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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the renin- angiotensin- aldosterone system on blood pressure from a hormonal perspective. Additionally, the correlation between cardiovascular pathology and the mechanisms of this system was examined. Material and methods. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library, focusing on studies related to hormonal mechanisms in hypertension and the renin- angiotensin -aldosterone system. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed on relevant peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, cohort studies, and meta-analyses. Results and discussions. The study indicates that the etiology of hypertension cannot be attributed to a single, identifiable cause in more than 90% of cases. Numerous mechanisms are involved, including genetic predisposition, vascular remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, renal water and salt retention, dysfunction of the renin- angiotensin -aldosterone system, sympathetic autonomic hypertension, and insulin resistance. These mechanisms are frequently associated with factors for high blood pressure such as obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, increased salt consumption, dyslipidemia, and increased alcohol consumption. The key element in the hormonal mechanisms is the renin- angiotensin -aldosterone system, which is primarily responsible for water retention and increased blood pressure. High blood pressure is a major cardiovascular risk factor with an increasing incidence in the elderly population. However, angiotensin II can also be produced at the tissue level independently of the converting enzyme, significantly contributing to the onset and progression of hypertension and ventricular hypertrophy. Conclusions: The studies illustrate the activation of the renin- angiotensin- aldosterone system in prehypertensive subjects and highlight the benefits of early pharmacological intervention to limit the actions of angiotensin II, thereby delaying the progression to high blood pressure.

Aim of the study This report aimed to assess the nonpainfull and currative effect of the electropuncture technique complemented by massage and active proprioceptive postural kinetotherapy of causal occlusion-posture imbalances accompanied by acute or chronic pain. This research provide an insight into the report of evidence available for the analgesic, uses of TENS in pathologies of the stomatognathic apparatus that induce postural defects. Malocclusion correction correlated with postural rehabilitation with non-invasive and non-drug methods, without adverse effects, including electropuncture (TENS) applied in conjunction with proprioceptive kinetotherapy techniques, massage and psychotherapy is the path to the success of occlusion-postural rehabilitation with significant results both on painful suffering and on the correction of malocclusions and global postural imbalances. Material and methods The forty-for patients ranged in age from 20 to 50 years, came to the rehabilitation center accusing important pain and functional impotence at various levels: temporo-mandibular, occlusal, postural, sole etc. Patients received clinical consultation, occlusal, postural and plantar evaluation, occluzal, postural and plantar analysis with the posturograph device receiving diagnostics of malocclusion overlapped with postural imbalances like kyphosis, scoliosis, genu varum, genu valgum, flat foot or claw foot and even psychotherapy. Group P1 received only orthodontic dental treatment to correct the occlusion. Group P2 received in addition to orthodontic treatment to correct the occlusion the complete non-invasive postural rehabilitation treatment including transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation (TENS), massage, proprioceptive kinetoterapy and psychotherapy. Results La finalul tratamentului aplicat complet, holistic si tenace, am constat rezultate notabile relevate la Group P2 (who benefited from electroneurostimulation therapy and psychotherapy in addition to kinetotherapy and massage) fata de Group P1 (who only benefit from the stomatologically approach) prin atenuarea semnificativa si chiar eradicarea durerii resimtite la nivelul articulatiei temporo-mandibulare, a zonei cervicale, toracale si lombare, reducerea dezechilibrelor de curbura si posturale ale coloanei vertebrale, corectarea dezechilibrelor de arcurire la nivelul talpilor, dupa caz. In plus, we obtained physiological mobility angles of the temporomandibular joint, muscle relaxation on paravertebral and abdominal hypertonic areas, muscle toning on hypotonic areas, efficient, operational muscle strength, so that the muscles are able to support physiologically correct posture, physiological posture at the umeral, pelvis, knee level as well as plantar flatfoot rehabilitation, patients finally approaching a plantar arch at the limit of physiological values. Conclusions The multidisciplinary collaboration regarding both diagnosis and treatment has an effect and proves its effectiveness in the context of the existence of occlusal and global postural imbalances. The increased incidence and prevalence of global postural imbalances induced by daily static professional, family, recreational activities requires opting for holistic and multidisciplinary integrative treatments.

Aim of the study: The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has catalyzed a paradigm shift in emergency dental care, prompting a reassessment of traditional approaches and the adoption of innovative strategies to address evolving challenges. Introduction: This comprehensive study explores the multifaceted landscape of emergency dental care amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, delving into the integration of tele-dentistry, advancements in point-of-care testing, optimization of aerosol-reducing techniques, enhancements in personal protective equipment (PPE), and the pivotal role of public health preparedness and education. Materials and Methods: Through a meticulous review of existing literature and analysis of pertinent studies, this study elucidates the transformative impact of these innovations on emergency dental care provision. Results: Tele-dentistry has emerged as a valuable tool for remote assessment, initial guidance, and triaging of cases, while advancements in point-of-care testing facilitate rapid and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 infection in dental settings. Moreover, optimization of aerosol-reducing techniques and advancements in PPE design contribute to minimizing viral transmission risks during emergency procedures. Furthermore, this study underscores the importance of robust public health preparedness and education in fostering a proactive approach to dental emergencies and instilling confidence in patients to seek timely care. Collaborative efforts among dental professionals, researchers, and public health authorities are essential in navigating the complexities of the COVID-19 pandemic and fortifying preparedness for future crises. Conclusion: This study advocates for the continued integration of innovative solutions and adaptive strategies in emergency dental care, guided by a commitment to patient safety, evidence-based practices, and interdisciplinary collaboration. By embracing these advancements, the dental community can navigate the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and emerge stronger, more resilient, and better equipped to ensure the oral health and well-being of individuals for generations to come.

