabolism before causing overweight and obesity, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of childhood overweight and obesity and related chronic diseases, and for the formulation of policies on the control of SSBs consumption. MethodsData were from the Shanghai Diet and Health Survey (SDHS) among primary and secondary school students. The participants were normal weight children and adolescents aged 6-17 years. Propensity scores were calculated according to energy intake and physical activity factors, after stratifying by age and gender. Participants were 1:1 matched with the closest propensity scores in the high-frequency (≥1 time·d−1) and the low-frequency (≤1 time·week−1) SSBs intake groups. The outcome indicators were physical measurements such as height, weight, percent of body fat, and waist circumference, and metabolic indicators such as fasting blood glucose, total triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Food frequency questionnaire was used to collect SSBs consumption in the past three months through face-to-face interview. A paired t-test was used to compare the differences in physical and glycolipid metabolic indicators between the high-frequency intake group and the low-frequency intake group of SSBs. ResultsA total of 431 pairs were obtained. For children and adolescents in grades 6-9, overall height (difference=2.92 cm, P=0.002), weight (difference=2.53 kg, P=0.003), and waist circumference (difference=1.34 cm, P=0.035) were higher in those who consumed SSBs ≥1 time·d−1 than in those who consumed ≤1 time·week−1. For children and adolescents in grades 10-12, overall weight (difference=2.27 kg, P=0.041) was higher in those who consumed SSBs ≥1 time·d−1 than in those who consumed ≤1 time·week−1. Over 95% of the study subjects reported blood glucose and lipid test results within the normal range; but girls in grades 1-5 who consumed SSBs ≥1 time·d−1 had a higher total cholesterol (difference=0.20 mmol·L−1, P=0.027) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (difference=0.19 mmol·L−1, P=0.010) than those who consumed ≤1 time·week−1; boys in grades 6-9 who consumed SSBs ≥1 time·d−1 had a lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (difference=-0.10 mmol·L−1, P=0.039) than those who consumed ≤1 time·week−1. ConclusionHigh-frequency intake of SSBs may be associated with higher total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in normal weight children and adolescents in grades 1-5, and higher weight in normal weight children and adolescents in grades 6-12. There is an urgent need to educate children and adolescents about nutritional health, enhance their ability to make healthy food and beverage choices, and take early interventions to control the intake of SSBs in children.

Abstract Background Visceral obesity is associated with high cardiovascular events risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Whether normal-weight visceral obesity will pose a higher atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk than body mass index (BMI)-defined overweight or obese counterparts with or without visceral obesity remains unclear. We aimed to explore the relationship between general obesity and visceral obesity and 10-year ASCVD risk in patients with T2DM. Methods Patients with T2DM (6997) who satisfied the requirements for inclusion were enrolled. Patients were considered to have normal weight when 18.5 kg/m2 ≤ BMI

