Author: "Norberto Catarino" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

39 results on '"Norberto Catarino"'

1. Ion beam analysis of Li-Sn alloys for fusion applications

Author: Miguel Sales Dias, Miguel B. Costa, Eduardo Alves, Rodrigo Mateus, R.C. da Silva, Norberto Catarino, Mafalda Guedes, Luís Alves, and A.C. Ferro
Subjects: Nuclear reaction, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Microprobe, Ion beam analysis, Materials science, Intermetallic, Analytical chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Deuterium, Nuclear reaction analysis, 0103 physical sciences, Melting point, Nuclear fusion, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation
Abstract: The use of liquid Li-Sn alloys for nuclear fusion applications may be hampered by the high melting point of Li-rich intermetallics. Aiming to inhibit their formation, the blend of pure Li (as high as 15 at.%) with pure Sn was controlled via mechanical alloying at room temperature under a dry Ar atmosphere. The depth profiling of Li down to depths near 15–20 μm was followed by nuclear reaction analysis, while elastic backscattering spectroscopy indicated the absence of O within the alloys. Elemental mapping using a nuclear microprobe evidenced the lateral spread of Li in the Sn matrix and identified Cr, Fe and Pb as the only contaminants with contents lower than 0.05 at.%. Despite the competing 2H(3He,p)4He, 6Li(3He,p)8Be, 7Li(3He,p)9Be and 7Li(3He,d)8Be nuclear reactions, retained amounts of deuterium in irradiated surfaces may be quantified with incident 3He+ ion beams in the 0.7 MeV–1.0 MeV energy range.
Published: 2021
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2. Evaluation of tritium retention in plasma facing components during JET tritium operations

Author: Sunwoo Moon, Norberto Catarino, Y. Zayachuk, Jari Likonen, D. Douai, J. Paul Coad, A. Baron-Wiechec, M. Mayer, Chris Rowley, Tom Wauters, I. Jepu, Anna Widdowson, S. A. Krat, Victoria Corregidor, Marek Rubel, L. Avotina, Laura Dittrich, Kalle Heinola, Eduardo Alves, M. Zlobinski, Per Petersson, Kenichiro Mizohata, JET Contributors, and Materials Physics
Subjects: RELEASE, Jet (fluid), Materials science, tritium, 020209 energy, Nuclear engineering, DEUTERIUM, 02 engineering and technology, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, 114 Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, fuel retention, 010305 fluids & plasmas, 13. Climate action, JET, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, DIVERTOR, Tritium, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: An assessment of the tritium (T) inventory in plasma facing components (PFC) during JET T and deuterium-tritium (DT) operations is presented based on the most comprehensive ex situ fuel retention data set on JET PFCs from the 2015-2016 ILW3 operating period is presented. The global fuel retention is 4.19 × 1023 D atoms, 0.19% of injected fuel. The inner divertor remains the region of highest fuel retention (46.5%). The T inventory in PFCs at the end of JET operations is calculated as 7.48 × 1022 atoms and is informative for accountancy, clean-up efficacy and waste liability assessments. The T accumulation rate at the upper inner divertor during JET DT operations has been used to assess the requirements and frequency of operation of a new laser induced desorption diagnostic to be installed on JET for the final DT experiments in 2023.
Published: 2021
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3. Deuterium retention on the tungsten-coated divertor tiles of JET ITER-like wall in 2015–2016 campaign

Author: Jyrki Räisänen, A. Lahtinen, Seppo Koivuranta, Jet Contributors, A. Baron-Wiechec, J.P. Coad, Norberto Catarino, Kalle Heinola, Jari Likonen, Eduardo Alves, Anna Widdowson, Materials Physics, and Department of Physics
Subjects: Jet (fluid), Materials science, Fuel retention, Mechanical Engineering, Divertor, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Tungsten, 114 Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Erosion, JET, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Surface layer, Beryllium, Deposition, 010306 general physics, Deposition (chemistry), Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: Tungsten-coated divertor files exposed during the third JET ITER-Like Wall (ILW) campaign in 2015-2016 (ILW-3) were studied with Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). ILW-3 campaign contained more high-power plasma discharges and longer plasma time than the earlier ILW campaigns. Measurements showed increased beryllium (Be) deposition on the upper inner divertor, whereas on the outer divertor, Be deposition was lower than during the second campaign in 2013-2014 (ILW-2). Increased intensifies of nickel, molybdenum and tungsten were observed at the surface layer of the inner divertor Be dominated deposits. These layers are probably formed during the high-power plasma discharge phase near the end of the ILW-3 campaign. Compared to the earlier campaigns, D retention on the upper inner divertor was observed to on a similar level than after ILW-2, whereas at the lower inner divertor and most parts of the outer divertor, D retention was lower for ILW-3 than ILW-2. D retention was increased at lower part of outer divertor Tile 7, where Be deposition was slightly increased. Probable reason for the reduction is the higher surface temperature of the files due to higher powers used.
Published: 2019
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4. An insider view of the Portuguese ion beam laboratory

Author: Luís Alves, Victoria Corregidor, Miguel Sales Dias, M. Fonseca, Eduardo Alves, Katharina Lorenz, Marco Peres, Rodrigo Mateus, João Cruz, Norberto Catarino, N.P. Barradas, and A.P. Jesus
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Engineering, business.industry, General Physics and Astronomy, Societal impact of nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, language.human_language, Insider, Work (electrical), Multidisciplinary approach, 0103 physical sciences, language, Engineering ethics, Portuguese, Nuclear science, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Accelerators are behind many major scientific and technological breakthroughs giving a gigantic contribution to unveil the mysteries of matter. This quest continues nowadays using the high-energy machines operating at large research centres like CERN, GANIL and FAIR, among others. Meanwhile most of the small and medium size accelerators running in laboratories located in universities and research institutions around the world begin a new life making available the powerful nuclear-based techniques for multidisciplinary research in several domains. Furthermore, the small and medium size accelerator facilities still play a major role in keeping and providing knowledge in Nuclear Science and training the new generations. The two electrostatic accelerators at Instituto Superior Tecnico of the University of Lisbon are devoted to multidisciplinary research as well as education and training students in nuclear-based experimental techniques. The history and work carried out in the laboratory and its role in areas with great societal impact such as materials science, energy, biomedical sciences as well as nuclear experimental physics in support of the large-scale facilities, will be highlighted in the manuscript.
Published: 2021
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5. Fuel retention and erosion-deposition on inner wall cladding tiles in JET-ILW

Author: Laura Dittrich, Per Petersson, Marek Rubel, Tuan Thien Tran, Anna Widdowson, Ionut Jepu, Corneliu Porosnicu, Eduardo Alves, Norberto Catarino, and JET Contributors
Subjects: Jet (fluid), Materials science, JET-ILW, Condensed Matter Physics, Cladding (fiber optics), Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, fuel retention, Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, beryllium coatings, Erosion, erosion-deposition, Composite material, Deposition (chemistry), Mathematical Physics
Abstract: The morphology of beryllium coatings on the Inconel inner wall cladding tiles after JET-ILW campaigns was determined. The focus was on: (i) fuel retention and its share in the overall fuel inventory; (ii) the change of the layer structure and composition. The study is motivated in the view of planned D-T operation in JET. Four tiles were examined: the initial not exposed; one exposed to two campaigns (ILW1-2) and two facing the plasma during ILW1–3. As determined with ion beam and microscopy methods, the initial Be layer (9.0 μm thick) contained up to 4–5 at.% of impurities, mainly H, O, C, Ni. In the exposed tiles, the impurity content increases to 14–26 at.% (up to 20 at.% O, 1.7 at.% C, 1.0 at.% N, 1.3 at.% Ni and under 0.1 at.% W). The surface composition indicates gettering of O and a long-term retention of N. The Be thickness on the tile exposed to ILW1–2 was between 7.6 and 9.7 μm, thus indicating erosion in some areas, while the thickness after ILW1–3 increased to 10–12 μm. The D content was in the range 1.2–3.4×1017 cm−2 after ILW1–2 and 3.2–10×1017 cm−2 after ILW1–3 on most of the analyzed area, but in the limiter shadow values up to 58 ×1017 cm−2 were measured. Taking into account the total area of the Be-coated inner wall cladding tiles, the lower limit of D inventory amounts to 5.3×1022 atoms corresponding to about 176 mg, i.e. somewhat greater than the amount determined on Be limiters. The formation and spalling-off of Be-O particles was revealed.
Published: 2021