Aim of the study: Toothpaste, an indispensable component of oral hygiene routines, has witnessed a remarkable evolution from ancient times to the present era of scientific rigor. This study explores the differences in toothpaste formulations, focusing on the integration of active compounds, abrasive agents, stabilizers, and anticorrosive measures. Introduction: Historically, toothpaste, or dentifrice, has been utilized since antiquity, with various cultures employing diverse ingredients such as salt and plants for oral care. However, in the developed world, toothpaste has become universally adopted, with formulations ranging from cosmetic to medicinal classifications based on their preventive and therapeutic effects on oral health. Materials and methods: The development of toothpaste formulations involves meticulous experimentation to strike a balance between efficacy and safety. Key components include active compounds like sodium fluoride, abrasive agents such as dicalcium dihydrate phosphate, and stabilizers like Aerosil and Sident. Results: These ingredients are carefully selected to optimize cleaning efficacy while minimizing risks such as enamel abrasion and corrosion in packaging materials. This study highlights emerging trends in toothpaste formulation, including the integration of nanotechnology for enhanced anticorrosive measures, exploration of biodegradable alternatives, and customization of formulations to meet individual preferences. Advanced manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing enable precise control over ingredients, paving the way for personalized oral care solutions. Conclusion: In summary, the continuous refinement of toothpaste formulations underscores a commitment to improving oral health outcomes while addressing sustainability and personalized care demands. By embracing these advancements, the dental industry can contribute to promoting overall well-being and enhancing oral hygiene practices on a global scale.

Aim of the Study: The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of dental cementation techniques, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches, as well as their impact on esthetics in restorative dentistry. Material and Methods: This study employed a systematic approach to gather relevant information, conducting extensive research using electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Articles released from April onwards were targeted, focusing exclusively on English-language publications. A comprehensive set of keywords, including “dental cementation,” “advantages,” “disadvantages,” and “esthetic outcomes,” were utilized to ensure thorough coverage of the topic. Results: The analysis of dental cementation techniques revealed a range of advantages and disadvantages associated with different approaches. These findings provide valuable insights into the impact of various cementation methods on esthetic outcomes in restorative dentistry. Dental cements are engineered to secure restorations, appliances, and post-and-core systems in a stable and durable manner within the oral environment. Conventional glass ionomer and zinc phosphate cements are among the most widely used materials for luting metallic restorations and posts. In contrast, resin-based cements are favored for esthetic applications. The successful cementation of esthetic restorations largely depends on the proper treatment and silane application to the internal surface of the restoration. Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the importance of carefully considering the advantages and disadvantages of dental cementation techniques in restorative dentistry. Understanding the impact of these methods on esthetic outcomes is crucial for optimizing patient care and treatment outcomes. Further research in this area is warranted to continue improving dental cementation practices and enhancing esthetic results for patients.

Birth control pills are widely used around the world for birth control and prevention of unwanted pregnancy. However, there are concerns about their safety during pregnancy and possible effects on the fetus. This article aims to examine in depth the current evidence on the impact of birth control on the foetus. By analysing the mechanism of action of birth control pills, relevant clinical trials and associated potential complications, the risks and safety of contraceptive use during pregnancy are explored. The different types of contraceptives and the specific risks associated with each are discussed, providing recommendations for women who use birth control and become or become pregnant. Through this literature review, the aim is to provide a clearer understanding of this topic and to provide practical guidance for healthcare professionals and women in this situation. Further investigation into the mechanisms of action of birth control pills during pregnancy and how they may influence fetal development could provide useful information for managing and counseling women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant.

Conjunctivitis, a common inflammation of the conjunctiva, commonly affects children and can be caused by bacterial, viral infections or allergic reactions. This condition, manifested by redness, itching, and eye discharge, can negatively influence children’s quality of life and lead to school absenteeism. In addition, the rapid spread of infection in communities such as schools and kindergartens underlines the need for effective and safe treatment solutions. This article explores recent innovations in the treatment of pediatric conjunctivitis, highlighting modern methods and advanced technologies that promise to improve the management of this condition. These innovations include state-of-the-art antibiotic and antiviral therapies, nanoparticle use, probiotics and LED light therapy applications, and new immunomodulatory strategies for allergic conjunctivitis. It also discusses the psychological impact of conjunctivitis on children and the importance of education and prevention in the management of this condition. By presenting these modern solutions, the article emphasizes the need for prompt and adequate treatment to prevent long-term complications and ensure a better quality of life for small patients. At the same time, the importance of continuous development of research and innovation in pediatric ophthalmology is emphasized.