Aims/hypothesis: Type 2 diabetes in people in the healthy weight BMI category (<25 kg/m2), herein defined as 'normal-weight type 2 diabetes', is associated with sarcopenia (low muscle mass). Given this unique body composition, the optimal exercise regimen for this population is unknown. Methods: We conducted a parallel-group RCT in individuals with type 2 diabetes (age 18–80 years, HbA1c 47.5–118.56 mmol/mol [6.5–13.0%]) and BMI <25 kg/m2). Participants were recruited in outpatient clinics or through advertisements and randomly assigned to a 9 month exercise programme of strength training alone (ST), aerobic training alone (AER) or both interventions combined (COMB). We used stratified block randomisation with a randomly selected block size. Researchers and caregivers were blinded to participants' treatment group; however, participants themselves were not. Exercise interventions were conducted at community-based fitness centres. The primary outcome was absolute change in HbA1c level within and across the three groups at 3, 6 and 9 months. Secondary outcomes included changes in body composition at 9 months. Per adherence to recommended exercise protocol (PP) analysis included participants who completed at least 50% of the sessions. Results: Among 186 individuals (ST, n=63; AER, n=58; COMB, n=65) analysed, the median (IQR) age was 59 (53–66) years, 60% were men and 83% were Asian. The mean (SD) HbA1c level at baseline was 59.6 (13.1) mmol/mol (7.6% [1.2%]). In intention-to-treat analysis, the ST group showed a significant decrease in HbA1c levels (mean [95% CI] −0.44 percentage points [−0.78, −0.12], p=0.002), while no significant change was observed in either the COMB group (−0.35 percentage points, p=0.13) or the AER group (−0.24 percentage points, p=0.10). The ST group had a greater improvement in HbA1c levels than the AER group (p=0.01). Appendicular lean mass relative to fat mass increased only in the ST group (p=0.0008), which was an independent predictor of HbA1c change (beta coefficient −7.16, p=0.01). Similar results were observed in PP analysis. Only one adverse event, in the COMB group, was considered to be possibly associated with the exercise intervention. Conclusions/interpretation: In normal-weight type 2 diabetes, strength training was superior to aerobic training alone, while no significant difference was observed between strength training and combination training for HbA1c reduction. Increased lean mass relative to decreased fat mass was an independent predictor of reduction in HbA1c level. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02448498. Funding: This study was funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01DK081371). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The relationship between overweight or obesity and depressive symptoms in individuals with or without cardio-metabolic abnormalities is unclear. In a cross-sectional study we examined the odds of experiencing depressive symptoms in overweight or obese older adults with or without metabolic abnormalities. Methods: The participants included 3318 older adults from the Hunter Community Study Cohort with a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 18.5 kgm2, stratified by BMI and metabolic health risk. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kgm2 and metabolically healthy as the absence of metabolic risk factors, according to International Diabetic Federation criteria for metabolic syndromes. Moderate to severe depressive symptoms were defined as a Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score ≥ 16. Results: Compared to the metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW) group, the odds of experiencing moderate/severe depressive symptoms were higher in those classified as a metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) (odds ratio (OR) = 1.25, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.76–2.06) or metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.00–2.19), but not in those classified as metabolically unhealthy overweight (MUOW) (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.63–1.45), metabolically healthy overweight (MHOW) (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.51–1.26), and metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.65–1.64). Compared with MHNW males, the odds of moderate/severe depressive symptoms were increased in all other BMI category–metabolic health groups for males and females. Limitations: Our relatively small sample size and cross-sectional design did not allow us to robustly establish causality. Conclusion: The odds of experiencing moderate/severe depressive symptoms were increased in metabolically unhealthy older adults regardless of normal weight or obesity, with the odds of having moderate/severe depressive symptoms being higher in females than in males.

The condition of being underweight is a social problem in Japan among women. However, there is a lack of evidence for dietary guidance for underweight women because there has been no comparison of lipids or HbA1c among underweight, normal weight, and overweight women in different age groups. We analyzed the effect of body size and age on the serum lipid and hemoglobin A1c levels in Japanese women in a cross-sectional study. A total of 26,118 women aged >20–65 years underwent physical examinations between 2012 and 2022. Seventeen percent of women aged >20–29 years were underweight, and 8% of those aged 50–65 years were underweight. Total cholesterol and non-HDL-C concentrations increased with age, but the difference between underweight and overweight individuals was lowest among women aged 50–65 years. On the other hand, the differences in HDL-C, TG, and HbA1c levels between underweight and overweight subjects were greatest in the 50–65 age group, but the differences between underweight and normal weight subjects were much smaller. Considering that, unlike HDL-C, TG, and HbA1c, TC and non-HDL-C increase to levels comparable to overweight levels in underweight women in aged 50–65 years, educating people about a diet that lowers non-HDL-C is necessary even in young underweight women.

