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During the early period of COVID-19 pandemic, there was a serious shortage of personal protective equipments (PPEs), which caused difficulty in homecare agencies to make home visits to those (possible) positive COVID-19 cases. An organization with the help of several foundations started a special program to distribute PPEs to those agencies in which there was a possible case or those cases that had close contact with the positive cases. This study examined whether this voluntary activity contributed to increasing the sense of security in providing care among homecare workers. We conducted a survey with homecare agencies that received PPEs from the program between July 2020 and February 2021. The participants were agency managers who applied for PPEs. We conducted the survey twice, before and after receiving PPEs. In the questionnaire, we asked about the overall sense of security in providing care for those infected with COVID-19, reasons for applying for PPE, symptoms of the client or his/her family who caused the PPE request, and the agency’s and clients’ characteristics. We analyzed the data from 802 responses. Before PPE distribution, the sense of security was associated with the focal client having a cognitive impairment (β = −0.096), having cough (β = −0.088), fatigue (β = −0.085), or headache (β = −0.078). Agencies that did not visits those (possibly) positive cases (β = −0.123) had lower sense of security. Overall, the mean sense of security increased after receiving PPE. Factors that contributed to the increase in sense of security included a lower sense of security before the application (β = −0.529), visiting clients without dyspnoea (β = −0.109), the agency that did not visit positive cases before the application (β = −0.089), and with higher satisfaction with the days of PPEs received (β = 0.144). These results underline the benefit of the special PPsE distribution program.

As child abuse becomes increasingly serious, the activities of nursing professionals during pregnancy have become more important. This study aimed to describe public health nurses' (PHNs) activities for child abuse prevention, focusing on how they approach pregnant women at possible risk to enable early prevention. A qualitative design was applied. Fifteen PHNs in Japan participated and were interviewed about 23 cases using semistructured interviews focus on the series of PHN's activity. Transcripts were coded, and the codes were categorized into several categories, and content analysis was conducted. PHNs' activities included exploring at-risk cases by various means, creating opportunities to begin individual support, examining the risk of abuse specifically to predict suspected abuse after childbirth, encouraging behavior to reduce the risk of abuse, waiting consciously for a while, expanding support systems for cases. If PHNs anticipated that the situation would not stabilize, they returned to creating an opportunity to begin individual support and repeated the process. PHNs' had six activities, which were repeated depending on the magnitude of the risk of abuse. It was suggested that these activities are aimed at long-term child-rearing support. PHNs belonging to municipal governments conducted these activities; further support can be provided by utilizing municipal governments.

Family-oriented interventions in long-term care (LTC) residential facilities are heterogenous in design, characteristics, and outcomes.To synthesize characteristics (e.g., type, provider, and duration) and outcomes of family-oriented interventions in LTC residential facilities.We followed the JBI methodology and searched seven databases for quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method studies that reported family-oriented interventions in LTC residential settings for older people; defined in this review as ≥60 years. Interventions that included residents, resident families, health professionals, or any combinations of these three were included if the study reported post-intervention assessment of at least one family-related outcome.Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were found to be multifaceted, and education was the most common element. Nurses were the most common intervenors, and most interventions had more than one target (residents, resident families, or staff). Most outcomes were related to family involvement, satisfaction with care, quality of life, communication, symptom management, and shared decision making, and none of the studies reported a negative impact.Family-oriented interventions were associated with high care quality and better resident-staff-family partnership. Staff education and staff-family conversation are relatively cheap interventions to help family involvement, facilitate shared decision-making, and improve family satisfaction.

To examine the response of long-term care (LTC) residential facilities to the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, and the antecedents and outcomes of this response.A protocol of a cross-sectional survey.Two online questionnaires will be used to collect data from LTC residential facilities' managers and staff worldwide. Collected data include participants' socio-demographic characteristics, facility-related characteristics, facility response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and possible influences of the pandemic on staff, residents, and residents' families. Data collection has started in April 2021. Data analyses will be conducted on the pooled sample and stratified by the type of facility, participants, or country if required. Multi-level regression analysis will be considered to account for participants' data clustering in countries and facilities.The data collection is ongoing. The findings would guide policy-makers and healthcare organizations to reform their protocols for the best interest of facilities, staff, residents, and residents' families.