This article delves into the intricate relationship between stress, dental anxiety, and the variability in local anesthesia response, elucidating its impact on pain management and treatment outcomes in dentistry. Stress-induced physiological changes, exacerbated by anxiety, significantly influence pain perception and anesthesia efficacy, posing challenges for dental practitioners. Our work highlights the multifaceted effects of anxiety on anesthesia delivery, patient experiences, and treatment compliance, emphasizing the importance of tailored interventions to mitigate stress responses and optimize pain control. Strategies for managing dental fear and avoidance, including personalized approaches, technological innovations, and interdisciplinary collaboration, offer promising avenues for improving patient care and addressing the complex challenges associated with anxiety in the dental setting. By prioritizing patient-centered care and integrating psychological support into dental practice, practitioners can foster a supportive environment conducive to overcoming fear, enhancing treatment outcomes, and promoting oral health and well-being.

Aim of the Study: Radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear dentistry represent a dynamic field, contributing significantly to the evolution of restorative dentistry. This comprehensive overview focuses on the advancements and applications of these radiopharmaceuticals, aiming to elucidate their role in modern dental practices. Nuclear Medicine (NM) imaging has emerged as a crucial tool for early disease diagnosis in recent decades, complementing conventional imaging modalities in the head and neck region. While conventional techniques like radiographs, Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), and Computed Tomography (CT) are commonly used, NM is specifically employed for certain oral and maxillofacial pathologies. Utilizing radioactive isotopes emitting gamma (γ) rays, NM provides detailed insights into tissue metabolism and physiological processes, offering precise functional and biochemical information for accurate diagnosis. Despite not being a routine practice in dentistry, dental professionals should be acquainted with NM’s various applications in the oral and maxillofacial region, as highlighted in this review. Material and Methods: Extensive research was conducted through systematic searches on electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The search targeted articles released from April onwards, with an exclusive focus on English-language publications. A comprehensive set of keywords, such as “radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear dentistry,” “evolution,” “applications,” “advancements,” “biocompatibility,” “imaging techniques,” “clinical outcomes,” and “dental radiology,” were employed to gather relevant information. Results: The exploration of radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear dentistry reveals their transformative potential as innovative tools in contemporary dental care. A comprehensive analysis of their evolution, applications, and advancements underscores their diverse benefits for both dental practitioners and patients. Conclusions: Continued research and development efforts are anticipated to further solidify the pivotal role of radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear dentistry. With their expanding applications and ongoing enhancements, these agents are poised to remain integral components in advancing dental care, offering substantial benefits to both practitioners and patients within the realm of dental radiology and treatments. n conclusion, Nuclear Medicine imaging emerges as a powerful adjunct in dentistry, offering unique insights into functional and biochemical aspects for precise oral and maxillofacial diagnoses. While not a daily practice, awareness of its applications is crucial for dental professionals to enhance their diagnostic capabilities and contribute to comprehensive patient care.

Aim of the study The primary objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive assessment of noble metal cements in dental medicine. By synthesizing relevant scientific literature, we aim to offer a thorough understanding of the characteristics, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of noble metal cements in contemporary dental practice. Through an evidence-based approach, our study seeks to inform dental professionals and researchers about the role and considerations surrounding the use of noble metal cements in restorative and prosthetic dentistry. Material and methods In pursuit of our study’s objectives, we conducted an extensive exploration of the pertinent scientific literature. To gather relevant information and data, systematic searches were meticulously executed in electronic databases known for their dental and medical coverage. These databases included PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Our search criteria were designed to retrieve articles published from May and onwards, ensuring that our review encompasses the most contemporary research and developments in the field of noble metal cements in dental medicine. Results The results of this comprehensive review are presented in a structured and organized manner, shedding light on various aspects of noble metal cements in dental medicine. We synthesize the current scientific knowledge regarding the properties, applications, and advantages of noble metal cements while also addressing potential disadvantages and limitations. Through our analysis, we aim to provide a holistic perspective on the use of noble metal cements in various dental scenarios. Conclusions Drawing from the gathered data and insights, our review offers conclusions that underscore the significance of noble metal cements in dental medicine. We discuss their biocompatibility, durability, malleability, and versatility, while also acknowledging considerations related to cost, esthetics, and environmental impact. By addressing these aspects, our study provides valuable guidance for dental professionals, educators, and researchers, supporting evidence-based decision-making in the use of noble metal cements for dental restorations and prosthetic applications.

Aim of the study: This review evaluates the necessity and effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing prosthetic joint infections (PJI) following dental procedures in patients with joint implants.Material and methods: An extensive literature review was conducted, focusing on studies evaluating the link between dental care and PJI. Sources included PubMed and other databases, using terms such as dental care, joint prosthesis, and antibiotic prophylaxis. The review spanned papers from 2003 to 2023, with a focus on hip and knee joint replacements and dental procedure-related prophylaxis guidelines.Results: The review found that the prevalence of dental pathology in patients with total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) varied significantly. Studies indicated no significant benefit of antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing PJI risk post-dental procedures. Furthermore, the incidence of PJI was not significantly different in patients receiving antibiotic prophylaxis compared to those who did not. It was observed that routine activities, such as chewing and brushing, contribute more to bacteremia and potential joint infection than dental procedures themselves.Conclusions: The evidence suggests that antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures in patients with joint prostheses is not universally beneficial and should not be routinely recommended. Emphasis on individual risk assessment, maintenance of good oral hygiene, and adherence to evidence-based guidelines is paramount. The study advocates for personalized approaches to PJI prevention, aligning with the goals of antibiotic stewardship and patient safety.