Background: Visceral obesity is associated with high cardiovascular events risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Whether normal-weight visceral obesity will pose a higher atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk than body mass index (BMI)-defined overweight or obese counterparts with or without visceral obesity remains unclear. We aimed to explore the relationship between general obesity and visceral obesity and 10-year ASCVD risk in patients with T2DM. Methods: Patients with T2DM (6997) who satisfied the requirements for inclusion were enrolled. Patients were considered to have normal weight when 18.5 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 24 kg/m2; overweight when 24 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 28 kg/m2; and obesity when BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2. Visceral obesity was defined as a visceral fat area (VFA) ≥ 100 cm2. Patients were separated into six groups based on BMI and VFA. The odd ratios (OR) for a high 10-year ASCVD risk for different combinations of BMI and VFA were analysed using stepwise logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for diagnosing the high 10-year ASCVD risk were constructed, and areas under the ROC curves were estimated. Potential non-linear relationships between VFA levels and high 10-year ASCVD risk were examined using restricted cubic splines (knot = 4). Multilinear regression was used to identify factors affecting VFA in patients with T2DM. Results: In patients with T2DM, subjects with normal-weight visceral obesity had the highest 10-year ASCVD risk among the six groups, which had more than a 2-fold or 3-fold higher OR than those who were overweight or obese according to BMI but did not have visceral obesity (all P < 0.05). The VFA threshold for high 10-year ASCVD risk was 90 cm2. Multilinear regression showed significant differences in the effect of age, hypertension, drinking, fasting serum insulin, fasting plasma glucose, 2 h postprandial C-peptide, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on VFA in patients with T2DM (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: T2DM patients with normal-weight visceral obesity had a higher 10-year ASCVD risk than BMI-defined overweight or obese counterparts with or without visceral obesity, which should initiate standardised management for ASCVD primary prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), which modulates cellular energy balance, is reported to be positively associated with cardiovascular disease. However, there have been no reports about the association between serum GDF-15 concentration and atherosclerosis as evaluated by carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) among the general population. A cross-sectional study of 536 Japanese individuals aged 60 to 69 years was conducted. To avoid the influence of abnormal cellular energy balance, this study only included participants who had a normal body mass index (BMI) and normal thyroid hormone (free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine) levels. A significant positive association between serum GDF-15 concentration and atherosclerosis was observed. In the sex- and age-adjusted model (Model 1), the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) for the logarithmic value of GDF-15 and atherosclerosis was 2.62 (1.67, 5.87). This association remained after adjusting for thyroid function and renal function (Model 2) and further adjusting for known cardiovascular risk factors (Model 3). The corresponding values were 2.61 (1.15, 5.93) for Model 2 and 2.49 (1.08, 5.71) for Model 3, respectively. Serum GDF-15 concentrations could help us to estimate the risk of atherosclerosis by indicating the status of cellular energy balance, which is related to mitochondrial activity among comparative healthy older individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Overweight-obesity has turned into a worldwide epidemic due to sedentary lifestyle with more eating and less physical activity. The overweight and obesity rising among young people give alarm which may cause the formation link to the rise of other non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and stroke are the most important concern. Medical students are exposing lot of stress in their education and this stressful condition leads to irregularity in diet, lack of exercise, and their family health history, each being considered an independent factor leading to obesity. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among 2nd year MBBS students and find the association between family history with body mass index (BMI). Materials and Methods: This study included 150 MBBS students’ BMI survey from SVMCHRC, Puducherry The height and weight of the students were be measured and BMI was calculated using formula. Students parents health status data were collected and the association of BMI and family history was established. Results: Based on student BMI details, the study found that overweigh was 18% and obese was 38%. Student parents health details obtained and studied possible future risk for obese student. Conclusion: Students are overweight-obese that particular students family history was collected. They are susceptible to the future development of cardiovascular disease, Type II diabetes, hypertension, osteoarthritis, anesthesia risks, and menstrual abnormalities as well as some types of cancers including those of colon and breast. So that students necessary health promotional activities are suggested to adopt healthy life style including regular physical exercises, yoga, and good dietary habits that are advised for healthy life style.

Background: Obesity and overweight are one of the components of metabolic syndrome and the cause of cardiovascular disease and sudden cardiac death. Obesity is associated with a wide range of electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities. Methods: This case-control study was performed on 50 children and adolescents aged 9 to 18 years in Birjand from May to October 2020. In the control group, 25 people with normal weight and in the case group, 25 people with obesity or overweight were included in the study. Individuals with a body mass index of 85-95 percent were defined as overweight, ones with a body mass index above the 95th percentile were defined as obese, and individuals with a body mass index below the 85th percentile were defined as normal. After clinical examination, height, weight and electrocardiogram indices were measured and compared by using statistical tests by SPSS (Version 19) software. Results: There were 15 boys in the control group and 17 boys in the case group. The mean age of the control and case groups was 11.28±2.13 and 10.96±1.97 years, respectively. The mean distance between the peak to the end of the T wave in the case group was 323.72±120.15 and in the control group was 79.20±13.06. The mean difference between the shortest and longest distance of TP-e in case group was 48±23.04 and in control group was 18.44±5.58, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the two indices (P