6. Arduino-controlled Reflectance Transformation Imaging to the study of cultural heritage objects

Author: Norberto Catarino, Carlos Cruz, Victoria Corregidor, Renato Dias, Luís Alves, João Cruz, DF – Departamento de Física, and LIBPhys-UNL
Subjects: business.product_category, Inkwell, Computer science, General Chemical Engineering, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, General Engineering, General Physics and Astronomy, Object (computer science), Edge detection, Coins recognition, Cultural heritage, Arduino, Computer graphics (images), General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Reflectance Transformation Imaging, General Materials Science, Low-cost dome, State (computer science), Polynomial texture mapping, business, General Environmental Science, Digital camera, Degradation visualization
Abstract: Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal (Grant Nos. UIDB/04349/2020 and UID/FIS/04559/2019)- Private funds. V.C. acknowledges the support from UID/Multi/04349/2019. J.C. acknowledges NOVA.ID.FCT. This article examines the development of a low-cost and portable set-up controlled by an Arduino board to perform Reflectance Transformation Imaging technique, from the information derived from 45 digital photographs of an object acquired using a stationary camera. The set-up consists of 45 high-intensity light emitting diodes (LEDs) distributed over a hemispherical dome of 70 cm in diameter and a digital camera on the top of the dome. The LEDs are controlled by an Arduino board, and the user can individually control the LEDs state (ON or OFF) and duration of illumination. An old manuscript written with iron-gall ink and a set of 1 Euro coins mint in 2002 were photographed with the set-up. The interactive re-lighting and the mathematical enhancement of the object's surface revealed corrosion, loss of material, scratches and other details, which were not perceived in standard images. These unique features, which can be extracted using edge detection processing, have immediate application in different fields such as cultural heritage or forensic studies, where they can be used as fingerprints to identify unique objects, allowing also recognizing the use of tools to alter the surface of coins to increase the price in the market. publishersversion published
Published: 2020

7. Stopping power of hydrogen in hafnium and the importance of relativistic 4f electrons

Author: Rosana Rosa Miranda Corrêa, M.E. Aguilera, Dario Marcelo Mitnik, J. Wachter, Jorge Esteban Miraglia, A. M. P. Mendez, Eduardo Alves, C. C. Montanari, Norberto Catarino, P. A. Miranda, and R.C. da Silva
Subjects: Free electron model, Diffraction, Physics, Range (particle radiation), chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Electron, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Hafnium, symbols.namesake, chemistry, Dirac equation, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Stopping power (particle radiation), Atomic physics, 010306 general physics
Abstract: The stopping power of protons through Hf foil has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. The measurements were performed at the Laboratory of Accelerators and X-Ray Diffraction in Lisbon by using the transmission method on self-supporting stopping material. The overall uncertainty of around $5%$ was established over the protons energy range (0.6--2.5) MeV. The theoretical developments involved fully relativistic atomic structure calculations for Hf, which required the solution of the Dirac equation. The shell-wise local plasma approximation was used to describe the energy transferred to the bound $1s\text{\ensuremath{-}}4f$ electrons, and the outer four electrons were considered as a free electron gas. We found the relativistic description of the $4f$ shell and the screening between $4f$ and $5p$ electrons to be decisive around the stopping maximum. Present theoretical and experimental results are in very good agreement in the energy region of the new measurements. However, our theoretical stopping cross sections show substantial differences with the most used semiempirical models (SRIM2013 and ICRU-49) at intermediate to low energies. Our calculations suggest the stopping maximum to be higher and shifted to lower energies than these previous predictions. Future measurements around the maximum and below would be necessary for a better understanding of the stopping power of hafnium.
Published: 2020
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8. Oxidation behaviour of neutron irradiated Be pebbles

Author: Miguel Sales Dias, S. van Til, Luís Alves, Eduardo Alves, Norberto Catarino, N.P. Barradas, and M. Zmitko
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Ion beam analysis, Ion beam, Scanning electron microscope, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Oxide, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:TK9001-9401, 010305 fluids & plasmas, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Neutron, Irradiation, Beryllium, Chemical composition
Abstract: Beryllium will be used as neutron multiplier material to increase the tritium breeding ratio in fusion reactors. The chemical reactivity of beryllium is a factor of major concern since the oxidation of beryllium at temperatures above 800°C can become an uncontrollable process. The present work presents a detailed study of chemical composition and reactivity of Be pebbles after exposure to neutron irradiation, up to 3000 appm He production, during the HIDOBE-01 campaign and their influence in the oxidation kinetics process. In order to get information on this reaction, samples were oxidized at 700°C under controlled air atmosphere (60% humidity) and with a mixture of 60% O2 + 40% N2. The chemical composition of the irradiated samples was studied using ion beam analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The observations revealed the presence of small flakes which are distributed in the surface, however no modifications in the pebbles shape after longer oxidation were observed. Ion beam elemental maps confirmed the presence of Be oxides distributed on the surface. Moreover, the width of the oxide layer increases with the annealing time, following a parabolic law.
Published: 2020

9. Assessing material properties for fusion applications by ion beams

Author: Miguel Sales Dias, Norberto Catarino, I. Jepu, and Eduardo Alves
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Divertor, Tantalum, Refractory metals, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Tungsten, equipment and supplies, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Microstructure, 01 natural sciences, Fluence, 010305 fluids & plasmas, chemistry, Sputtering, 0103 physical sciences, Irradiation, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, Instrumentation
Abstract: The plasma-facing materials in the ITER divertor area must withstand unusual events, such as the edge-localized modes (ELMS). At the point when an ELM occurs, up to 30% of the energy can be deposited on the plasma-facing boundary in the form of the heat and particle load causing material loss due to sublimation. Tungsten is a promising candidate as a plasma-facing material in the ITER divertor area since it has a high melting point, good thermal conductivity and low sputtering yield, which minimizes the plasma contamination. However their brittleness at low temperatures which is worsened by irradiation is an issue. One strategy to modulate the properties of tungsten is alloying this element with other refractory metals, such as tantalum that shows higher toughness, lower activation and higher radiation resistance. In the present study tungsten-tantalum alloys (W-Ta) were produced by Ta implantation. The fundamental mechanisms which govern the behaviour of defect dynamics in W-Ta materials under reactor conditions, were simulated by the implantation of He and D. The microstructure observations of the W plates that after single Ta implantation revealed crater-like cavities and a more severe effect after D implantation. The effect increase with the increasing of D fluence. However at fluences higher than 1021D/m the effect is reduced. In addition, blistering was observed in W-Ta plates implanted with He. The D retention in the W-Ta alloys increases with the implanted fluence with tendency for saturation for high fluences. Moreover the results show that D retention is higher after sequential He and D implantation than for single D implantation. The diffractogram of W-Ta alloys implanted with He evidenced the presence of broadened W peaks associated with stress induced by irradiation, which may cause internal stress field resulting in a distortion of the crystal lattice. These irradiation defects can be observed in the D release spectra where three peaks are associated with three types of defects in W and W-Ta implanted with He and D.
Published: 2017
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10. Fuel inventory and material migration of JET main chamber plasma facing components compared over three operational periods

Author: J.P. Coad, L. Avotina, A. Baron-Wiechec, Jet Contributors, Kalle Heinola, S. Aleiferis, Victoria Corregidor, Eduardo Alves, I. Jepu, Anna Widdowson, C. Makepeace, Norberto Catarino, and Department of Physics
Subjects: DESORPTION, Materials science, EROSION, JET ITER-like wall, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, 114 Physical sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, material migration, Desorption, 0103 physical sciences, DEPOSITION, 010306 general physics, Mathematical Physics, Jet (fluid), ITER-LIKE-WALL, Divertor, Metallurgy, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, beryllium, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, fuel retention, chemistry, INNER WALL, Erosion, DIVERTOR, Beryllium, Deposition (chemistry)
Abstract: Fuel retention and material migration results from JET ITER-like wall beryllium limiter tiles are presented for three operating periods. Ion beam analysis results support the general picture of erosion during limiter configurations with local deposition on tile ends far into the scrape off layer. Similar trends of fuel concentrations are observed in all JET operating periods; (i) low on surfaces exposed to high heat flux and erosion and (ii) higher in deposits. The pattern of fuel retention and deposition correlates with heat flux and distribution of limiter plasmas touching inner and outer limiters. The D/Be ratio in the thickest deposit is similar to 0.01. Global fuel retention attributed to limiters is
Published: 2020