Introduction: In the context of orthopedic surgery, particularly knee and hip replacements, the role of dental health often goes unnoticed. This literature review explores the significance of dental clearance prior to knee and hip arthroplasty, highlighting the role of preoperative dental evaluation in reducing the risk of Periprosthetic Joint Infections (PJI). Materials and Methods: The review involved a comprehensive examination of various studies and reports discussing the prevalence of dental pathology in patients requiring joint arthroplasty and the risk factors for PJIs. Additionally, it included the development of a patient selection algorithm and a questionnaire designed to identify individuals at higher risk of dental-related complications. Results and Discussions: This section would discuss the findings of the literature review, particularly focusing on the effectiveness of preoperative dental clearance in mitigating the risks of PJIs. It would also analyze the results obtained from the application of the patient selection algorithm and questionnaire, emphasizing their role in streamlining the preoperative evaluation process. Conclusions: The review concludes by emphasizing the necessity of comprehensive oral health evaluations for patients undergoing hip and knee arthroplasty, especially for those with multiple comorbidities or at higher risk of dental infections. The importance of integrating dental assessments into the perioperative management of joint arthroplasty patients is also highlighted.

Bone regeneration materials and techniques aid in restoring bone structure and function, consequently improving mobility and alleviating discomfort or disability in individuals suffering from bone defects or injuries. This restoration contributes significantly to an improved quality of life for affected individuals. Continuous research and innovation in bone regeneration materials have led to the development of more sophisticated and effective techniques. These advancements are pivotal in the evolution of medical technology and its potential to address various bone-related conditions. Traditional methods, such as autografts, are associated with limitations like donor site morbidity and limited supply. Emerging bone regeneration materials and techniques offer alternatives that mitigate these issues, potentially reducing reliance on traditional approaches. In conclusion, the utilization of bone regeneration materials and techniques holds substantial promise in rehabilitating anthropological parameters, improving patient outcomes, advancing medical technology, and contributing to a more comprehensive and ethical approach to healthcare.

Hyaluronic acid, in the form of a gel or viscoelastic colloidal solution, is currently used for the viscosupplementation of joints affected by osteoarthritis, but its effectiveness is under debate in relation to newer alternatives. Based on meta-analytical arguments, the present article reinforces the opinion that there are still no decisive arguments for its complete replacement but for its use adapted to the peculiarities of the disease manifestation and of the patients. A “broad” comparison is first made with almost all alternatives studied in the last decade, and then a meta-regression study is performed to compare and predict the effect size induced by viscosupplementation therapy and its main challenger of clinical interest, the platelet-rich plasma treatment. If they are computerized, the developed models can represent tools for clinicians in determining the appropriateness of the option or not for viscosupplementation in a manner adapted to the pain felt by the patients, to their age, or to other clinical circumstances. The models were generated using algorithms implemented in the R language and assembled in different R packages. All primary data and necessary R scripts are provided in accordance with the philosophy of reproducible research. Finally, we adhere in a documented way to the opinion that HA-based products, currently under circumspection, are still clinically useful.

Background: A critical-sized bone defect (CsBD) is considered one that will not heal spontaneously and requires reconstruction. This study aims to compare the results of using different bone reconstructive techniques and to study the potential of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) to enhance the healing properties of a bone substitute (BS). Methods: In this experimental study on rats, the treatment of critical-sized bone defects was carried out by analysing four groups: a control group in which the bone defect was left empty; a group treated with Bio-Gen®; another group in which the defect was treated with PRF in combination with Bio-Gen®; and the last that was treated with autologous bone graft (ABG). The defects were evaluated by microcomputed tomography (µCT) and then histomorphometrically. Results: From both the histological and imagistic point of view, the best results were registered in the ABG group, followed by the group treated with Bio-Gen® with PRF, Bio-Gen® group, and control group, with statistically significant differences. Conclusions: A 5 mm defect in the rat radius can be considered critical. ABG showed the best results in treating the bone defect. PRF significantly enhanced the efficacy of Bio-Gen®.

Aim of the study The objective of this study was to compare biodegradable biomaterials from MgCaGd and MgCaZr systems in terms of their physicochemical properties, degradation behavior and biocompatibility, with the aim of evaluating their potential application in maxillary/mandible bone reconstruction. Material and methods Biomaterials composed of magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), gadolinium (Gd) and zirconium (Zr) were obtained by casting in an inert Argon atmosphere, using high purity elements in the casting phase. The samples were characterized for their elemental composition using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and analyzed for their microstructural properties using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The degradation behavior of the materials was evaluated by immersing the samples in simulated body fluid (SBF) and monitoring changes in pH and ion release over time. In addition, cell viability and morphology were assessed by seeding human osteoblast-like cells on the biomaterial surfaces. The tests and determinations were carried out in the laboratories of the Technical University “Gh. Asachi” Iasi. Results EDS analysis confirmed the presence of Mg, Ca, Gd and Zr in the compositions of the respective biomaterials. SEM and XRD analysis revealed a homogeneous microstructure with well-defined crystalline phases in both MgCaGd and MgCaZr samples. The degradation study showed that the MgCaGd and MgCaZr biomaterials exhibited a controlled degradation behavior with gradual increase in pH and ion release over time. Cell viability tests demonstrated good biocompatibility as evidenced by high cell viability and normal cell morphology observed on both surfaces of the biomaterial. Conclusions Biodegradable biomaterials from MgCaGd and MgCaZr systems demonstrated comparable physicochemical properties, degradation behavior and biocompatibility. These findings highlight their potential as promising candidates for bone reconstruction applications in the mandible. Further in vivo studies are needed to validate their performance and evaluate their long-term effects on bone regeneration.

