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Cet article a pour but de mettre en lumière la notion de « contextualisation » en sciences humaines, en particulier dans la didactique des langues, en prenant l'interculturel comme exemple par excellence. L'éducation interculturelle, telle qu'on l’entend de nos jours, est fortement immergée dans la société où elle s'opère, en agissant sur des objets différents. Les enfants japonais élevés en dehors de l'Archipel juste après la guerre en Chine ou dans les années 1970 ainsi que les immigrés latino-américains dans les années 1990 en sont des illustrations. La représentation de l'interculturel varie en fonction du contexte de l'émergence de la notion, commençant par l'aspect thérapeutique jusqu'à la communication interpersonnelle, sans oublier pour autant la présence des minorités sociales.

Le present article a pour but d’examiner l’evolution du plurilinguisme du point de vue des curricula de l’enseignement des langues au Japon depuis la fin du XIXe siecle jusqu’a nos jours. L’enseignement des langues dans l’enseignement secondaire au Japon ne s’est pas toujours confine a l’apprentissage d’une seule langue, l’anglais en l’occurrence et ce jusqu’a la veille de la defaite de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, surtout dans les lycees de l’ancien regime ou le plurilinguisme etait promu en faveur de jeunes elites choisies. Suite a la mise en place d’un curriculum d’enseignement secondaire redige sous la direction du Commandement supreme des forces alliees juste apres la guerre, la tendance didactique s’est orientee vers le monolinguisme de l’anglais, pour une population toujours plus importante, evincant progressivement les autres langues dans les curricula du 1956 a 2002. Tout en succedant a l’enseignement plurilingue pratique dans les lycees de l’ancien regime, l’enseignement superieur apres la guerre...

‘The Common European framework of reference for languages (CEFR)’, published in 2001 by the Council of Europe, has subsequently influenced proficiency assessment in language education across Europe and also in Japan. Since 2006, Osaka University in Japan has introduced the framework for the assessment of their students’ language proficiency. Is it possible to transfer concepts in the CEFR to language education in Japan without contextualisation? This study analyses key concepts concerning assessment in the CEFR, contrasting descriptions in their original versions (English and French) with their Japanese translation. It is clear from this analysis that the meaning of ‘evaluation’ in the French version includes the concepts of ‘evaluation’, ‘assessment’ and ‘testing’ in the English version, but has no exact equivalent. Also, the French concept ‘controle’ partly includes ‘assessment’, ‘evaluation’, and ‘monitoring’. The Japanese concept ‘hyōka’ overlaps both ‘assessment’ and ‘evaluation’ but is exactly equiv...

Le présent article cherche à dégager les principales caractéristiques de la politique de diffusion du français par l'Alliance française au XIXe siècle, en mettant l'accent sur l'Extrême-Orient, en particulier l'Indochine, la Chine et le Japon, à partir des articles publiés dans le Bulletin de l'AF. Créée en 1884, l'AF a exercé une action de propagation du français au moyen d'un soutien financier et matériel, et le Bulletin a servi à la circulation des informations relatives à l'état des lieux du français dans les pays concernés. Elle a aussi exercé une certaine influence sur la configuration des représentations du monde dans son versant colonial. Le Bulletin dévoile les actions de l'AF dans ces trois pays, qui se distinguent les uns des autres en termes de diffusion du français pour des raisons géopolitiques. La politique linguistique est soutenue en Indochine par la domination coloniale, et dans une moindre mesure en Chine, tandis que le Japon cherche à exploiter le français en faveur de la construction de l'État-nation.

Pierre Foncin a joué un rôle capital pour la politique de diffusion du français dans les colonies et à l'étranger au début de la IIIe République, par la création de l'Al­liance Française. Sa politique linguistique se caractérise par l'impérialisme linguistique, notamment à l'égard des Berbères. Pierre Foncin played an important part in the policy for the diffusion of the French language in both the colonies and foreign countries during the third Republic period via the creation of Alliance Française. His linguistic policy is characterized by linguistic imperialism, especially with regard to the Berbers.