Background and Objectives Dementia-friendly training should be incorporated in neighborhood stores for people living with dementia to maintain engagement in social activities. However, there is a lack of evidence of dementia-friendly training in these workplaces, and existing trainings have time constraints. We developed a mobile microlearning program based on stigma theory and the bystander intervention model. This study aimed to evaluate the microlearning program’s effectiveness. Research Design and Methods Convenience store workers in Tokyo were recruited for a randomized, waiting-list, and controlled trial. The intervention group completed a 50-min online course. The primary outcome was an attitude toward people living with dementia. The secondary outcomes were knowledge of dementia and helping behavior toward customers suspected of having dementia. Data were collected at baseline, after 1 month, and 4 months following the randomization. Results Process evaluations confirmed satisfaction and high completion rates of the program. In total, 150 participants were included in the analysis. The intervention group showed significantly greater improvements in attitude (Hedge’s g = 0.70) and knowledge (g = 0.59) after 1 month, compared to the control group. Helping behavior increased in the intervention group, although it did not differ significantly between the groups. All outcomes remained significantly improved after 4 months. Discussion and Implications The findings provide evidence that dementia-friendly training reduces the general public’s stigma and increases helping behavior in stores. Mitigation of time constraints through mobile microlearning is expected to contribute to the dissemination and help people living with dementia maintain their social participation in the communities. Clinical Trials Registration Number: UMIN000043623

BACKGROUND High blood pressure (BP) and physical inactivity are the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Mobile health is expected to support patients’ self-management for improving cardiovascular health; the development of fully automated systems is necessary to minimize workloads of healthcare providers. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to evaluate the preliminary efficacy, feasibility, and perceived usefulness of intervention using a novel smartphone-based self-management system (DialBetes Step) in increasing steps per day among workers with high BP. METHODS Based on Social Cognitive Theory, we developed personalized goal setting and feedback functions as well as information delivery functions for increasing step count. Personalized goal setting and feedback consist of four components to support users’ self-regulation and enhance their self-efficacy: goal setting for daily steps, positive feedback, action planning, and barrier identification and problem solving. In goal setting component, users set their own step goals weekly in gradual increments based on the system’s suggestion. We added these fully automated functions to an extant system with the function of self-monitoring daily step count, BP, body weight, blood glucose, exercise, and diet. We conducted a single-arm before-after study on workers with high BP who were willing to increase their physical activity. After an educational group session, participants used only the self-monitoring function for 2 weeks (baseline: P0) and all functions of DialBetes Step for 24 weeks. We evaluated changes in steps per day, self-reported frequencies of self-regulation and self-management behavior, self-efficacy, and biomedical characteristics (home BP, body mass and composition, and glucose and lipid parameters) at Week 6 (P1) and Week 24 (P2) of using the new functions. Participants rated the usefulness of the system in a paper-based questionnaire. RESULTS We analyzed 30 participants (19 men, mean age: 52.9 years old); 1 participant dropped out of the intervention. The median percentage of step measurement was 97%. Compared with P0 (median 10,084 steps per day), steps per day significantly increased at P1 (+1493, P CONCLUSIONS DialBetes Step intervention might be a feasible and useful way of increasing workers’ step count for a short period of time and consequently improving their BP and BMI; self-efficacy-enhancing techniques of the system should be improved. CLINICALTRIAL UMIN (University Hospital Medical Information Network) Clinical Trial Registry UMIN000037970; https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000042845.

Quality assurance in long-term care settings requires outcome evaluation reflecting client-specific needs of service use. This study aimed to explore the clients’ needs of adult day care (ADC). Data of 360 clients from 11 ADC agencies in Japan were analyzed. Clients’ needs for ADC use were evaluated by their respective ADC staff using 17 items of four domains: “social participation,” “hygiene and health,” “exercise and eating habits,” and “family support.” The prevalence of four domain needs was calculated and the relationship between physical independency and the presence of needs in the four domains was examined by the chi-squared test. A total of 291 (80.8%) clients had one or more needs while 69 (19.2%) clients had none. The social participation need was most prevalent (270, 75.0%) and 249 clients (69.1%) had combination needs, including social participation, along with another domain. “Feeling like revisiting the ADC” was the most common need (60.6%), it was more frequently needed by those with a higher level of independence (p = 0.003). The study findings suggest that an outcome measure relevant to social participation can be considered as the most common benefits of ADC use. However, ADCs with clients who are more dependent should consider hygiene, nursing, and family support needs.