Aim of the study The aim of this literature review is to provide a comprehensive comparative analysis of the characteristics of oral bone reconstruction materials, specifically bovine, equine, porcine, and tricalcium phosphate. The study aims to explore the biomechanical properties, biocompatibility, and clinical implications of these materials, enabling a better understanding of their potential applications in oral bone reconstruction procedures. Materials and Methods A systematic literature search was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed and Scopus, to identify relevant studies published up to the present. Keywords such as “oral bone reconstruction materials,” “bovine,” “equine,” “porcine,” and “tricalcium phosphate” were used to identify articles that focused on the characteristics and comparison of these materials. Studies reporting on biomechanical properties, biocompatibility evaluations, and clinical outcomes were included in the review. Results The literature review revealed variations in the characteristics of oral bone reconstruction materials. Bovine bone reconstruction material demonstrated superior mechanical properties, including higher compressive and tensile strength, as well as a higher elastic modulus. Porcine bone reconstruction material exhibited intermediate properties, balancing mechanical strength and biocompatibility. Equine bone reconstruction material demonstrated relatively lower mechanical properties but may offer advantages in specific biological contexts. Tricalcium phosphate, a synthetic material, displayed controlled resorption potential but lower mechanical strength. Discussions The observed variations in the characteristics of oral bone reconstruction materials have implications for their clinical applications. Conclusions The comparative analysis of oral bone reconstruction materials highlights the importance of selecting materials based on individual patient needs, clinical requirements, and treatment goals. Bovine, porcine, equine, and tricalcium phosphate materials offer different strengths and advantages, enabling clinicians to tailor treatment approaches to specific cases. Further research, including long-term clinical studies and advancements in material development, is needed to enhance our understanding and use of these materials in oral bone reconstruction procedures, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Contemporary dental practice brings to our attention the presence of digital equipment in a large number of dental offices, which provides enhanced ergonomics and precision in achieving the current standards in this complex field, particularly in digital imaging. By utilizing digital applications in dental offices, dentists have the opportunity to make extremely precise diagnoses while reducing therapeutic procedures through an ergonomic approach. The purpose of this study is to individualize the manner in which digital applications in dental medicine can contribute to the therapeutic efficiency in each clinical case, offering a synthesis of accurate patient data and performed procedures at any given time. The digital application is structured based on patient data, treatment type, treatment plans, preventive procedures, prosthetic restorations, imaging area, as well as other categories that complement a successful therapeutic management. Software applications play an especially important role in optimizing both therapeutic management and the overall clinic where the software application is implemented as a daily approach. The data stored in software applications are extremely useful for both patients and doctors, providing a clear overview of the prevalence of procedures and materials used at any given moment. From the conducted statistical studies, we observe a prevalence of implantology and implant-prosthetic rehabilitation procedures, with a significant percentage of procedures falling within the realm of avant-garde preparations, such as augmentations using various types of Bio-oss and membranes, as well as a prevalence of sinus lift procedures for lateral areas.

The aim of the study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of the subjects (demographic parameters), fractures (distribution of fractures in relation to OTA/AO classification, location, lesion mechanisms) as well as the osteosynthesis methods (types of implants) in a study group of patients with tibial plateau fractures. Materials and method. In a study group of 63 patients with tibial plateau fractures treated in Orthopedic Clinic – Traumatology Clinic Aschaffenburg-Alzenau (Germany) it was investigated the distribution of the fractures categories (OTA/AO classification), demographic factors (gendre; age group – 20-29 years, 30-39 years, 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years, 80-89 years), the location of the fracture (lower right-left limb), the mechanism of the injury (fall trauma, traffic accident, aggression). Also, it was recorded the frequency of the osteosynthesis methods used for the treatment of the patients with tibial plateau fractures. Results. The frequency of the tibial plateau fractures in relation to demographic parameters was as follows: gendre (57,3% male patients, 41,7% female patients); most affected age group was 40-59 years. The frequency of the tibial plateau fractures according to location was 55,6% in right lower limb and 44,4% in left lower limb. The most common injury mechanisms were fall trauma (71.4%), followed by traffic accidents (22,2%) and assaults (6,4%). The distribution of the fractures according to OTA/AO classification was as follows: 7,9% fractures class A, 58,7% fractures class B (B1.1 22.2%, B3.1 15.9%, B1.2 11.1%), 33,3% fractures class C. The distribution of the osteosynthesis methods in the patients with tibial plateau fractures was as follows: multiplates (2,56%), external plate + medial plate (23,06%), external plate (30,76%), external plate + Kirschner wires (7,69%), medial plate (30,76%), posterior plate (5,12%). Conclusion. The most frequent tibial plateau fractures were class B, found in male patients (age group 50-59), in the right lower limb. The most frequent osteosynthesis methods were the combinations between external/internal plates.