Previous studies indicated different acute adaptations between obese and lean individuals, while there is limited information with conflicting results regarding long-term adaptations. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of a 3-month integrated combined training between obese and lean middle-aged untrained premenopausal women. In total, 72 women (36 obese/36 lean) were divided into four groups: (a) obese exercise (OB-EG), (b) obese control (OB-CG), (c) lean exercise (L-EG), and (d) lean control (L-CG). The exercise groups followed a 3-month (3 times/week) integrated combined aerobic and strength training program. Health indices (body composition, body circumferences, blood pressure, respiratory function), functional capacity (flexibility, balance), and physical fitness (strength, aerobic capacity) were measured before and after the 3-month time period. Participants' enjoyment was also assessed following the program. OB-EG and L-EG significantly improved (p < 0.05) similarly across all functional capacity and physical fitness indices (10–76%; depending on the evaluation index), except balance and strength indices of the non-preferred limb where OB-EG showed greater improvement (reducing the existing pre-training strength/balance asymmetries) than L-EG. Furthermore, both obese and lean individuals showed similarly high levels of enjoyment. This program could be effectively used in fitness settings causing similar neuromuscular and cardiovascular adaptations in obese and lean women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) exacerbates both electrical and structural remodeling in obese atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, but the impacts of EAT on atrial arrhythmogenicity remain unclear in normal‐weight AF patients. Therefore, we sought to investigate this issue using electroanatomic mapping. Methods and Results: We enrolled drug‐refractory 105 paroxysmal AF patients in the normal body mass index range (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), who had undergone electroanatomic mapping after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). One day before PVI, we assessed P‐wave duration in a 12‐lead electrocardiogram and left atrial (LA)‐EAT volumes using contrast‐enhanced computed tomography. The patients were divided into two groups based on the median LA‐EAT volume (16.0 ml); the high LA‐EAT group (≥16.0 ml, n = 53) and low LA‐EAT group (<16.0 ml, n = 52). We compared P‐wave duration, LA conduction velocity and bipolar voltage, the presence of low‐voltage zone (<0.5 mV), and LA volume index on echocardiography between the two groups. The LA bipolar voltage, low‐voltage zone, and LA volume index were not different between the high and low LA‐EAT groups. However, P‐wave duration was significantly longer in the high group than in the low group (p <.001). Additionally, the LA conduction velocity was significantly more depressed in the high group than in the low group (p <.001). Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that LA‐EAT volume was correlated with P‐wave duration (β =.367, p <.001) and conduction velocity (β = −.566, p <.001), respectively. Conclusions: Increased LA‐EAT volumes were associated with electrical conduction disturbance after PVI in normal‐weight patients with AF. P‐wave duration may be a clinically useful predictor of LA‐EAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to assess the associations of body fat distribution and lean body mass (LBM) with blood pressure (BP) in normal-weight Chinese children and adolescents. Methods A total of 898 normal-weight Chinese children and adolescents, aged 10–18 years, were included this cross-sectional study via a cluster sampling method. The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was used to measure body composition. The participants were measured for blood pressure (BP) using a calibrated electronic sphygmomanometer according to the standard method by the "American Hypertension Education Project Working Group". Results Body composition was related to abnormal BP in normal-weight children and adolescents. After the model adjusted for age, smoking, and drinking, regression analysis showed that fat mass percentage (FMP) was negatively associated with abnormal BP, while LBM was positively associated with abnormal BP in boys(P

Highlights This study is the first to find a significant positive association between the baseline visceral adiposity index (VAI) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in normal-weight adults with hypertension. The present study is also the first to indicate a stronger linear positive relationship between VAI and PAD in male participants but not in females.