The objective of this review is to synthesize systematic reviews on the effectiveness of home visit nursing for improving patient-related outcomes in older people.Home care for older people covers a wide range of services and is provided by an array of health professionals. Reviews on the effectiveness of home care services differ in definition and scope, and the unique contribution of home visit nursing services for older people has not been clearly identified.This review will consider systematic reviews of quantitative studies assessing the effectiveness of home visit nursing for older people. Home visit nursing will include the provision of preventive, promotive, curative, or rehabilitative services in the home. This will be compared with usual care, alternative therapeutic interventions, or no intervention. The outcomes of interest are hospitalization, institutionalization, mortality, patient satisfaction, and quality of life. Systematic reviews with and without meta-analyses will be eligible for inclusion.This review will follow the JBI methodology. MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Epistemonikos, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, PROSPERO, and Grey Literature Report will be searched. The authors will hand-search reference lists of the included reviews. There will be no restrictions on the publication date or country of origin of the review. Only systematic reviews with full text published in English will be considered. Screening of articles, assessment of methodological quality, and data extraction will be performed independently by two reviewers. Quality of evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Data will be summarized in a narrative format with supporting tables.Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/3fexj).

This study examined the long-term effects of an infant injury prevention program implemented during an antenatal class of 131 mothers. Questionnaires were completed 2 years postpartum to assess the incidence of injury (medically attended or home-care), mothers’ perception of injury prevention, implementation of safety practices, and active attitudes toward injury prevention. Responses were obtained from 68 (51.9%) mothers (intervention group, 40; control group, 28), including 24 who reported medically attended injuries and 55 who reported home-care injuries. The incidence of medically attended injuries did not differ between groups. The incidence of home-care injuries was also not significantly different, but was lower in the intervention group (72.5% vs. 92.9%, p = 0.050). Significantly fewer children in the intervention group experienced “injury due to being caught between objects” (12.5% vs. 39.3%, p = 0.014). Mothers in the intervention group were significantly more aware of injury prevention than those in the control group (p = 0.033). The risk of home-care injuries was inversely related to mothers’ injury-prevention perception (odds ratio [OR]: 0.55, p = 0.035). This study suggests that group education during pregnancy regarding injury prevention increases mothers’ perception of injury prevention. These findings support implementing injury prevention education during antenatal classes.

What can we learn from this? The creativity demonstrated by LTC staff across the globe suggests great potential for improving resident quality of life on a more permanent basis. Consider the possibilities. Expanded use of technology could widen a resident's social circle, include geographically distant relatives who are unable to visit, and increase the frequency and spontaneity of contacts, particularly resident initiated. Residents could “attend” important family events, such as weddings, that might otherwise be impossible. Where technology is less accessible, outdoor spaces for visiting, reconnecting with cherished pets, or musical serenades have inspired and cheered residents. Some innovations were developed for the purpose of improving communication in even low-resource settings, with minimal expense and without the need for technology (one-third of the innovations reported require digital technology). Consider the impact of routine, predictable communication between staff assigned as liaison and family members in addressing the family's frustration and any resulting conflict—a simple, but not widely used, strategy. We believe that pandemic-inspired innovations should be tried, tested, and modified as necessary. Several recent literature reviews on relationships between social connection and a range of mental health outcomes for LTC residents confirm the significance of social connection for resident well-being with implications that clearly extend beyond the pandemic.27, 28, 29 Many innovations included in our table were created in response to COVID-19 and require future testing to provide evidence concerning their impact on resident outcomes. A few have been tested. Others have been implemented sporadically, generally viewed as “something extra,” rather than something to be expected. For example, one study found that synchronous communication between family and residents in locked-down facilities was more strongly associated with positive emotions than was asynchronous communication.27, 28, 29 Quality of life innovations were observed from across a range of national and organizational contexts, including widely different national and local economies, LTC financing and regulatory systems, workforce capacities, and digital infrastructure. Whereas many of these innovations could be implemented by some LTC providers leveraging their existing human or technological resources, many others would require the purchase of new equipment or the hiring of new staff. An important consequence of looking across countries is identifying strategies that might be adapted for use in other countries or cultures. The housing innovation seen in Chinese nursing homes, providing accomodation for direct care workers who have migrated to urban areas, might not immediately obvious relevance for other countries. However, finding affordable housing is a common challenge for direct care everywhere, Low income workers employed in high income communities are particularly challenged. Creative approaches to housing support, in these instances, could significantly improve recruitment and retention. We have seen strong, widespread commitment and corresponding innovations to increasing social connection for residents during the pandemic, but fewer innovations aimed at keeping families informed, and remarkably few reported innovations implemented for the purpose of maintaining resident physical fitness and function. The impact of this can be seen in the widely reported suffering of family members30 and the recent warnings about increased pressure injury risk.31 Whether the failure to address these latter issues in a more robust fashion reflects their perceived level of importance or the challenges faced in addressing them is unclear. In either case, they would benefit from more creative attention, both during and beyond the pandemic. Whether this reflects a continuation of pre-pandemic perceptions about what is most important, a consequence of crisis management, or both, is unknown. But this offers us an opportunity to reflect on and explore the consequences for both residents and their families. The commitment and creativity of staff around the world responding to similar challenges have reminded us that we have much to learn from each other and should be cautious about dismissing innovations that might seem relevant only for “other places or populations.” We hope these innovations, carried out under the most difficult circumstances, will inspire us to maintain what we have learned that can add to resident quality of life.