One of the most popular and effective orthopedic surgical interventions for treating a variety of hip diseases is total hip arthroplasty. Despite being a radical procedure that involves replacing bone and cartilaginous surfaces with biomaterials, it produces excellent outcomes that significantly increase the patient’s quality of life. Patient factors and surgical technique, as well as biomaterials, play a role in prosthetic survival, with aseptic loosening (one of the most common causes of total hip arthroplasty failure) being linked to the quality of biomaterials utilized. Over the years, various biomaterials have been developed to limit the amount of wear particles generated over time by friction between the prosthetic head (metal alloys or ceramic) and the insert fixed in the acetabular component (polyethylene or ceramic). An ideal biomaterial must be biocompatible, have a low coefficient of friction, be corrosion resistant, and have great mechanical power. Comprehensive knowledge regarding what causes hip arthroplasty failure, as well as improvements in biomaterial quality and surgical technique, will influence the survivability of the prosthetic implant. The purpose of this article was to assess the benefits and drawbacks of various biomaterial and friction couples used in total hip arthroplasties by reviewing the scientific literature published over the last 10 years.

Haemophilia is a rare genetic disorder, that results from various degrees of deficiency of coagulation factor VIII (haemophilia A), or factor IX (haemophilia B), with an X-linked transmission. The patients affected are in the majority of cases males (who inherit the affected X-chromosome from the maternal side), with rare cases of females with haemophilia (FVIII or FIX < 40 IU/dL), situations in which both X-chromosomes are affected, or one is affected, and the other one is inactive (known as carrier). The hypocoagulable state due to the deficiency of clotting factors, manifests as an excessive, recurrent tendency to bleeding, which positively correlates with plasmatic levels. Severe haemophilia results in hemarthrosis, although recent data have shown that moderate or even mild disease can lead to joint bleeding. Recurrent episodes of haemorrhages, usually affecting large joints such as knees, elbows, or ankles, lead to joint remodelling and subsequent haemophilic arthropathy, which may require arthroplasty as a last therapeutic option. Orthopaedic patients have the highest risk among all for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) with morbid and potentially fatal consequences. While for the rest of the population thromboprophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery is efficient, relatively safe, and widely used, for patients with haemophilia who are considered to have a low thromboembolic risk, there is great controversy. The great heterogeneity of this particular population, and the lack of clinical trials, with only case reports or observational studies, makes thromboprophylaxis in major orthopaedic surgery a tool to be used by every clinician based on experience and case particularities. This review aims to briefly summarise the latest clinical data and to offer an insight into the current recommendations that readers would find useful in daily practice.

Introduction: Frenectomy, the removal of buccal frenum, is a common procedure in oral surgery as high attachment of frenum may cause prosthodontic issues, periodontal disorders and orthodontic disorders. The use of surgical diode lasers associated to laser biostimulation can increase patients’ compliance to this procedure. Case Description: A 48-years old male patient presented with a low attachment buccal frenum and prosthetic issues. A decision was made for laser-assisted surgery with diode laser 810nm (Elexxion Nano, Elexxion). The excision procedure used continuous mode, power 2.5W, optic fibre with diameter 400μm. The surgical procedure was ended with low-level laser procedure using biostimulation module of the diode laser. VAS indices decreased from 3,8 immediate post-operatively to 2,6 (1 day post-operatively), and 0,4 (3 days post-treatment). The wound healing was completed at 12 days post-treatment. Discussion: Diode laser-assisted frenectomy had many postoperative advantages as follows: absence of bleeding and oedema, low pain intensity at 1 day and 3 days, the absence of postoperative pain at 7 days, reduced wound healing time. Conclusion/Clinical Significance: The clinical application of the diode laser in frenectomy was easy-to-use, efficient, safe, and can be considered a valid alternative surgical procedure in relation to the classic surgical procedure.

Introduction: Nowadays patients demand implant-prosthetic therapy with optimal function and esthetics. Definition of success also implies dental implants osseointegration as well as optimal recovery of facial aspect. To reach these objectives an effective collaboration must take place between implantology specialist, oral surgery specialist, laboratory technician, and patient. Case Description: A 52-year-old male patient presented with a full arch maxillary restoration with periodontal mobility and prosthetic issues. A decision was made for maxillary full arch implant-supported fixed bridge with one stage surgery and immediate implantation. The treatment plan sequence used for this patient was as follows: (1) manufacturing of interim removable prosthesis and discussion with patient of future esthetic requirements; (2) digital evaluation and planning of implant system selection, pro-implant surgical procedures and implant surgical stage; (3) digital planning of implant placement guide and its fabrication; (4) sinus lifting and alveolar augmentation; (5) immediate implantation; (6) provisional restoration; (7) early loading with definitive implant-supported fixed bridge at 4 weeks. Discussion: Immediate implantation and interim provisional restoration ensure recovery of aesthetics, phonetics and function and confidence of patient as fast as possible. This stage also helped to check up the osseointegration of the implants and oral hygiene maintenance as well as to help patient to adjust from the provisional restoration to the definitive full-arch implant-supported bridge. Conclusion/Clinical Significance: One stage surgery, immediate implantation and early loading are valid therapeutic solutions for the patients’ acceptance of implant-prosthetic therapy.

Before conceiving a treatment plan that provided the application of prosthetic works or dental implants, the establishment of a diagnosis is extremely important in order to identify the possible metabolic disorders. The involution process that occurs in old age is obvious but it has significant individual differences regarding the complexity and the high specializion of the structures. The aim of the performed study is to identify the essential parameters that characterize the influence of the general diseases in the appearance of the disturbances determined by edentation in the oral environment for the lots of analyzed patients. The clinical study, corroborated with the paraclinical data showed the presence of a tight correlation between the parodontal disease and/or the precocious appearance of edentation and some systemic diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, pulmonary pathology and osteoporosis, results that were also confirmed by those existent on the international level in the specialize literature.

