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Gas-phase ion/molecule reactions in tetrafluoroethylene (C2F4) were studied with a pulsed electron beam mass spectrometer. When a few Torr of major gas, N2, containing 1–10 mTorr C2F4 was ionized by 2 keV electrons, CF3+ and C2F4+ were formed as major ions. CF3+ reacted with C2F4 rapidly to form C3F7+. The cluster ion C3F7+(C2F4) started to appear below ∼280 K. In the clustering reactions of C3F7+ with C2F4, the equilibria could not be observed but the cluster ions C3F7+(C2F4)n were found to grow very slowly at the expense of the smaller cluster ions C3F7+(C2F4)n−1. The rate constant of reaction C2F4+ + C2F4 = C3F5+ + CF3 was measured to be (1.5 ± 0.5) × 10−11 cm3/molecule s and found to be temperature-independent in the range of 310–180 K. The thermochemical stabilities of X−(C2F4)n (X− = F−, Cl− and Br−) were measured. A peculiar behavior in reaction of F− with C2F4 was observed. Two isomers for F−(C2F4) were predicted.

In order to investigate the role of cosmic rays in the formation of methanol on dust grains, low-energy electron irradiation (~10-300 eV) on mixed H2O/CH4 ice was studied by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS). CH3OH was formed as a major product along with H2CO, C2H4, C2H6, and C2H2 as minor products when the mixed H2O/CH4 (10/1) ice was irradiated by electrons at 10 K. There were found to be two pathways for the formation of methanol with about equal importance, i.e., the recombination reaction, CH3 + OH → CH3OH, and the insertion reaction, CH2 + H2O → CH3OH. One CH3OH molecule was formed per 60 electron irradiations with an electron energy of 100 eV. By using mixed H2O/CD4 ice, it was confirmed that formaldehyde was formed by the insertion reaction, C + H2O → H2CO.

Simulation experiments for the formation of CH3OH, HNC/HCN, and NH3 in solid‐phase reactions were performed. CH3OH and H2CO were formed as major products from the 100 eV electron‐irradiated mixed CH4/H2O solid at 10 K. There found to be two pathways for the formation of methanol with about equal importance, i.e., the recombination reaction: CH3 + OH → CH3OH, and the insertion reaction: CH2+H2O → CH3OH. One CH3OH molecule was formed per 60 electron irradiation with the electron energy of 100 eV. By using mixed H2O/CD4 ice, it was confirmed that formaldehyde was formed by the insertion reaction, C + H2O →H2CO.A mixed gas of N2/HCN (50/1) at a few Torr was activated by a dc discharge and was deposited on the gold‐plated copper substrate at 10, 15, and 20 K. During the deposition of plasma‐activated sample gas, D atoms produced by the dc discharge of D2 were simultaneously sprayed over the solid film. The association reactions of CN with D at 10 K were found to generate DNC and DCN with the intensity ratio DN...

We investigated the effect of soft X-ray multilayer mirrors on the characteristics of image formation and determined that the phase shift of the X-ray on the mirror plays an important role in image formation as well as reflectivity. Under such a condition that the effect on the characteristics of image formation can be neglected, we designed an optical system that has a resolution of 0.18 µm and 0.25 µm at the wavelength of 5 nm and 13 nm, respectively, and distortion of less than 0.01 µm in a whole exposure field of 20×40 mm2. The necessary surface accuracy of mirrors and tolerance of setting mirrors are discussed.