11. Implantation damage formation in a-, c- and m-plane GaN

Author: Ferdinand Scholz, Elke Wendler, Stephan Schwaiger, Norberto Catarino, Katharina Lorenz, Pierre Ruterana, Marie Pierre Chauvat, Andrés Redondo-Cubero, Eduardo Alves, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear [Lisboa] (IPFN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Institut für Festkörperphysik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Departamento de Física Aplicada [UAM Madrid], Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Centre de recherche sur les Ions, les MAtériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP - UMR 6252), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (IRMA), Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Optoelectronic (IO), University of Ulm (UUlm), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), and Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Materials science, [PHYS.PHYS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics], Polymers and Plastics, Metals and Alloys, Nanotechnology, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Channelling, 01 natural sciences, Crystallographic defect, Molecular physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Crystal, Ion implantation, Transmission electron microscopy, 0103 physical sciences, [CHIM.CRIS]Chemical Sciences/Cristallography, Ceramics and Composites, Radiation damage, Dislocation, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: International audience; Epitaxial GaN layers with a-, c- and m-plane surface orientations were implanted with 300 keV Ar-ions at 15 K with fluences ranging from 2 × 1012 to 4 × 1016 at/cm2. Damage build-up proceeds in three steps separated by wide fluence regions where the maximum damage level, measured by in situ Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry/Channelling, saturates. The three steps occur at similar fluences for the three crystal orientations and similar defect formation rates for the lowest fluences are observed. Surprisingly, the second saturation regime reveals a significantly lower damage level in a-plane layers while m- and c-plane samples suffer more than 4 times higher damage levels. The strong radiation resistance of a-plane GaN was attributed to very efficient dynamic annealing of point defects during the implantation even at 15 K. The migration and aggregation of point defects also lead to distinct defect microstructures as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. Besides point defects and their clusters the dominant extended defects caused by implantation in c-plane GaN are basal stacking faults while dislocation loops are formed in a-plane material. m-plane GaN presents a mixture of planar defects and dislocation loops after implantation.
Published: 2017
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12. Determination of 9 Be(p,p 0 ) 9 Be, 9 Be(p,d 0 ) 8 Be and 9 Be(p,α 0 ) 6 Li cross sections at 150° in the energy range 0.5–2.35 MeV

Author: Eduardo Alves, N.P. Barradas, and Norberto Catarino
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Ion beam analysis, Hydrogen, Proton, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Fusion power, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010305 fluids & plasmas, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Beryllium, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation
Abstract: Beryllium and Tungsten have been chosen as the new “plasma facing materials” for fusion reactors. Understanding plasma wall interactions and their effects such as erosion and redeposition leading to the formation of alloys from the different materials present in the reactor chamber, is critical to model the retention of hydrogen isotopes by the wall materials. Determining the amount and the depth profile of Be and other elements deposited in the walls is a mandatory requirement in fusion reactors, making the knowledge of the relevant cross sections essential for IBA analysis. In this work we measured the 9Be(p,p0)9Be, 9Be(p,d0)8Be and 9Be(p,α0)6Li cross sections in the energy range 0.5–2.35 MeV, at an angle of 150°.
Published: 2016
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13. Fuel retention in JET ITER-Like Wall from post-mortem analysis

Author: N.P. Barradas, Kalle Heinola, Seppo Koivuranta, Eduardo Alves, A. Baron-Wiechec, Jet-Efda Contributors, M. Mayer, Anna Widdowson, S. Brezinsek, P. Coad, Norberto Catarino, Jari Likonen, G. F. Matthews, Per Petersson, and JET-EFDA Contributors
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Ion beam analysis, Chemistry, Divertor, Analytical chemistry, Plasma, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, Impurity, visual_art, 0103 physical sciences, Limiter, visual_art.visual_art_medium, General Materials Science, Tile, High field, Composite material, 010306 general physics
Abstract: Selected Ion Beam Analysis techniques applicable for detecting deuterium and heavier impurities have been used in the post-mortem analyses of tiles removed after the first JET ITER-Like Wall (JET-ILW) campaign. Over half of the retained fuel was measured in the divertor region. The highest figures for fuel retention were obtained from regions with the thickest deposited layers, i.e. in the inner divertor on top of tile 1 and on the High Field Gap Closure tile, which resides deep in the plasma scrape-off layer. Least retention was found in the main chamber high erosion regions, i.e. in the mid-plane of Inner Wall Guard Limiter. The fuel retention values found typically varied with deposition layer thicknesses. The reported retention values support the observed decrease in fuel retention obtained with gas balance experiments of JET-ILW.
Published: 2015
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14. Helium and deuterium irradiation effects in tungsten-based materials with titanium

Author: Norberto Catarino, José Lopes, Eduardo Alves, I. Jepu, and Marta Dias
Subjects: Materials science, Scanning electron microscope, Thermal desorption spectroscopy, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Tungsten, Deuterium inventory, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Fluence, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear reaction analysis, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Titanium, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, equipment and supplies, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Microstructure, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, chemistry, Melting point, Helium implantation, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Pure Tungsten (W) will be used as plasma facing component in fusion devices due to its high melting point, good thermal conductivity and low sputtering yield. However, its structural application as plasma facing component (PFC) is still restricted by its low fracture toughness associated with the high ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT). In the present study tungsten titanium (W-Ti) samples were produced by Ti implantation at room temperature and 500 °C with a constant fluence of 2 × 1021 at/m2 and an energy of 100 keV. In order to understand the fundamental mechanisms which govern the behavior of defect dynamics in tungsten under reactor conditions, W-Ti materials were implanted at room temperature with 10 keV of He+ with a constant fluence of 5 × 1021 at/m2 and 5 keV of D+ with fluences in the range of 0.1 × 1021–5 × 1021 at/m2. Surface structure and morphology changes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, nuclear reaction analysis and thermal desorption spectroscopy methods were used to provide information about the distribution of Ti, He and D on W. No changes in the microstructure were observed after Ti implantation in the W plates. NRA analysis showed that D retention in the W-Ti samples is higher after sequential He and D implantation when compared with single D implantation. The diffractogram of W-Ti samples implanted with He evidence a broadening of the W peaks. This effect is believed to be associated with the high volume fraction of the bubbles that may cause internal stress fields inducing extended defects like dislocations which distort the crystal lattice. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2018

15. Determination of the 9Be(3He,pi)11B (i=0,1,2,3) cross section at 135° in the energy range 1–2.5MeV

Author: Sérgio Ricardo Magalhães, Rodrigo Mateus, Eduardo Alves, N.P. Barradas, I. Bogdanović Radović, Zdravko Siketić, and Norberto Catarino
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Cross section (physics), Chemistry, Nuclear reaction analysis, Cross sections, 3He, NDF, Atomic physics, Thin film, Instrumentation, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: The 9 Be( 3 He, p i ) 11 B cross sections for i = 0,1,2,3 at an angle of 135° in the energy range 1–2.5 MeV have been measured using two thin films with different Be thickness at selected energies. The new data extend previous results, that only existed at 90°, 120° and 150° angles, and down to 1.8 MeV, which prevented use of this reaction for samples containing Be at larger depths.
Published: 2015
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16. Deposition in the tungsten divertor during the 2011–2016 campaigns in JET with ITER-like wall

Author: Norberto Catarino, Kalle Heinola, N.P. Barradas, Eduardo Alves, J.P. Coad, Jet Contributors, Anna Widdowson, Marek Rubel, and A. Baron-Wiechec
Subjects: Jet (fluid), Materials science, Tokamak, Nuclear engineering, Divertor, fungi, food and beverages, chemistry.chemical_element, Tungsten, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, chemistry, law, 0103 physical sciences, Deposition (phase transition), 010306 general physics, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: A build-up of co-deposits in remote areas of the divertor can contribute significantly to the overall fuel retention. The control of plasma-material interactions via the study and understanding of ...
Published: 2020
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17. Effects of helium and deuterium irradiation on SPS sintered W–Ta composites at different temperatures

Author: José Lopes, Eduardo Alves, Patricia Almeida Carvalho, V. Livramento, Norberto Catarino, K. Hanada, J.B. Correia, Rodrigo Mateus, J. Rocha, Marta Dias, and N. Franco
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Hydride, Tantalum, Sintering, chemistry.chemical_element, Spark plasma sintering, Tungsten, Atmospheric temperature range, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, General Materials Science, Irradiation, Composite material, Ball mill
Abstract: Energetic He + and D + ions were implanted into different W–Ta composites in order to investigate their stability under helium and deuterium irradiation. The results were compared with morphological and chemical modifications arising from exposure of pure W and Ta. Special attention was given to tantalum hydride (Ta 2 H) formation due to its implications for tritium inventory. Three W–Ta composites with 10 and 20 at.% Ta were prepared from elemental W powder and Ta fibre or powder through low-energy ball milling in argon atmosphere. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was used as the consolidation process in the temperature range from 1473 to 1873 K. The results obtained from pure elemental samples and composites are similar. However, Ta 2 H is easily formed in pure Ta by using a pre-implantation stage of He + , whereas in W–Ta composites the same reaction is clearly reduced, and it can be inhibited by controlling the sintering temperature.
Published: 2013
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18. Comparison of low- and room-temperature damage formation in Ar ion implanted GaN and ZnO