Abstract In the treatment of tibial plateau fracture, the successful incorporation of the grafted biomaterials requires the ability of materials to promote new bone formation and provide a scaffold for osteogenesis. Due to osteogenic, osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties, the autogenous bone is still frequently used in the treatment of tibial plateau fractures. Allografts materials present similar clinical and radiological results with autogenous bone, but its use is limited by infection risk, requirement of a bone bank and high costs. Calcium phosphate cements have been proved with excellent results on medium and long term in the bone augmentation for patients with tibial plateau fractures. Hydroxiapatite tricalcium phosphate ceramics are extensively used in the treatment of tibial plateau fractures due to bioactivity and the tissue/surface bonding bioabsorbable ability that allow them to support a progressive degradation associated with bone healing and regeneration. Also, they can be used as a vehicle for osteoinductive substances, to accelerate the rate of new bone formation.

Osteochondral lesions (OCLs) that are frequently encountered in skeletally immature and adult patients are more common than once thought, and their incidence rate is rising. These lesions can appear in many synovial joints of the body, such as the shoulder, elbow, hip, and ankle, occurring most often in the knee. The term osteochondral lesion includes a vast spectrum of pathologies such as osteochondritis dissecans, osteochondral defects, osteochondral fractures, and osteonecrosis of the subchondral bone. When considering this, the term osteochondral fracture is preserved only for an osteochondral defect that combines disruption of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone. These fractures commonly occur after sports practice and are associated with acute lateral patellar dislocations. Many of these lesions are initially diagnosed by plain radiographs; however, a computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can add significant value to the diagnosis and treatment. Treatment methods may vary depending on the location and size of the fracture, fragment instability, and skeletal maturity. The paper reports a 14-year-old boy case with an osteochondral fracture due to sports trauma. The medical approach involved an arthrotomy of the knee, drainage of the hematoma, two Kirschner wires (K-wires) for temporary fixation to restructure anatomic alignment, and a titanium Herbert screw fixing the fracture permanently. The patient had a favorable postoperative outcome with no residual pain, adequate knee stability, and a normal range of motion. The mobility of the knee was fully recovered.

The failure of hip prostheses is a problem that requires further investigation and analysis. Although total hip replacement is an extremely successful operation, the number of revision surgeries needed after this procedure is expected to continue to increase due to issues with both bone cement types and cementation techniques (depending on the producer). To conduct a comparative analysis, as a surgeon prepared the bone cement and introduced it in the body, this study’s team of researchers prepared three types of commercial bone cements with the samples mixed and placed them in specimens, following the timeline of the surgery. In order to evaluate the factors that influenced the chemical composition and structure of each bone cement sample under specific intraoperative conditions, analyses of the handling properties, mechanical properties, structure, and composition were carried out. The results show that poor handling can impede prosthesis–cement interface efficacy over time. Therefore, it is recommended that manual mixing be avoided as much as possible, as the manual preparation of the cement can sometimes lead to structural unevenness.

The use of resorbable magnesium alloys in the design of implants represents a new direction in the healthcare domain. Two main research avenues are currently explored for developing or improving metallic biomaterials: (i) increase of their corrosion resistance by designed compositional and structural modifications, and (ii) functionalization of their surfaces by coating with ceramic or polymeric layers. The main objective of this work was to comparatively assess bio-functional coatings (i.e., highly-crystallized hydroxyapatite and silica-rich glass) deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering (RF-MS) on a biodegradable Mg-0.8Ca alloy (0.8 wt.% of Ca). After probing their morphology (by scanning electron microscopy) and structure (by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction), the corrosion resistance of the RF-MS coated Mg-0.8Ca substrates was electrochemically tested (in synthetic biological media with different degrees of biomimicry), and their cytocompatibility was assessed in osteoblast and fibroblast cell cultures. By collective assessment, the most promising performances, in terms of mass loss (~7% after 12 days), hydrogen release rate (~6 mL/cm2 after 12 days), electrochemical corrosion parameters and cytocompatibility, were obtained for the crystalline HA coating.

Recently, nanotechnology research studies have been proven that use of various nanoparticles as drug delivery systems to target and to annihilate pathogenic microorganisms may be a good solution for prevention and treatment of severe infection. In the last few years, antimicrobial drug encapsulation into nano-sized systems has materialized as a promising alternative that increased drug efficacy and minimized adverse effects. Physicochemical properties of erythromycin-loaded polymer nanoparticles were assessed using particle size distribution, HPLC, FTIR, TG/DTA, and SEM characterization techniques. The as-prepared samples exhibited an average particle size of 340 and 270 nm, respectively, with erythromycin content of 99.7% in both samples. From the release profile of erythromycin from PLA/PLGA, a prolonged drug release can be observed from both Ery-PLA and Ery-PLGA nanostructures. Morphology images exhibited spherical, rigid, and ring-shaped nanoparticles. Thermal analytical study in the case of Ery-PLA and Ery-PLGA samples showed that pure drug has an endothermic peak at around 150 °C assigned to a melting point. The antibiotic melting peak disappeared for both antibiotic-loaded PLA and PLGA nanoparticles thermographs, denoting the presence of erythromycin. This indicates that the antibiotic is uniformly dispensed throughout the host polymer matrix at nanometer scale. FTIR spectra of Ery-PLA and Ery-PLGA nano-architectures with almost similar peaks indicated no alteration in chemical structure of drug-loaded polymer nanoparticles.