Intakes of excess Na and insufficient K are two major contributors of heart diseases and stroke development. However, no precise study has previously been carried out on Na and K intakes among Indonesian adults. The present study aimed to estimate the Na and K intakes using two consecutive 24-h urine collections. Participants were community-dwelling adults aged between 20 and 96 years, randomly selected from a pool of resident registration numbers. Of the 506 participants, 479 (240 men and 239 women) completed urine collections. The mean Na excretion was 102·8 and 100·6 mmol/d, while the mean K excretion was 25·0 and 23·4 mmol/d for men and women, respectively. Na and K excretions were higher in participants with a higher BMI. A higher K excretion was associated only with younger age. More than 80 % of the participants consumed more than 5 g/d of salt (the upper limit recommended by the Indonesian government), whereas none of them consumed more than 3510 mg/d of K (the lower limit). The high Na and low K intakes, especially high Na among participants with high BMI, should be considered when future intervention programmes are planned in this country.

Care prevention comprises an integral part of long-term care in Japan and is provided across the following populations: those without problems when screened by the Basic Check List (BCL, Type 1), those having problems when screened by the BCL (Type 2), and those certified in the “support need levels” by the long-term care insurance eligibility assessment (Type 3). We aimed to clarify the care prevention needs across these three populations by using the interRAI Check-Up, an internationally developed instrument. We conducted cross-sectional surveys to assess care prevention needs for convenience samples of community-dwelling older adults in two cities in western Japan from October 2016 to December 2017, and we integrated the secondary data of older adults’ assessment from September 2014 to June 2018. Prevalence rates of nine domains of care prevention needs were calculated. Among the 125 participants, 20 were Type 1, 23 were Type 2, and 82 were Type 3. All three types had the following needs that had not been assessed in the BCL: pains, risk of hospital-emergency room visits, driving reviews, and instrumental activities of daily living capacity. The results showed that interventions for a wide range of care prevention needs should be considered in the long-term care prevention project.

Objective This study aimed to explore the support extended by prefectural public health nurses (PHNs) toward the human resource development (HRD) of municipal PHNs in Japan.Methods We performed a qualitative descriptive study involving nine prefectural PHNs from April 2019 to May 2020. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews using an interview guide, described qualitatively, coded, and then categorized.Results Five categories were extracted. "Clarifying the needs and problems related to HRD and daily PHN activities in the municipalities," "Creating an environment where all municipal PHNs have equal opportunities for off-the-job training," and "Helping municipal PHNs recognize the meaning of practice and develop an evaluation perspective" were extracted from the prefectural government PHNs and prefectural health center (HC) PHNs. "Clarifying problems and future prospects to encourage the growth of PHNs" and "Creating an environment where the significance and value of the activities of PHNs are recognized within the organization and HRD can easily take place" were extracted from the HC PHNs.Conclusion Much of the HRD support provided by the prefectural PHNs to the municipal PHNs was analogous to the PHN activities provided to the community and residents. To promote HRD effectively, prefectural PHNs should apply their individual care skills to the HRD of municipal PHNs.