Author: Andrés Redondo-Cubero, Elke Wendler, Werner Wesch, Katharina Lorenz, Eduardo Alves, Norberto Catarino, and A. Yu. Azarov
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Ion implantation, Diffusion, Analytical chemistry, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Channelling, Instrumentation, Saturation (magnetic), Crystallographic defect, Spectral line, Ion
Abstract: Ar ion implanted GaN and ZnO are studied at 295 K by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry in channelling configuration. Under these conditions in both materials damage formation proceeds in four steps which are characterised by the accumulation of point defects (I), a first saturation of the relative damage concentration at a value well below 10% (II), a second increase of the damage concentration (III) and a second plateau at about 60% for GaN and 40% for ZnO (IV). The results obtained here are compared to those reported previously for Ar ion implantation into these materials performed at 15 K. The main result of our studies is that damage formation is nearly the same for implantation at 295 K and 15 K. This suggests that thermally enhanced defect diffusion is not the main driving force during ion implantation of these materials. The shape of the channelling spectra observed in stages III and IV suggests the existence of both a high concentration of defect clusters and extended defects. The latter are proven to exist after implantation at 295 K. Therefore, there are arguments to conclude that extended defects form already during implantation at 15 K.
Published: 2013
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19. Experience on divertor fuel retention after two ITER-Like Wall campaigns

Author: Alexander Lukin, Eduardo Alves, Stefan Matejcik, Soare Sorin, Francesco Romanelli, Augusto Pereira González, Sebastijan Brezinsek, Kalle Heinola, Stepan Krat, Norberto Catarino, Anna Widdowson, Bohdan Bieg, Aki Lahtinen, Vladislav Plyusnin, José Vicente, Alberto Loarte, Axel Jardin, Rajnikant Makwana, CHIARA MARCHETTO, William Tang, Choong-Seock Chang, Manuel Garcia-munoz, and JET Contributors
Subjects: Jet (fluid), fusion reactor materials, Materials science, Divertor, Nuclear engineering, Plasma, plasma-based ion implantations and deposition, equipment and supplies, Condensed Matter Physics, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, deposition, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, fuel retention, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Interaction studies, Physics::Plasma Physics, Physics::Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, fusion products effects, Deposition (chemistry), Mathematical Physics
Abstract: The JET ITER-Like Wall experiment, with its all-metal plasma-facing components, provides a unique environment for plasma and plasma-wall interaction studies. These studies are of great importance in understanding the underlying phenomena taking place during the operation of a future fusion reactor. Present work summarizes and reports the plasma fuel retention in the divertor resulting from the two first experimental campaigns with the ITER-Like Wall. The deposition pattern in the divertor after the second campaign shows same trend as was observed after the first campaign: highest deposition of 10-15 μm was found on the top part of the inner divertor. Due to the change in plasma magnetic configurations from the first to the second campaign, and the resulted strike point locations, an increase of deposition was observed on the base of the divertor. The deuterium retention was found to be affected by the hydrogen plasma experiments done at the end of second experimental campaign.
Published: 2017
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20. Characterization of a single electrode focusing lens for ion beam deceleration

Author: Norberto Catarino, J. Rocha, Luis Redondo, and José Lopes
Subjects: Ion beam, General Chemical Engineering, Deceleration, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Fluence, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Optics, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, ion implantation, Instrumentation, General Environmental Science, Range (particle radiation), business.industry, Chemistry, electrostatic Einzel lens, fluence, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Characterization (materials science), Lens (optics), Upgrade, Ion implantation, Electrode, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: An ion beam deceleration system was studied for the high-current ion implanter at the Laboratorio de Aceleradores e Tecnologias de Radiacao at the Campus Tecnologico e Nuclear, of Instituto Superior Tecnico. The installed system consists of a target plate and one electrostatic focusing lens with one electrode. This article describes the results of the evaluation of the new system. With this upgrade, the ion implanter provides enhanced versatility for decelerating to 5 keV a high current ion beam at the µA level. This implantation provides a wide area and allows for a continuous magnetic beam scanning, extending the energy range to lower values, opening up a wider set of applications.
Published: 2017