Background: Enchondroma is the most common benign bone tumor of the hand. Surgical excision of the tumor using curettage is the treatment of choice. The management of the resulting defects is still a controversial topic in the literature. Methods: This retrospective study includes 15 patients diagnosed with solitary enchondroma in the hand bones: eight cases with type A, three cases with type B and four cases with type D according to Takigawa classification. The aim of this study was to compare the course and outcome in the three patient groups treated by curettage associated with natural consolidation of the bone defect, autologous bone graft or injectable synthetic bone substitute in association with plate and screw osteosynthesis. Results: Outcomes were assessed using the DASH score (mean score 2.5) and TAM score (excellent in all patients) with no significant functional differences between the three groups. Defects managed with k-IBS® injectable bone substitute were associated with shorter operating time, simpler surgical technique and less postoperative pain assessed by VAS score. Conclusion: The use of k-IBS® bone substitute is efficient and less technically demanding than autologous bone grafting. The Takigawa classification could be a good indicator for treatment choice.

The study aimed to investigate the possibilities to use the system expert K-Scoring developed by Prof. Norina Consuela Forna and Neo-Tech, Romania, in the stomatological patients’ evaluation and treatment planning. Materials and method. The study groups included 88 patients treated in the Clinical Base of Dental Medicine Faculty, ”Gr. T. Popa” U.M.Ph. Iasi. The computerized planning and the measurement of clinical-biological indices were performed using PRODENT and K-Scoring Indici (Neo-Tech, România). Results. We found an increasing of the mean value of clinical-biological indices from the primary assessment to the secondary assessment, by values that are related to the clinical indices at the starting point of the treatment and after preparation of the general, loco-regional and local status. For the treated patients, the scoring program offered different values for the prosthetic therapy with different ranges of score with excellent, medium or poor prognosis of the case. Conclusions. The Scoring application is extremely accurate in the possibility to optimize the treatment plan, to help chose the appropriate therapeutic solutions and to make prognosis on short, medium and long term, by analysing the entire clinical-biological indices and scores.

Aim of the study The aim of this study is to emphasize the important role of career counselling in choosing the right career path. The dental students have multiple choices in their future career; the most important thing is to have access at objective tools in order to identify the most suitable trajectory. Material and methods We applied a questionnaire among the dental students from Iasi, the 6th year of study, during a period of 7 years (2011-2017) in order to identify their choices for the future career. The statistical processing was made in SPSS 20.0 and we reported the descriptive and the analytical results. Results It will be structured as shown here. Conclusions The study has shown that targeted career counselling has an important and valuable role in establishing the correct professional trajectory according to the individual skills, competences and aspirations

A total of 83 drivers, 51 males and 32 females, aged 25-65, were recruited to drive an apparently unmodified passenger car for 1 h over at least four laps of a predetermined route on public roads, which included seven sets of traffic lights and sections limited to 50, 70, 90 and 110 km/h. They were randomly assigned to one of two thermal conditions (21 or 27 degrees C), and drove only during the hours of daylight. A computer initiated unprepared signals to which drivers would normally be alert. Drivers responded by pressing a foot-switch and reporting verbally. Signals were selected at random from 21 possible signals, and were presented for up to 3 min, with a random delay of 30-180 s after each response or failure to respond. The negative effect of heat stress on vigilance was statistically significant. At 27 degrees C, the overall proportion of missed signals was 50% higher and response times were 22% longer than they were at 21 degrees C. These effects of heat were significant and proportionally greater in the second half-hour, for subjects < 40 years and for speeds below 60 km/h (i.e. in city traffic). The latter finding suggests that heat may have increased arousal, and there was some indication of a redistribution of attention away from the most peripheral signals at the higher temperature. Overt driving errors were observed significantly more often at 27 degrees C than at 21 degrees C for women only.

The objective of this study was to investigate if the dust in a mill producing soft paper tissue caused respiratory symptoms or impaired respiratory function. Using a questionnaire and spirometry, 355 persons were examined. They were divided into three groups according to present exposure to dust; low (less than 1 mg/m3), moderate (1-5 mg/m3) and heavy (greater than 5 mg/m3). There was a dose-dependent increase of symptoms from the upper respiratory tract. However, coughing and coughing with phlegm were not found to be more common among persons with heavy exposure compared to those with low exposure to the dust. There was no difference in FEV1 or FVC during a work shift. Persons with long-term (greater than 10 years) and heavy exposure to dust seemed to have impaired respiratory function compared to those with low and/or short-term exposure to the dust.

Radiative cooling power was computed as a function of the emittance c, of an exposed surface, air temperature, humidity, etc. from the LOWTRAN 5 code. Meteorological data were then used to make semiquantitative estimates on how often frost will form on a surface with given epsilon(s). Practical tests, using SnO(2)-covered glass with epsilon(s) approximately 0.2, demonstrated that a low-emittance coating can prevent frost formation and maintain transparency of a window exposed to the clear sky.