Older adults' preference regarding where they want to spend their end-of-life (EOL) has been reported to be a significant predictor of the actual EOL location. Home-care nurses have often been reported to try involving single older adults' neighbours in the support network of the older adults (community involvement activities) to allow them to stay at home. Hence, nurses' community involvement activities may be among the significant factors of older adults' preference to stay at home during EOL. Therefore, this study explored home-care nurses' community involvement activities and its association with single older adults' EOL preference. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted with older adults (aged 65 years or older) who lived alone and used home-care nursing services for more than 6 months, their home-care nurses, and managers of their home-care nursing agencies. Questions included participants' characteristics, nurses' community involvement activities and older adults' preference to remain at home during EOL. We conducted multiple logistic regression analyses to explore the relationship between nurses' community involvement activities and older adults' preference to remain at home during EOL while controlling for their demographic variables. In total, 103 pairs of home-care nurses and single older adults from 27 home-care nursing agencies participated. Approximately 70% of older adults preferred to remain at home during EOL, and 50% of nurses implemented community involvement activities. Older adults' preference to remain at home during EOL was associated with implementation of community involvement activities (Odds Ratio [OR]: 3.4; 95% Confidence Interval [95%CI]:1.1-9.8), home-care nurses' higher practical clinical ability (OR: 1.4, 95%CI:1.0-1.8), and older adult's longer use of home-care nursing service (OR: 2.2, 95%CI:1.2-4.1). Community involvement activities may be essential in helping single older adults to stay at home as per their preference for EOL.

Recently, many community gathering spaces (CGSs) have been built as platforms for senior citizens to socialize. This study constitutes an ethnographic examination of how senior citizens use a CGS i...

Background: To date, a comprehensive, psychometrically robust instrument to assess palliative and end-of-life (PEOL) care education, practice, and perceived competence among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses does not exist. Objective: To examine content validity and reliability of a proposed instrument to assess the PEOL care education-practice- competence triad among ICU nurses. Methods: An international modified e-Delphi and a cross-sectional pilot questionnaire survey. The Delphi involved 23 panelists from 11 countries. The pilot study involved 40 staff nurses and 3 nurse managers from 3 adult ICUs in a randomly selected hospital in Egypt. An instrument was developed and judged for content validity by international panelists, and then pretested in a pilot study, where data were collected at 2 time points using self-administered questionnaires, followed by cognitive interviews. Test-retest reliability was examined using intraclass correlation (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and repeatability coefficient (RC). Results: The panelists confirmed content validity of the proposed instrument, and staff nurses confirmed its comprehensibility. At the level of the instrument’s total scores, the lowest ICC was .9 (95% confidence interval: .8-.9); and the highest SEM and RC were 4.8 and 13.3, respectively. Conclusions: The PEOL Care Index is a comprehensive, comprehensible, content valid, and reliable instrument to assess the PEOL care education-practice-competence triad among ICU nurses. Construct and criterion validities need to be confirmed in future studies. Applicability of the PEOL Care Index in different settings and cultures needs to be examined.

Aim The dementia supporter training program is conducted by community general support centers (CGSCs) to raise dementia awareness. Convenience stores are widespread throughout Japan, and they play an important role in the daily lives of older adults. We examined whether participation of convenience stores in the program promotes cooperation between the stores and CGSCs. Methods Using data from a nationwide survey, we conducted a longitudinal observational study. Participation of stores in the program and cooperation with CGSC were measured. The proportion of cooperation with CGSCs in 2017 and 2018 were compared between stores that had already participated in the program in 2016 (participation group) and those that did not (non-participation group). Results Of the 14 884 stores, 542 stores participated in the program in 2016. In 2017 and 2018, 8.1% and 7.2% of the participation group cooperated with CGSCs, while 3.2% and 4.0% of the non-participation group did. Conclusions Dementia supporter training programs could be an opportunity to promote cooperation between convenience stores and CGSCs to support older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 956-960.