21. Overview of the JET results in support to ITER

Author: Alfredo Pironti, J. Simpson-Hutchinson, Sean Conroy, J. Uljanovs, D. Middleton-Gear, G. Possnert, C. Angioni, R. McAdams, Nicholas Watkins, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, A. Garcia-Carrasco, K. Gałązka, D. Nodwell, Pasquale Gaudio, R.A. Pitts, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Seppo Koivuranta, O. J. Kwon, C. Boyd, A. Boboc, M. Reinhart, Igor Lengar, Jarrod Leddy, Hiroyasu Utoh, J. H. Ahn, A. Stevens, J. Lönnroth, U. Kruezi, C. Guillemaut, N. Fonnesu, W. Studholme, Marek Rubel, P. Cahyna, O. McCormack, A. S. Jacobsen, D. Mazon, Gunta Kizane, N. Ashikawa, William Tang, J. Goff, F. Nespoli, Thomas Giegerich, G. Petravich, Angela Busse, Corneliu Porosnicu, M. Bigi, M. Wheatley, Christopher N. Bowman, J. Zacks, Ivan Calvo, U. Losada, H. Weisen, B. Bauvir, Stanislas Pamela, Sylvain Brémond, M.F. Stamp, Scott W. McIntosh, A. Rakha, S. Glöggler, V. Braic, C. Bottereau, S. Murphy, S. Knott, Luigi Fortuna, P. Bunting, N. Vora, S. D. Scott, A. Lazaros, R. Dejarnac, P. Buratti, H.R. Strauss, Gabriele Croci, M. Nocente, A. Hollingsworth, S. Reynolds, D. J. Wilson, D. D. Brown, T.C. Luce, S. Zoletnik, E. Nilsson, L. Laguardia, O. Marchuk, F.P. Orsitto, E. Cecil, V. Huber, J. B. Girardo, Stylianos Varoutis, M. D. Axton, Hyun-Tae Kim, E. Safi, Ch. Day, S. Arshad, J. Rzadkiewicz, P. Prior, A. Meigs, S. Esquembri, P. Gohil, K. Purahoo, Torbjörn Hellsten, N. Tipton, R. Guirlet, E. Joffrin, V. Aldred, Calin Besliu, M. Valentinuzzi, G. T. Jones, J. Edwards, Giuseppe Ambrosino, Laurent Marot, N. Lam, F. Crisanti, G. Verona Rinati, R. Marshal, Michael L. Brown, D. Frigione, D. Chandra, Michaele Freisinger, R. Olney, Jari Varje, S. Whetham, F. Parra Diaz, M. R. Hough, P. Dinca, F. Salzedas, A. Goodyear, R. Gowland, J. A. Wilson, J. Horacek, D. King, K. Flinders, I. R. Merrigan, M. Ghate, R. Michling, F. Saint-Laurent, G. Kocsis, D. Van Eester, C. Young, R. O. Dendy, A. Meakins, N. Pace, C. L. Hunter, D. Alegre, S. Foster, V. Riccardo, M. Bulman, C. Jeong, Marek Szawlowski, B. D. Whitehead, Vasily Kiptily, James Harrison, Hiroshi Tojo, G. T. A. Huijsmans, J. W. Coenen, X. Litaudon, Justin Williams, C. Hidalgo, S. Lesnoj, I.E. Day, A. W. Morris, R. Mooney, Yann Corre, S. Brezinsek, B. Gonçalves, M. Kresina, D. Coombs, F. Köchl, J. L. Gardarein, W. Davis, Aqsa Shabbir, Kanti M. Aggarwal, L. Colas, A. B. Kukushkin, Seppo Sipilä, Elisabeth Rachlew, Leena Aho-Mantila, O. G. Pompilian, E. Viezzer, Shane Cooper, Fabio Villone, P. Blanchard, Patrick Tamain, P. Camp, T. Szabolics, C. Luna, Kalle Heinola, H. G. Esser, V. Bobkov, James Buchanan, Andrew West, Hajime Urano, Roberta Lima Gomes, J.P. Coad, Th. Pütterich, A. Sinha, S. Hollis, R. D. Wood, G. D. Ewart, F. S. Griph, T. Kobuchi, X. Lefebvre, S. Warder, A.J. Thornton, S. Peschanyi, B. Graham, Giuseppe Telesca, M. Kempenaars, J. Bernardo, M. Hughes, Eva Belonohy, S. Schmuck, Kai Nordlund, T. J. Smith, P. Hertout, K. D. Lawson, M. Brix, Matthew Sibbald, Grégoire Hornung, C. Tame, Matthew Carr, S. Wray, P. T. Doyle, A. Somers, Giuseppe Chitarin, D. C. Campling, Mitul Abhangi, I. Jepu, David A. Wood, J. Miettunen, A. Sopplesa, Raffaele Fresa, S. Saarelma, M. Bacharis, J. Pozzi, P. Vallejos Olivares, Teddy Craciunescu, Raffaele Albanese, S. Knipe, Jason P. Byrne, A. C. C. Sips, S. Hazel, V. Kazantzidis, G. Stankūnas, A. Kundu, J. Mailloux, C. Guerard, Pramit Dutta, J. E. Boom, Eduardo Alves, P. Grazier, Saskia Mordijck, V.S. Neverov, Kazuo Hoshino, A. P. Vadgama, P. D. Brennan, P. Innocente, Piergiorgio Sonato, M. Irishkin, M. Berry, D. W. Robson, Dieter Leichtle, Fabio Pisano, P. McCullen, T. M. Huddleston, Kensaku Kamiya, D. Pacella, Tommy Ahlgren, A. Kirschner, B. Magesh, A. Ash, J. Mlynář, C. Castaldo, C. Marchetto, D. L. Hillis, M. Incelli, B. Viola, R. J. Robins, E. Andersson Sundén, G. Ramogida, Matthew Reinke, Gerd Meisl, Yannis Kominis, R. Proudfoot, C. Noble, N. J. Conway, V. P. Lo Schiavo, Jorge Luis Rodriguez, Hugo Bufferand, C. H. A. Hogben, B. Evans, R. Sartori, H. Greuner, M. G. Dunne, K. Schöpf, M. I. K. Santala, E. Giovannozzi, A. E. Shevelev, C. Gil, P. Boulting, P. Sagar, A.E. Shumack, P. A. Coates, C. Ayres, R. Prakash, C. Giroud, M. Parsons, J. C. Giacalone, S. Meshchaninov, A. Peackoc, G. De Temmerman, A.C.A. Figueiredo, D. Gallart, P. Santa, Sergey Popovichev, Ivan Lupelli, M. Valovic, Thomas Johnson, Y. Martynova, M. Rack, Olivier Sauter, J. Garcia, P. Siren, I. Balboa, S. Lee, Hans Nordman, R. Roccella, M. Faitsch, Julien Hillairet, Patrick J. McCarthy, C. Reux, Irena Ivanova-Stanik, V. Coccorese, Ye. O. Kazakov, R. El-Jorf, C. Hamlyn-Harris, Matthias Weiszflog, C. F. Maggi, Panagiotis Tolias, N. C. Hawkes, E. Clark, Bruno Santos, B. Sieglin, R. Rodionov, Roch Kwiatkowski, P. Denner, C. Woodley, Hugh Summers, Francesco Pizzo, G. Pucella, D. Croft, F. Di Maio, M. Tomes, D. Molina, A. Fernades, L. Amicucci, Marco Cecconello, A. Bisoffi, Z. Ul-Abidin, J. Wilkinson, H. Maier, S. Rowe, M. Beckers, P.J. Knight, E. Pajuste, Choong-Seock Chang, K. Deakin, M. Enachescu, A. Cobalt, D. Tskhakaya Jun, Michela Gelfusa, Rémy Nouailletas, R. Ragona, N. Bonanomi, D. A. Homfray, K. Riddle, Yann Camenen, J. D. Thomas, R.P. Doerner, Timothy P. Robinson, Y. Miyoshi, Ph. Jacquet, H. T. Lambertz, D. Pulley, A. Bécoulet, E. Tholerus, O. Bogar, M. Peterka, R. Crowe, C. Sommariva, A. R. Talbot, N. K. Butler, N. Reid, R. Zagórski, Gerald Pintsuk, Juri Romazanov, Andre Neto, G. L. Ravera, Paolo Arena, A. Manning, F. Durodié, Maryna Chernyshova, D. Karkinsky, Štefan Matejčík, J. P. Thomas, A. Wilson, L. Joita, R. Naish, P. Strand, M. Balden, M. Kaufman, T. Powell, V. Schmidt, D. Barnes, José Vicente, S. Doswon, Daniel F. Valcarcel, Claudia Corradino, R. Warren, Annette M. Hynes, J. D. Strachan, A. M. Messiaen, M. Kovari, O. Omolayo, D. M. Witts, R. C. Felton, C. Fleming, C. A. Marren, Patrick Maget, J. Galdon-Quiroga, H. R. Koslowski, Bruce Lipschultz, Ana Elisa Bauer de Camargo Silva, J. Waterhouse, R. J. Dumont, M. Schneider, Sara Moradi, K. J. Nicholls, M. Beldishevski, Benedikt Geiger, A. Jardin, A. Ekedahl, A. Lyssoivan, C. Waldon, Davide Galassi, F. Jaulmes, A. Kirk, Yannick Marandet, F. Hasenbeck, Gabor Szepesi, R. C. Pereira, J. Juul Rasmussen, Nobuyuki Aiba, Michelle E. Walker, Gábor Cseh, Scott W. Mosher, R. Bastow, A. Di Siena, E. Lazzaro, M. Curuia, C. D. Challis, Z. Ghani, J. Deane, João M. C. Sousa, Henrik Sjöstrand, T. O'Gorman, H. R. Wilson, P. Devynck, M. Price, C. A. Thompson, Daniele Marocco, A. Cullen, M. Clark, M. Lennholm, D. Carralero, N. Balshaw, Roland Sabot, I. Stepanov, N. Petrella, Filippo Sartori, L. W. Packer, P. Thomas, M. Lungu, A. V. Krasilnikov, R. Young, Jonathan Graves, J. C. Hillesheim, Mǎdǎlina Vlad, Duccio Testa, Pierre Dumortier, Paulo Carvalho, M. Gosk, Yong-Su Na, M. Buckley, Carlos A. Silva, V. Fuchs, K. Vasava, P. A. Tigwell, B. Wakeling, M. Medland, M. Bellinger, K. Gal, Petter Ström, E. Veshchev, F. Nabais, A. Wynn, L. Lauro Taroni, B. Beckett, L. Gil, M. Towndrow, Brian Grierson, Harry M. Meyer, V. Philipps, A. de Castro, D. Kinna, D. Conka, Göran Ericsson, L. Piron, J. Hawkins, D. Cooper, Kenneth Hammond, V.V. Parail, Cristian Ruset, G.J. van Rooij, M. N. A. Beurskens, N. Fawlk, G. Evison, M. Van De Mortel, N. Marcenko, B. Slade, Th. Franke, Simone Peruzzo, N. den Harder, D. Baião, A. Martin de