Absorption refrigerators can be driven by waste heat. In particular, the double-effect type of absorption refrigerator, which is highly efficient, is drawing a great deal of attention as a waste heat recovery system. This research examines the double-effect absorption refrigerator driven by steam, assuming waste heat from the fuel cells is applied. In the start-up of the double-effect absorption refrigerator, the solution temperature is almost equal to the temperature of the air. Due to the large temperature difference between the solution and the heat sources, the solution is overheated. In the worst case, it will be crystallized. Additionally, some solution is circulated due to the existence of a pressure difference between the heat exchangers. If the solution pump is started before an adequate pressure difference is obtained, the absorption refrigerator cannot be started normally. To investigate these problems, a simulation model is constructed. An experiment is conducted to investigate the performance of this model. As a result, the validity of this model is confirmed and the detailed start-up characteristics are clarified.

This paper discusses modelling of a multiobjective-head-headquarters, three-level decentralized system which consists of one headquarters, several divisions and factories. A mathematical model is formulated for this decentralized system. An optimal solution method based on the “revised two-level simplex algorithm with domination trees” is proposed for solving this type of three-level decentralized system.

“Complex Random Sample Scheduling(CRSS)” was proposed in this paper as an efficient heuristic method for solving any permutation scheduling problems. To show the effectiveness of the proposed CRSS, it was applied to an N -job, M -machine, permutation flowshop scheduling problem to minimize makespan, N / M / F / F max . Numerical experiments made it clear that the proposed CRSS provides a schedule very close to the near-optimal schedule obtained by the existing promising heuristic methods such as taboo search and simulated annealing, within less computation time than these heuristic methods.

In this report, we investigate the characteristics of an absorption refrigerator driven by two different heat sources, hot water and steam, to make use of waste heat from fuel cell. This type of refrigerator consists of the cyclic combination of the single-effect absorption refrigerator and the double-effect one. For absorption refrigerators, there are many types of cycles which depend on solution circulation and generator combinations. First, the optimum cycle from the viewpoint of recovering waste heat is clarified. Then the simulation model is constructed and the static characteristics are investigated. Furthermore, the effects of low-level heat source on the total COP is clarified. There is a lower limit of temperature of the low-level heat source because the temperature becomes lower than solution temperature. Furthermore, we discuss the temperature control when low-level heat source conditions vary and the flow rate of steam is varied.

A single-machine scheduling model is proposed for minimizing the expected total cost consisting of flowtime cost and asymmetric penalty cost of earliness-tardiness subject to machine breakdowns. All jobs have a common due date and an identical piecewise linear cost function. Since it is difficult to calculate the exact value of expected total cost, an approximate function of expected total cost is introduced to simplify the scheduling model. Dominance conditions necessary for an optimal schedule are derived for this scheduling problem. Efficient methods exploiting these conditions are proposed for obtaining an optimal schedule minimizing the modified expected total cost. Numerical examples are demonstrated to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

A method for distributing tools to each machine in a 2-machine flowshop-type FMS without duplicated tools is proposed when there are precedence constraints on job operations. All of the tools required for processing various kinds of jobs in the FMS are allocated to each machine according to the from-to chart which represents the technical precedence constraints on the tools. Some simulation results show that when the number of jobs is large and the frequency of utilization of each tool is uniformly distributed, the utilization of completely separated functional FMS (CSF-FMS) designed by this method is as high as that of the full functional FMS (FF-FMS) where each machine has all of the tools. It is also made clear that when the number of jobs is small and the number of job operations is exponentially distributed, the utilization of the CSF-FMS is far less than that of the FF-FMS.

A cellular manufacturing system is defined as a system which has one or more manufacturing cells. A manufacturing cell is a collection of dissimilar machines dedicated to a collection of similar parts. An important problem with the design of cellular manufacturing systems is how reasonable manufacturing cells can be constructed. This problem is considered as an application of group technology, that is, a problem of part family definition and machine assignment. A concept called group efficiency has been proposed as a quantitative criterion for a manufacturing cell formation. But, this is not a measure for a unit cell which is formed with a part family and a machine group. Thus, a new measure, that is, a "coefficient of bond degree", has been introduced for a unit cell. Manufacturing cells can be compared using a "bond degree" defined for each cell. Also, a new cell formation method based on the bond degree has been proposed, and a numerical example has been shown.