Postprandial oxidative stress has been shown to promote atherosclerosis. Grape pomace (GP) is a source of similar-to-wine bioactive micro-constituents with known antioxidant properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate metabolic and oxidative stress responses after the intake of grape pomace (GP) extract along with a high-fat meal, in normal and overweight healthy women. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 18 women were finally included, 11 with BMI < 25 kg/m2 and 7 with BMI > 25 kg/m2, and consumed a high-fat meal with placebo or GP extract capsules in two separate visits. Blood samples were collected before and 6 h after the consumption. Measurements included basic biochemical markers, uric acid (UA), protein carbonyls (PC), thiobarbituric acid substance (TBARS) levels, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. At certain time points, the GP extract consumption in normal-weight women reduced UA, TBARS levels, and SOD activity, whereas it increased UA and reduced PC levels in overweight/obese women, compared to the placebo. GP-derived bioactive compounds may exert antioxidant actions during the postprandial state in healthy women, through different mechanisms according to their BMI status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a recognised public health concern due to the increasing incidence of obesity worldwide. However, non‑obese normal‑weight individuals may also present with metabolic syndrome. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of metabolic syndrome amongst normal‑weight and overweight/obese individuals as well as determine the gender influence. Materials and Methods: A total of 102 apparently healthy controls were recruited for this study. Information on demography and medical history was obtained using an interviewer‑administered questionnaire. Blood pressure (BP) and anthropometric parameters were obtained using standard instruments followed by 5 ml of blood collected from the antecubital vein of each participant. The blood specimens were separated using a centrifuge to yield plasma and serum for fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and total cholesterol assays, respectively. The Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for metabolic syndrome were used to determine the presence of metabolic syndrome. Participants were stratified into normal weight (non‑obese) and above normal weight (overweight and obese) using body mass index (BMI). The above‑normal weight participants were further stratified into overweight and Class I, II and III obesity using the corresponding BMI. Student’s t-test was used to compare groups. The alpha level was set at P < 0.05. Results: The overweight/obese (53.9 ± 12.3 years) participants were significantly older than the normal‑weight participants(43.9 ± 15.8 years), P < 0.05, with a male‑to‑female ratio of 0.85:1 and 1.6:1, respectively. Systolic BP (130.9 ± 21.3 mmHg) and FPG (6.5 ± 2.7 mmol/L) were significantly higher in above normal weight than normal weight (121.3 ± 17.3 mmHg and 5.1 ± 1.5 mmol/L). Metabolic syndrome was present in 47.4% and 7.7% of overweight/obese and normal weight, respectively, while females had a significantly higher proportion of metabolic syndrome in both the above normal weight (31.6%) and the normal weight (7.7%), respectively. Conclusion: Females and older individuals may likely develop metabolic syndrome irrespective of BMI. Normal‑weight individuals have a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence accumulated to date about the relationship between cognitive impairments and adults who are overweight and obese suggests that excess weight has a great impact on memory function. Nevertheless, most of the literature has focused only on studying the influences on working memory and episodic memory. This study aimed to examine the potential associations of clinical and anthropometric measures [body mass index (BMI), WHR, body fat, visceral fat, muscle mass, and hypertension] with six memory domains, including contextual memory, short-term visual memory, short-term memory, non-verbal memory, short-term phonological memory, and working memory, in a sample of 124 individuals classified as overweight (n = 33), obese (n = 53), and normal weight (n = 38). The results obtained showed that, after controlling for employment situations, people classified as obese had poorer short-term phonological memory and working memory than those with normal weights. Bivariate correlations showed that measures of weight, BMI, waist–hip ratio index, body fat, and visceral fat were inversely associated with memory function. However, muscle mass was not a significant predictor of memory function. Higher systolic blood pressure was also associated with worse memory function. The study provides evidence of the importance of adiposity in health and memory function.