Aguilera, Frederic Imbeaux, Carlo Sozzi, J.L. de Pablos, J. Svensson, A. Withycombe, Ane Lasa, H. Sheikh, V.A. Yavorskij, Nick Walkden, E. Lerche, C. S. Gibson, Roberto Zanino, Y. Peysson, David Hatch, B. Bazylev, E. de la Cal, S. Hacquin, T. D. V. Haupt, S. A. Silburn, T.T.C. Jones, Maria Teresa Porfiri, Walid Helou, S. E. Sharapov, M. Zerbini, Ken W Bell, Marco Marinelli, Kyriakos Hizanidis, J. M. Fontdecaba, N. Teplova, K. K. Kirov, S. Vartanian, W. W. Pires de Sa, T. C. Hender, J. K. Blackburn, I. Monakhov, H. Patten, P. A. Simmons, Y. Austin, J. Regana, Stefano Coda, Amanda J. Page, D. Fuller, António J.N. Batista, A. Horton, P. Heesterman, S. Cramp, J. Hobirk, F. Clairet, A. Burckhart, M. Allinson, Larry R. Baylor, W. Leysen, D. B. Gin, P. Nielsen, A. Kantor, Yueqiang Liu, A.V. Stephen, Jose Ramon Martin-Solis, P. Mantica, B. C. Regan, Aleksander Drenik, A. Lukin, L. Thorne, G. Nemtsev, J. Denis, M. E. Graham, D. Rigamonti, W. Van Renterghem, M. Tardocchi, M. Koubiti, A. Malaquias, M. Tsalas, A. Cufar, Giuseppe Prestopino, D. Kogut, N. Pomaro, J. Keep, Jochen Linke, Shimpei Futatani, Boris Breizman, A. Sirinelli, M. Chandler, M. Fortune, F. Degli Agostini, I. Jenkins, T. Spelzini, G. Calabrò, O. N. Kent, A. Lunniss, Etienne Hodille, Z. Vizvary, Volker Naulin, T. Eich, F. Mink, A. Alkseev, P. W. Haydon, Massimo Angelone, Norberto Catarino, J. Lapins, Roberto Pasqualotto, R. Lawless, T. Schlummer, F. Bonelli, M. Wischmeier, Stéphane Devaux, G. Saibene, Dirk Reiser, Y. R. Martin, H. Bergsåker, Jon Godwin, Alessia Santucci, C. Lane, Justyna Grzonka, Ph. Mertens, Claudio Verona, David Moulton, E. Delabie, Anna Salmi, P. G. Smith, T. Bolzonella, Silvio Ceccuzzi, Ulrich Fischer, G. Liu, M. A. Henderson, M. Marinucci, T. Suzuki, Jakub Bielecki, João Figueiredo, M. Afzal, J. Cane, Robert Hager, Luciano Bertalot, M. Firdaouss, G. Tvalashvili, D. Hepple, D. Esteve, M. De Bock, Y. Baranov, R. D'Inca, G. De Tommasi, Ch. Linsmeier, T. Nicolas, I. J. Pearson, P. Finburg, Ireneusz Książek, S. Talebzadeh, A. Czarnecka, A. Botrugno, M. Gethins, Bohdan Bieg, R. Baughan, I. Borodkina, B. Kos, A. Muraro, T. Vasilopoulou, G. Hermon, S.J. Wukitch, Jari Likonen, D. P. Coster, Guglielmo Rubinacci, I. H. Coffey, Justine M. Kent, S. E. Dorling, J. Dankowski, Geert Verdoolaege, Daisuke Nishijima, R. Clarkson, E. R. Solano, M. Stephen, A. Lescinskis, P. Staniec, Karl Schmid, M. Mayer, Peter Lang, T. Franklin, M.I. Williams, C. G. Elsmore, F. Maviglia, C. Di Troia, C. Penot, A. Zarins, Pierre Manas, D. F. Gear, Yu Gao, Philipp Drews, E. Letellier, A. S. Thompson, L. Forsythe, I. Zychor, E. Khilkevich, A. Manzanares, T. Nakano, Paulo Rodrigues, J. Edmond, Sebastián Dormido-Canto, R. Dux, C. Appelbee, L. Moser, Angelo Cenedese, D. Fagan, N. Richardson, Giuseppe Gorini, V. Rohde, R. Paprok, João P. S. Bizarro, P. Aleynikov, M. Sertoli, Ł. Świderski, Simone Palazzo, O. W. Davies, D. Douai, N. Macdonald, M. Baruzzo, J. López-Razola, M. Lungaroni, D. Clatworthy, R. Bravanec, J. Lovell, Ambrogio Fasoli, S.-P. Pehkonen, M. E. Puiatti, P. Papp, G. Bodnar, V. Aslanyan, A. Weckmann, K. A. Taylor, R. Henriques, I. T. Chapman, Ewa Pawelec, Miles M. Turner, Steven J. Meitner, M. Bernert, Ph. Maquet, R. C. Meadows, A. Shaw, N. Vianello, L. Barrera Orte, Tomas Markovic, A. Fil, A. S. Couchman, Inessa Bolshakova, J. Fyvie, Konstantina Mergia, J. Gallagher, R.V. Budny, Frank Leipold, C. J. Rapson, R. C. Lobel, Gennady V. Miloshevsky, K.-D. Zastrow, Ph. Duckworth, Gianluca Rubino, G. Withenshaw, S. Maruyama, S. P. Hallworth Cook, M. Newman, Jérôme Bucalossi, P. Drewelow, Nuno Cruz, D. Iglesias, I. Nedzelski, T. Donne, P. Leichuer, R. Cesario, M. D. J. Bright, T. Boyce, N. Imazawa, Per Petersson, R. King, A. Loving, L. Garzotti, Jorge Ferreira, G. Corrigan, D. Sandiford, B. Tal, P. Puglia, Daniel Tegnered, J. Karhunen, James S. Wright, Tom Wauters, J. McKehon, K. Rathod, Olivier Février, Alessandro Formisano, Petra Bilkova, M. Groth, Ricardo Magnus Osorio Galvao, F. Medina, S. Collins, H. J. Boyer, Elena Bruno, Horacio Fernandes, M. J. Stead, R. Paccagnella, J. Kaniewski, Ion E. Stamatelatos, F. Causa, M. F. F. Nave, A. Patel, D. C. McDonald, L. Moreira, Mariano Ruiz, K. Dylst, Raymond A. Shaw, A. Brett, Jane Johnston, P. P. Pereira Puglia, J. Ongena, N. A. Benterman, V. N. Amosov, Christian Grisolia, J. Simpson, C. Perez von Thun, Jan Weiland, P. Tonner, F. Belli, T. Odupitan, T. Dittmar, Edmund Highcock, Taina Kurki-Suonio, I. Uytdenhouwen, Estelle Gauthier, M. Oberkofler, B. Alper, Iris D. Young, S. Soare, Yuji Hatano, D. Reece, D. Borodin, M. Moneti, W. Yanling, S. Mianowski, K. Fenton, Stephen J. Bailey, R. Coelho, Sandra C. Chapman, E. Łaszyńska, A. R. Field, F.J. Martínez, Anders Nielsen, M. Smithies, M. J. Mantsinen, A. J. Capel, N. D. Smith, A. Pires dos Reis, M.-L. Mayoral, T. Loarer, P. Carman, N. Grazier, S. Breton, J. M. A. Bradshaw, Alexandre C. Pereira, Fulvio Auriemma, Fulvio Militello, Barbara Cannas, D. Ulyatt, A. Kappatou, P. Blatchford, R. Scannell, B. I. Oswuigwe, Darren Price, Robert E. Grove, D. Guard, M. Leyland, G. Stubbs, J. W. Banks, V.V. Plyusnin, M. S. J. Rainford, Andrea Murari, Sanjeev Ranjan, A. Huber, V. Krasilnikov, C. Bower, H. Leggate, S. Abduallev, P. Tsavalas, G. Giruzzi, K. Maczewa, Colin Roach, P. Beaumont, R. P. Johnson, Anna Widdowson, L. A. Kogan, A. Baron Wiechec, Markus Airila, J. Morris, Robert Skilton, Katarzyna Słabkowska, M. A. Barnard, Jean-Paul Booth, Alessandro Pau, R. Price, R. Bament, M. Tokitani, I. Turner, T. Vu, P. Huynh, S.N. Gerasimov, D. I. Refy, Yunfeng Liang, Anders Hjalmarsson, S. Dalley, Roberto Ambrosino, O. Hemming, T. R. Blackman, Y. Zhou, Vasile Zoita, P. Vincenzi, A. Loarte, C. Rayner, Martin Imrisek, M. Tripsky, C. Mazzotta, A. Uccello, V. Basiuk, Lide Yao, V. Goloborod'ko, S. Villari, B. P. Duval, N. Bulmer, W. Zhang, L. Hackett, D. N. Borba, M. Halitovs, Mario Pillon, H. Arnichand, Alberto Alfier, A. Lawson, A. Masiello, T. Makkonen, A. Vitins, D. Rendell, D. Paton, L. Avotina, A. Krivska, M. Maslov, Richard Verhoeven, Marc Goniche, A. Broslawski, Marica Rebai, E. de la Luna, E. Militello-Asp, V. Cocilovo, L. Carraro, Michael Fitzgerald, Bernardo B. Carvalho, D. Young, C.G. Lowry, F. J. Casson, L.-G. Eriksson, T. M. Biewer, B. Esposito, F.G. Rimini, J. Fessey, G. Kaveney, S. Hall, Robin Barnsley, Michael Lehnen, N. Bekris, L. F. Ruchko, P. Batistoni, E. Alessi, M. G. O'Mullane, D. S. Darrow, C. N. Grundy, N. Hayter, Ivo S. Carvalho, M. Brombin, Enrico Zilli, M. Valisa, M. Reich, S. Panja, C. Gurl, Charles Harrington, Emmanuele Peluso, M. Porton, Michael Walsh, D. Falie, A. Reed, Jacob Eriksson, P. Macheta, J. M. Faustin, S. Cortes, S. Fietz, P. Piovesan, D. Ciric, Eric Nardon, R. Neu, Bojiang Ding, G.A. Rattá, F. Reimold, R. Craven, M. Cox, J. Orszagh, Aaro Järvinen, A. S. Thrysøe, A. Shepherd, I. Ďuran, Andrew M. Edwards, A. Kinch, J. Beal, M. Gherendi, Martin Köppen, D. Samaddar, P. Dalgliesh, I. Vinyar, J. Jansons, Nengchao Wang, J. Wu, John Wright, S. Wiesen, C. King, Alessandra Fanni, L. D. Horton, N. Krawczyk, J. Buch, K. Krieger, Václav Petržílka, D. Schworer, C. Watts, T. Keenan, Andrea Malizia, B. D. Stevens, P. Trimble, C. P. Lungu, V. Prajapati, Marco Ariola, C. Wellstood, S. Gilligan, Mirko Salewski, Michael Barnes, Florin Spineanu, H. Doerk, C. Kennedy, S. Jachmich, J. Caumont, Isabel