The effects of changing a unit time length of a planning horizon from a month to a week on the optimum planning horizon were examined by calculating the optimum planning horizon through the methods proposed by Nagasawa, Nishiyama, and Hitomi (1982). It was found that the optimum planning horizon decreased by 20-30% in calendar time when the unit time length was changed from a month (monthly scheduling) to a week (weekly scheduling). However, the degree of this decrease was much smaller than the (65% shown by Bernardo (1978), and it followed that the optimum planning horizon largely increased in the number of periods with this change of the unit time length. It was also clarified that the large amount of the decrease shown by Bernardo was derived on the basis of the erroneous analysis of the relation between cost coefficients and the unit time length. Consequently, weekly scheduling was not always preferred to monthly scheduling

ビンガム流体の潤滑方程式と修正ダルシの法則を多孔質ステップスラスト軸受に適用して,油膜内の圧力分布,コアの形成,負荷容量,摩擦トルクなどを解析し,次に多孔質軸受内における圧力分布,流動領域,停留領域などの流動機構を取扱ってる.特に興味ある結果は,透過率が小さくかつ降伏応力が大きいほど,多孔質内における流動領域は減少し,停留領域が増大することである.併せて,実験を行い解析結果と対比している.

A generalized concept for ‘Planning Horizon’ is introduced based upon a property of an analytical solution to a multiperiod production planning problem converging into an extreme as a length of planning horizon increases. Two algorithms for determining the value of this new ‘Planning Horizon’ are proposed. One is for a model with stationary demand, and the other is for a model with trigonometric seasonal demand. A numerical example is given to show that the recommended decision algorithms can be employed simply for practical use.

Presentation d'une procedure simplifiee pour classer les operateurs dans les systemes de transporteurs. Cette procedure est basee sur l'information de Kullback-Zeibler et est comparee a la procedure statistique

It is well known that flows of Newtonian fluids in porous matrices are governed by Darcy's low. However the law for non-Newtonian fluids has not been established. In this paper, a modified Darcy's law for non-Newtonian fluids such as pseudo-plastic fluids and a Bingham solid is derived by applying the dimensional analysis to mathematical models of the fluids assuming a flow in the porous matrices as one in both thin films and capillaries.

In this paper, sufficient conditions to decide the precedence relation between neighboring two jobs are presented by means of an adjacent pairwise interchage method for minimizing mean flow·time in flow-shop scheduling. On the bases of the sufficient conditions, a computational algorithm is proposed for an optimal or near optimal solution. The mean flow-time by this algorithm puts 90% of the optimal value as an average of over one hundred problems. The algorithm can be executed even by manual calculations within the time proportional to nxm2 , where n and m are the number of jobs and machines respectively. Ever so muc h research [I 'V 9] has been devoted to f low-shop scheduling, yet relatively few results exist for performance measures other than maximal flow-time. For instance, Nabeshima [5] presented an algorithm based on the sufficient conditions to minimize maximal flow-time in flow-shop scheduling where no passing is allowed. The same approach, however, has not been applied to the mean flow-time problem, which is as significant a performance measure as the maximal flow-time. In this paper, the sufficient conditions are given to decide the preced­ ence relation between neighboring two jobs to minimize the mean flow-time in flow-shop scheduling problem. An algorithm based on the sufficient conditions is also presented for an optimal or near optimal solution. The computational experience shows that the approximation ratio between obtained solutions and the optimal ones indicates 90 % as an average of over one hundred problems. Moreover, it shows that the algorithm can be executed even by manual calculations within the time proportional to (the number of jobs) x (the number of machines) 2 .

全般的生産計画において,単位加工時間や費用係数が見積もり誤差を伴う場合に,この誤差が計画生産量の最適性にいかなる影響を及ぼすかを解析した.その結果,計画生産量に許容される最適生産量からのずれ量が需要量の変動幅の 1% の場合,単位加工時間で±1%,費用係数で±5% の見積もり誤差ならその影響を無視できること,また計画生産量の許容ずれ量が上記値より小さければ,見積もり誤差の影響をほとんど無視しえないことを示した.

Applying the lubrication equation and a modified form of Darcy's low for a Bingham solid to porous step thrust bearings, pressure distributions, core formations, load capacities and friction torques in lubricant film are analyzed, and pressure distributions, flows and stationary regions in porous bearings are evaluated. Interesting result are that the flow region becomes small with a decrease of permeability and an increase of yield stress of a Bingham solid. Experimental result are compared with the analytical ones.

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