Background: Overweight-obesity has turned into a worldwide epidemic due to sedentary lifestyle with more eating and less physical activity. The overweight and obesity rising among young people give alarm which may cause the formation link to the rise of other non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and stroke are the most important concern. Medical students are exposing lot of stress in their education and this stressful condition leads to irregularity in diet, lack of exercise, and their family health history, each being considered an independent factor leading to obesity. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among 2nd year MBBS students and find the association between family history with body mass index (BMI). Materials and Methods: This study included 150 MBBS students' BMI survey from SVMCHRC, Puducherry The height and weight of the students were be measured and BMI was calculated using formula. Students parents health status data were collected and the association of BMI and family history was established. Results: Based on student BMI details, the study found that overweigh was 18% and obese was 38%. Student parents health details obtained and studied possible future risk for obese student. Conclusion: Students are overweight-obese that particular students family history was collected. They are susceptible to the future development of cardiovascular disease, Type II diabetes, hypertension, osteoarthritis, anesthesia risks, and menstrual abnormalities as well as some types of cancers including those of colon and breast. So that students necessary health promotional activities are suggested to adopt healthy life style including regular physical exercises, yoga, and good dietary habits that are advised for healthy life style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity and overweight are one of the components of metabolic syndrome and the cause of cardiovascular disease and sudden cardiac death. Obesity is associated with a wide range of electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities. Methods: This case-control study was performed on 50 children and adolescents aged 9 to 18 years in Birjand from May to October 2020. In the control group, 25 people with normal weight and in the case group, 25 people with obesity or overweight were included in the study. Individuals with a body mass index of 85-95 percent were defined as overweight, ones with a body mass index above the 95th percentile were defined as obese, and individuals with a body mass index below the 85th percentile were defined as normal. After clinical examination, height, weight and electrocardiogram indices were measured and compared by using statistical tests by SPSS (Version 19) software. Results: There were 15 boys in the control group and 17 boys in the case group. The mean age of the control and case groups was 11.28±2.13 and 10.96±1.97 years, respectively. The mean distance between the peak to the end of the T wave in the case group was 323.72±120.15 and in the control group was 79.20±13.06. The mean difference between the shortest and longest distance of TP-e in case group was 48±23.04 and in control group was 18.44±5.58, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the two indices (P<0.001). But in other variables, no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that obesity can have adverse effects on the ECG of children compared to normal-weight individuals. These changes are associated with an increased risk of arrhythmias. Given that these changes can be corrected with weight control, it is recommended to warn families and educate them to prevent and control overweight and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the association between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in normotensive adults with hypertension and further investigate potential effect modifiers of this association. A total of 7975 normoweight hypertensive participants were enrolled from the Chinese H-type hypertension registry (CHHRS) cohort. The TyG index was calculated using the formula: ln (fasting triglyceride [mg/dL] × fasting plasma glucose [mg/dL])/2. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 of body surface area. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a 50% increased risk of CKD (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.26-1.79) for each unit increase in the TyG index. A linear dose-response relationship between the TyG index and CKD risk was observed using restricted cubic spline analysis. Compared to the first quartile of the TyG index, the fourth quartile showed a significantly higher risk of CKD (OR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.41-2.50). Subgroup analysis identified a stronger association between the TyG index and CKD risk in males and individuals with a history of alcohol consumption (all p values for interaction < 0.05). In conclusions, the TyG index was significantly associated with an increased risk of CKD in normoweight adults with hypertension, particularly in males and those with a history of alcohol consumption., (© 2024 The Author(s). The Journal of Clinical Hypertension published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Abstract Background Limited information is available on arterial stiffness risk among hypertensive patients with metabolically abnormal but normal weight. Visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a novel indicator for visceral fat mass and metabolism, however, whether can be used to assessed arterial stiffness in a normal-weight population remains unclear. The goal of this study was to examine the independent association of VAI with arterial stiffness in normal-weight hypertensive patients. Methods 3258 participants recruited from the China H-type Hypertension Registry Study. VAI value was calculated using sex-specific equations. High arterial stiffness was defined as baPWV ≥ 18 m/s. Multivariable regression analysis was used to identify the association of VAI with baPWV and high arterial stiffness. Results Of participants, 50.5% (1644) were males, the mean age was 65.5 (SD, 9.1) years. Mean VAI and baPWV were 2.0 (SD, 2.3) and 18.2 (SD, 3.9) m/s, respectively. For each unit increase of lg VAI in multivariable regression analysis, there was a 1.05 m/s increase in baPWV (95% CI 0.67, 1.43) and a 2.13-fold increase in the risk of high arterial stiffness (95% CI 1.59, 2.86). In all models, the VAI was consistently and significantly associated with baPWV after adjustment for different confounders. High VAI levels were stably associated with baPWV in all subgroups. Conclusions We found positive association of VAI with baPWV and high arterial stiffness in normal-weight adults with hypertension. The establishment of this association could help the arterial stiffness risk stratification in normal-weight hypertensive populations, who are frequently overlooked in preventing cardiovascular disease.