To prevent falls, community-dwelling older adults must maintain regular physical activities. This study aimed to explore the association between the prevention from going out and the incidence of falls among community-dwelling older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a prospective cohort study that consisted of 381 individuals aged 65 years or older, living in a local community in Japan, and ranging from being independent to being physically and cognitively frail. The finding revealed that among those who had been going out five or more times weekly pre-pandemic, the prevention from going out at the time of the first state of emergency (SOE) (AOR = 6.84; 95%CI = 1.51–31.02), having history of falls (AOR = 7.35; 95%CI = 1.81–29.84), participating in group gatherings (AOR = 6.09; 95%CI = 1.48–25.12), living with spouses (AOR = 0.08; 95%CI = 0.02–0.40), and living with other than spouse (AOR = 0.15; 95%CI = 0.03–0.73) were associated with the incidence of falls. The study highlights the importance of providing regular opportunities to go out to community-dwelling older adults in order to prevent falls.

Background and Objectives Dementia awareness initiatives aim to promote helping behaviors toward people living with dementia. We applied the bystander intervention process model in the context of the general public’s helping behaviors toward people living with dementia, and we sought to identify the mechanisms underlying the association between dementia knowledge and helping behaviors. Research Design and Methods In a survey featuring vignettes for the general public in Japan (N = 904), we presented four situations in which people could exhibit helping behaviors toward a person with dementia. Guttman scale analysis was used to test this sequential ordering of the bystander intervention process model: (a) interpreting the need to help, (b) perceiving personal responsibility, and (c) intention to provide help. Mediation analysis was used to examine whether the effects of knowledge on helping behaviors were mediated by attitude toward people living with dementia and the bystander intervention process. Results The results support the two-step model in which interpreting the situation as one where assistance is required is a prerequisite of helping behavior. Dementia knowledge had a significant total effect on intention to provide help (β = 0.136, p < .001). Interpretation (indirect effect: β = 0.092, p < .001), as well as attitude (indirect effect: β = 0.044, p < .001), was found to completely mediate the effect of dementia knowledge on intention to provide help. Discussion and Implications Dementia awareness initiatives designed to promote helping behaviors should focus on knowledge transfer, improving the general public’s attitudes toward people living with dementia, and their ability to interpret when such people need assistance.

This cross-sectional study aimed to (1) describe the unclassified contents of telephone consultation services provided by a public health center during the first wave of COVID-19 in Japan and (2) examine whether the contents required assistance from public health nurses (PHNs). We analyzed a total of 207 calls in which the purpose of the call was unclassified into pre-set categories. PHNs transcribed the exact text of the consultation conversations recorded from 25 March to 20 April 2020 in City A. Approximately half of the calls were from residents. Seven categories were extracted through a qualitative content analysis. The most common topic was infection control measures, where the presence of COVID-19 infection was assumed (n = 62), the second most common was extreme anxiety and fear of infection (n = 50). Questions about the COVID-19 response system (n = 30), discrimination and misunderstandings about COVID-19 (n = 24), and response measures for COVID-19 outbreaks within organizations (n = 18) were also included. The unclassified consultations included various topics, several of which required the expertise of a PHN. Each local government should consider sharing and task-shifting telephone consultation services among PHNs and other staff to reduce their burden and allow them to concentrate on conducting infection control more effectively.

The lack of public awareness and understanding of dementia affects the experiences of people living with dementia and their families. Dementia education and training for the general public have been gradually disseminated. We conducted a systematic scoping review guided by PRISMA-ScR to map existing evidence and identify dementia education and training available to the general public. From the four electronic databases, 41 articles were identified. Dementia education has three main purposes: dementia friendliness (n = 25), early diagnosis/help-seeking (n = 10), and prevention (n = 6). Education aimed at dementia friendliness was delivered in the community (n = 6), schools/universities (n =14), workplaces (n = 2), and online (n = 3). Interventions aimed at early diagnosis and prevention were often conducted in communities with middle-aged and older people or specific ethnic groups. Eleven dementia-friendliness studies reported on the interaction with people living with dementia to reduce stigma. Dementia knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behaviors were assessed as outcomes. Though randomized controlled trials were conducted in early diagnosis and prevention studies via e-learning, they were not performed in dementia-friendliness studies. Therefore, there is a need to further accumulate evidence of dementia education for each of these purposes.