Abstract Background This study aimed to describe the prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) rural adults in Xinjiang and to explore their influencing factors. Methods We selected 13,525 Uyghur, Kazakh and Han participants in Kashi, Yili and Shihezi areas in Xinjiang from 2009 to 2010. Weight status was classified according to body mass index. Metabolic phenotype was further defined based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Results The prevalence of normal weight, overweight, and obesity were 51.6, 30.2, and 14.4%, respectively. The mean age of the population was 45.04 years. The prevalence of MHO was 5.5% overall and was 38.5% among obese participants. The prevalence of MUNW was 15.5% overall and was 30.1% among normal weight participants. A metabolically healthy phenotype among obese individuals was positively associated with females and vegetable consumption ≥4 plates per week. However, this was inversely associated with higher age, red meat consumption ≥2 kg per week, and larger waist circumference (WC). Conversely, a metabolically unhealthy phenotype among normal-weight individuals was positively associated with higher age, red meat consumption ≥2 kg per week, and larger WC; this was however inversely associated with vegetable consumption ≥4 plates per week. Conclusions The prevalence of MHO among obese adults in Xinjiang is higher than that of Han adults, while the prevalence of MUNW among normal weight adults is lower than that among Han adults. In obese and normal weight participants, higher age, more red meat consumption, and larger WC increase the risk of metabolic abnormality, and more vegetable consumption reduces the risk of metabolic abnormality.

The issue of inadequate or excessive children’s body weight, particularly in relation to their health, is also discussed by Czech experts in physical anthropology, auxology, paediatrics, endocrinology, etc. Overweight and obesity occur already at a younger school age, and some domestic and foreign sources report a higher prevalence in boys.

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) demonstrate a survival benefit with a high body mass index (BMI); this is the obesity paradox. Central obesity has a higher prognostic value than BMI, even in those with normal weight. Whether total body fat percentage (TBF%) provides more information than BMI and waist circumference (WC) remains unknown. We included 3,262 Asian patients with stage 3–5 CKD and divided these patients by TBF% and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) quartiles (Q1–Q4). TBF% was associated with BMI, WC, nutritional markers, and C-reactive protein. In all patients, BMI but not TBF% or WHtR demonstrated a survival paradox. In patients with BMI

HighlightsAdults with MONW have a lower BMI during youth until young adulthood, but higher BMI after this than adults with metabolically healthy normal weight. Adults with MONW have a greater decrease in physical activity from youth to adulthood than other adults. Healthy lifestyle is important in the prevention of metabolic disorders, particularly in individuals who are slim in childhood.BackgroundIndividuals with metabolically obese normal-weight (MONW) have higher risk of cardiovascular events than those with obesity but a metabolically healthy status. Etiological factors leading to MONW are not well known. We hypothesized distinct trajectories of changes in BMI and physical activity may modify metabolic risk and distinguish individuals with MONW from those who remain healthy.MethodsWe compared the mean levels of BMI and physical activity at eight time points (1980, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1992, 2001, 2007, 2011) between MONW and healthy normal-weight adults using linear mixed-model analysis. The analyses included 1180 participants of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study, a population-based study that represents six different age cohorts 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 years of age at baseline.ResultsIndividuals with adult MONW had significantly lower BMI in childhood and young adulthood, but their BMI increased more than in other adults after this age (p

Background: The prevalence of both obesity & diabetes are increasing all over the world & more in women. They have a negative impact not only on morbidity & mortality but also on quality of life. Objectives: To assess the HRQoL with a specific comparison between obese & normal weight among women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Subjects and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 618 diabetic women aged 18 to 45 years. Data collection was done by interview & SF36 questionnaire. A comparison for Physical Component Summary & Mental Component Summary scores were done on the base of their Body Mass Index. Results: There was a significant difference score between obese & normal patients in PCS (p=0.001) & in MCS (p=0.009). The normal weight patients had significantly higher PCS mean (±SD), in strata of ; age (≤35,>35)=78.43(±8.80), 65.02(±17.9) /socioeconomic status (poor, fair) =69.96(±20.72), 67.50(±15.71) /marital status (single, married, divorced or widowed)=72.50(±14.81), 67.68(±17.44), 71.09(±16.79) /number of children (≤ 2 / >2 ) =68.66(±12.91), 69.64(±20.82) /smoking (smoker , nonsmoker) =72.50(±8.55), 68.44(±17.34) / duration of DM (5-10 year, >10 year) =67.68(±16.46), 70.27(±17.18)/complications of DM (one complication , > one complications) =71.12(±15.56), 77.91(±8.98)/treatment type (OHM, injection, both) =64.86(±18.87), 73.67(±14.49), 60.00 (±10.31)& regularity of visit (poor,fair,good) =66.25(±9.78), 60.31(±19.73), 72.63(±14.00). Also the same thing in MCS mean (±SD), in strata of; (SES) (poor) =72.11(±18.82), number of children (>2) =69.20(±19.66), smoking (smoker) =82.25(±11.50), duration of DM (>10 year) =67.55(±16.3), complications of DM (> one complications) =65.81(±10.17), & regularity of visit (poor) =59.86(±18.46). Conclusions: Obese patients have a lower score as compared with normal weight patients in PCS & MCS.

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), which modulates cellular energy balance, is reported to be positively associated with cardiovascular disease. However, there have been no reports about the association between serum GDF-15 concentration and atherosclerosis as evaluated by carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) among the general population. A cross-sectional study of 536 Japanese individuals aged 60 to 69 years was conducted. To avoid the influence of abnormal cellular energy balance, this study only included participants who had a normal body mass index (BMI) and normal thyroid hormone (free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine) levels. A significant positive association between serum GDF-15 concentration and atherosclerosis was observed. In the sex- and age-adjusted model (Model 1), the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) for the logarithmic value of GDF-15 and atherosclerosis was 2.62 (1.67, 5.87). This association remained after adjusting for thyroid function and renal function (Model 2) and further adjusting for known cardiovascular risk factors (Model 3). The corresponding values were 2.61 (1.15, 5.93) for Model 2 and 2.49 (1.08, 5.71) for Model 3, respectively. Serum GDF-15 concentrations could help us to estimate the risk of atherosclerosis by indicating the status of cellular energy balance, which is related to mitochondrial activity among comparative healthy older individuals.

Perinatal nutrition has a well-known influence on obesity susceptibility. We previously demonstrated the protective anti-obesity effects of perinatal leptin administration. Celastrol is a natural compound acting as a leptin sensitizer with anti-obesity effects when administered in adult animals. Here, we aimed to determine if perinatal treatment with leptin, celastrol, or their combination was able to improve metabolic health in animals fed an isocaloric high-fat (HF) diet. Leptin and/or celastrol or their vehicle were administered orally to rats during the suckling period. After weaning, animals were chronically pair-fed with an HF diet provided isocaloric to the intake of a normal-fat diet by control animals to avoid obesity. Isocaloric HF feeding in vehicle-treated animals resulted in metabolic features characteristic of the metabolically obese, normal-weight (MONW) phenotype, i.e., obesity-related disturbances without increased body weight. Leptin treatment prevented liver fat deposition and insulin resistance, induced greater insulin and leptin signaling capacity, decreased gene expression of orexigenic signals at the hypothalamic level, and induced browning in retroperitoneal adipose tissue. However, celastrol treatment did not provide any protective effect and resulted in greater size of the retroperitoneal adipose depot, higher circulating glucose and insulin levels, and decreased leptin sensitivity capacity in adipose tissue. The co-administration of leptin ameliorated the negative effects of celastrol on the retroperitoneal depot, inducing browning and decreasing its size. In conclusion, the perinatal administration of leptin, but not celastrol, provided protection against the consequences of dietary unbalances leading to an MONW phenotype in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Multiple studies suggest that adults who were normal weight at diabetes diagnosis are at higher risk for all-cause mortality than those who had overweight or obesity at diagnosis. Objective While obesity is a known risk factor for cardiometabolic disease, differences in body fat distribution in those without obesity are understudied, especially in African Americans. Methods In 1005 participants of the Jackson Heart Study, without cardiovascular disease at baseline, we used logistic regression to investigate the longitudinal association of body fat distribution by CT scan with metabolic syndrome (MetS) or type 2 diabetes (T2D). We used the harmonized International Diabetes Federation criteria to define MetS. We included only normal weight or overweight participants (BMI: 18.5 to < 30.0 kg/m2). We created separate models for MetS and T2D adjusted for a standard set of covariates. We excluded participants with prevalent MetS or T2D, respectively in sensitivity. Results Higher visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, BMI, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly associated with MetS and T2D after adjustment. Visceral fat was strongly associated with both outcomes (MetS OR = 2.07 [1.66-2.68]; T2D OR = 1.51 [1.21-1.88]), and the association for MetS persisted in the normal weight only group. Estimates were robust to sensitivity analysis and were only modestly mediated by insulin resistance. Physical activity was not associated with MetS or T2D. Conclusion Visceral fat is strongly associated with developing MetS, even in normal weight individuals, suggesting that excess visceral fat plays a role in cardiometabolic risk beyond that of overall adiposity and obesity in African Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]