L. Nunes, A. Petre, A. Kallenbach, M. Anghel, B. Lomanowski, Marco Riva, M. Romanelli, G. De Masi, T. May-Smith, T. Xu, A. Goussarov, S. Romanelli, M. Okabayashi, A. Baker, R. Salmon, T. Tala, Nicolas Fedorczak, S. Lanthaler, Giuliana Sias, J. Risner, Clarisse Bourdelle, M. E. Manso, Fabio Moro, R. Lucock, M. Bassan, M. T. Ogawa, V. Thompson, A. M. Whitehead, S. D. A. Reyes Cortes, Igor Bykov, Gennady Sergienko, E. Stefanikova, Mattia Frasca, H. Dabirikhah, Lorenzo Frassinetti, N. Dzysiuk, D. L. Keeling, Juan Manuel López, M. Turnyanskiy, Daniel Dunai, David Taylor, Arturo Buscarino, Carolina Björkas, A. Baciero, S. Meigh, M. Garcia-Munoz, Massimiliano Mattei, M. Hill, Gwyndaf Evans, S. Minucci, Xiang Gao, A. V. Chankin, Francesco Romanelli, A. Lahtinen, L. Giacomelli, A. Owen, Jesús Vega, Jonathan Citrin, Antti Hakola, Petr Vondracek, Sehyun Kwak, P. Abreu, L. Meneses, S. S. Medley, G. Gervasini, Surya K. Pathak, Kristel Crombé, M. Cleverly, H.S. Kim, C. Stan-Sion, Nobuyuki Asakura, E. Wang, A. Cardinali, L. Fazendeiro, R. Cavazzana, P. J. Lomas, J. Hawes, G. Stables, Silvia Spagnolo, S. P. Hotchin, N. R. Green, Slawomir Jednorog, Ewa Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, A. Martin, Linwei Li, Rajnikant Makwana, Richard Goulding, I. Voitsekhovitch, M. Bowden, I. Kodeli, Peter Hawkins, S. S. Henderson, Ondrej Ficker, Carl Hellesen, D. Yadikin, Fabio Subba, Luka Snoj, Anthony Laing, N. Ben Ayed, Mario Cavinato, M. Goodliffe, C. Clements, D. Kenny, Axel Klix, S. Gee, R. J. E. Smith, P. de Vries, L. Fittill, Min-Gu Yoo, S. Menmuir, K. Cave-Ayland, S. Potzel, D. Grist, K. Blackman, S. A. Robinson, Rodney Walker, David Pfefferlé, W. Broeckx, D. Harting, S. G. J. Tyrrell, F. Binda, L. Horvath, Davide Flammini, P. V. Edappala, Raul Moreno, G. M. D. Hogeweij, P. Card, A. Hagar, Ion Tiseanu, Rita Lorenzini, L. Appel, Jet Contributors, J. Flanagan, C. Paz Soldan, U. Samm, Otto Asunta, F. Eriksson, C. Taliercio, F. S. Zaitsev, G. F. Matthews, Tuomas Koskela, P. J. Howarth, D. Terranova, M. Skiba, Amanda Hubbard, R. Otin, K. G. McClements, M. Park, R. McKean, C. Christopher Klepper, I. Karnowska, Peter J. Pool, G. Ciraolo, Jennifer M. Lehmann, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides (IMFS), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Association EURATOM-TEKES, Association EURATOM-TEKES, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, Assoc. Euratom-ENEA-CREATE, Universita Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria [Reggio Calabria], EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre [Abingdon], Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear (ITN), ITN, University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ITER organization (ITER), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), European Fusion Development Agreement [Garching bei München] ( EFDA-CSU), Institut d'ophtalmologie Hédi-Rais de Tunis, Service Cardiologie [CHU Toulouse], Pôle Cardiovasculaire et Métabolique [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Euratom/UKAEA Fusion Assoc., Magnetic Sensor laboratory [Lviv] (MSL), National Polytechnic University of Lviv (LPNU), The National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) [Moscow, Russia], Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics (IEK-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institute for Problems of Material Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), Institute of Plasma Physics [Praha], Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Méthodes et Modèles Mathématiques pour l'Industrie (3MI-ENSMSE), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre G2I, Department of Hydraulics, Transportations and Roads, Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires - UMR5100 (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department (MS 388), University of Nevada [Reno], AUTRES, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion [Warsaw] (IPPLM), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] (ARC), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), School of Mathematics [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Associazone EURATOM ENEA sulla Fusione, EURATOM, Laboratoire de physique des plasmas de l'ERM, Laboratorium voor plasmafysica van de KMS (LPP ERM KMS), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School (ERM KMS), Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik (PDI), Institut für Physik, University of Basel (Unibas), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Nieuwegein] (DIFFER), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] (DIFFER), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEA Cadarache, Dipartimento di Energia [Milano], Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lille économie management - UMR 9221 (LEM), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Euratom research and training programme 633053, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides ( IMFS ), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ( VTT ), Univ. Mediterranea RC, Culham Science Centre, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear ( ITN ), Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] ( IPP ), Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies ( LPNHE ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, ITER Organization, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology ( KIT ), Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique ( LNIO ), Institut Charles Delaunay ( ICD ), Université de Technologie de Troyes ( UTT ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Technologie de Troyes ( UTT ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles ( ICSN ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique ( IRFM ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), European Fusion Development Agreement [Garching bei München] ( EFDA-CSU ), Service de cardiologie [Toulouse], Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Hôpital de Rangueil, ITER [St. Paul-lez-Durance], ITER, Polska Akademia Nauk ( PAN ), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique ( LHEEA ), École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), MSL, Lviv Polytechnic National University ( MSL ), Lviv Polytechnic National University, Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion ( CERAG ), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 ( UPMF ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics ( IEK-4 ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ( NASU ), Lille - Economie et Management ( LEM ), Université catholique de Lille ( UCL ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] ( ASCR ), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires ( PIIM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Département Méthodes et Modèles Mathématiques pour l'Industrie ( 3MI-ENSMSE ), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne ( Mines Saint-Étienne MSE ), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre G2I, Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires ( LMGM ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Nevada, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion [Warsaw] ( IPPLM ), UCL Department of Space and Climate Physics, University College of London [London] ( UCL ), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] ( ARC ), Queen's University [Belfast] ( QUB ), Laboratoire d'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information ( CEA-LETI ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Grenoble Alpes [Saint Martin d'Hères], Cardiff School of Mathematics, Laboratoire de physique des plasmas de l'ERM, Laboratorium voor plasmafysica van de KMS ( LPP ERM KMS ), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School ( ERM KMS ), Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, University of Basel ( Unibas ), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Nieuwegein] ( DIFFER ), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] ( DIFFER ), Institut Jean Lamour ( IJL ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano [Milan], Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres ( M2P2 ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Ecole Centrale de Marseille ( ECM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. ANT - Advanced Nuclear Technologies Research Group, JET Contributors, Litaudon, X, Abduallev, S, Abhangi, M, Abreu, P, Afzal, M, Aggarwal, K, Ahlgren, T, Ahn, J, Aho Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Albanese, R, Aldred, V, Alegre, D, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Alfier, A, Alkseev, A, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, Amicucci, L, Amosov, V, Andersson SundÃ©n, E, Angelone, M, Anghel, M, Angioni, C, Appel, L, Appelbee, C, Arena, P, Ariola, M, Arnichand, H, Arshad, S, Ash, A, Ashikawa, N, Aslanyan, V, Asunta, O, Auriemma, F, Austin, Y, Avotina, L, Axton, M, Ayres, C, Bacharis, M, Baciero, A, Baiã¡o, D, Bailey, S, Baker, A, Balboa, I, Balden, M, Balshaw, N, Bament, R, Banks, J, Baranov, Y, Barnard, M, Barnes, D, Barnes, M, Barnsley, R, Baron Wiechec, A, Barrera Orte, L, Baruzzo, M, Basiuk, V, Bassan, M, Bastow, R, Batista, A, Batistoni, P, Baughan, R, Bauvir, B, Baylor, L, Bazylev, B, Beal, J, Beaumont, P, Beckers, M, Beckett, B, Becoulet, A, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Bell, K, Belli, F, Bellinger, M, Belonohy, Ã, Ben Ayed, N, Benterman, N, Bergsã¥ker, H, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Berry, M, Bertalot, L, Besliu, C, Beurskens, M, Bieg, B, Bielecki, J, Biewer, T, Bigi, M, Bãlkovã¡, P, Binda, F, Bisoffi, A, Bizarro, J, Bjã¶rkas, C, Blackburn, J, Blackman, K, Blackman, T, Blanchard, P, Blatchford, P, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Bodnã¡r, G, Bogar, O, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Bonanomi, N, Bonelli, F, Boom, J, Booth, J, Borba, D, Borodin, D, Borodkina, I, Botrugno, A, Bottereau, C, Boulting, P, Bourdelle, C, Bowden, M, Bower, C, Bowman, C, Boyce, T, Boyd, C, Boyer, H, Bradshaw, J, Braic, V, Bravanec, R, Breizman, B, Bremond, S, Brennan, P, Breton, S, Brett, A, Brezinsek, S, Bright, M, Brix, M, Broeckx, W, Brombin, M, Broså‚awski, A, Brown, D, Brown, M, Bruno, E, Bucalossi, J, Buch, J, Buchanan, J, Buckley, M, Budny, R, Bufferand, H, Bulman, M, Bulmer, N, Bunting, P, Buratti, P, Burckhart, A, Buscarino, A, Busse, A, Butler, N, Bykov, I, Byrne, J, Cahyna, P, Calabrã², G, Calvo, I, Camenen, Y, Camp, P, Campling, D, Cane, J, Cannas, B, Capel, A, Card, P, Cardinali, A, Carman, P, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carraro, L, Carvalho, B, Carvalho, I, Carvalho, P, Casson, F, Castaldo, C, Catarino, N, Caumont, J, Causa, F, Cavazzana, R, Cave Ayland, K, Cavinato, M, Cecconello, M, Ceccuzzi, S, Cecil, E, Cenedese, A, Cesario, R, Challis, C, Chandler, M, Chandra, D, Chang, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, I, Chapman, S, Chernyshova, M, Chitarin, G, Ciraolo, G, Ciric, D, Citrin, J, Clairet, F, Clark, E, Clark, M, Clarkson, R, Clatworthy, D, Clements, C, Cleverly, M, Coad, J, Coates, P, Cobalt, A, Coccorese, V, Cocilovo, V, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Coffey, I, Colas, L, Collins, S, Conka, D, Conroy, S, Conway, N, Coombs, D, Cooper, D, Cooper, S, Corradino, C, Corre, Y, Corrigan, G, Cortes, S, Coster, D, Couchman, A, Cox, M, Craciunescu, T, Cramp, S, Craven, R, Crisanti, F, Croci, G, Croft, D, Crombã©, K, Crowe, R, Cruz, N, Cseh, G, Cufar, A, Cullen, A, Curuia, M, Czarnecka, A, Dabirikhah, H, Dalgliesh, P, Dalley, S, Dankowski, J, Darrow, D, Davies, O, Davis, W, Day, C, Day, I, De Bock, M, De Castro, A, De La Cal, E, De La Luna, E, De Masi, G, De Pablos, J, De Temmerman, G, De Tommasi, G, De Vries, P, Deakin, K, Deane, J, Degli Agostini, F, Dejarnac, R, Delabie, E, Den Harder, N, Dendy, R, Denis, J, Denner, P, Devaux, S, Devynck, P, Di Maio, F, Di Siena, A, Di Troia, C, Dinca, P, D'Inca, R, Ding, B, Dittmar, T, Doerk, H, Doerner, R, Donnã©, T, Dorling, S, Dormido Canto, S, Doswon, S, Douai, D, Doyle, P, Drenik, A, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Duckworth, P, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Dunai, D, Dunne, M, Äžuran, I, Durodiã©, F, Dutta, P, Duval, B, Dux, R, Dylst, K, Dzysiuk, N, Edappala, P, Edmond, J, Edwards, A, Edwards, J, Eich, T, Ekedahl, A, El Jorf, R, Elsmore, C, Enachescu, M, Ericsson, G, Eriksson, F, Eriksson, J, Eriksson, L, Esposito, B, Esquembri, S, Esser, H, Esteve, D, Evans, B, Evans, G, Evison, G, Ewart, G, Fagan, D, Faitsch, M, Falie, D, Fanni, A, Fasoli, A, Faustin, J, Fawlk, N, Fazendeiro, L, Fedorczak, N, Felton, R, Fenton, K, Fernades, A, Fernandes, H, Ferreira, J, Fessey, J, Fã©vrier, O, Ficker, O, Field, A, Fietz, S, Figueiredo, A, Figueiredo, J, Fil, A, Finburg, P, Firdaouss, M, Fischer, U, Fittill, L, Fitzgerald, M, Flammini, D, Flanagan, J, Fleming, C, Flinders, K, Fonnesu, N, Fontdecaba, J, Formisano, A, Forsythe, L, Fortuna, L, Fortuna Zalesna, E, Fortune, M, Foster, S, Franke, T, Franklin, T, Frasca, M, Frassinetti, L, Freisinger, M, Fresa, R, Frigione, D, Fuchs, V, Fuller, D, Futatani, S, Fyvie, J, Gã¡l, K, Galassi, D, Gaå‚azka, K, Galdon Quiroga, J, Gallagher, J, Gallart, D, Galvã¡o, R, Gao, X, Gao, Y, Garcia, J, Garcia Carrasco, A, GarcÃa MuÃ±oz, M, Gardarein, J, Garzotti, L, Gaudio, P, Gauthier, E, Gear, D, Gee, S, Geiger, B, Gelfusa, M, Gerasimov, S, Gervasini, G, Gethins, M, Ghani, Z, Ghate, M, Gherendi, M, Giacalone, J, Giacomelli, L, Gibson, C, Giegerich, T, Gil, C, Gil, L, Gilligan, S, Gin, D, Giovannozzi, E, Girardo, J, Giroud, C, Giruzzi, G, Glã¶ggler, S, Godwin, J, Goff, J, Gohil, P, Goloborod'Ko, V, Gomes, R, Goncalves, B, Goniche, M, Goodliffe, M, Goodyear, A, Gorini, G, Gosk, M, Goulding, R, Goussarov, A, Gowland, R, Graham, B, Graham, M, Graves, J, Grazier, N, Grazier, P, Green, N, Greuner, H, Grierson, B, Griph, F, Grisolia, C, Grist, D, Groth, M, Grove, R, Grundy, C, Grzonka, J, Guard, D, Guã©rard, C, Guillemaut, C, Guirlet, R, Gurl, C, Utoh, H, Hackett, L, Hacquin, S, Hagar, A, Hager, R, Hakola, A, Halitovs, M, Hall, S, Hallworth Cook, S, Hamlyn Harris, C, Hammond, K, Harrington, C, Harrison, J, Harting, D, Hasenbeck, F, Hatano, Y, Hatch, D, Haupt, T, Hawes, J, Hawkes, N, Hawkins, J, Hawkins, P, Haydon, P, Hayter, N, Hazel, S, Heesterman, P, Heinola, K, Hellesen, C, Hellsten, T, Helou, W, Hemming, O, Hender, T, Henderson, M, Henderson, S, Henriques, R, Hepple, D, Hermon, G, Hertout, P, Hidalgo, C, Highcock, E, Hill, M, Hillairet, J, Hillesheim, J, Hillis, D, Hizanidis, K, Hjalmarsson, A, Hobirk, J, Hodille, E, Hogben, C, Hogeweij, G, Hollingsworth, A, Hollis, S, Homfray, D, Horã¡ä ek, J, Hornung, G, Horton, A, Horton, L, Horvath, L, Hotchin, S, Hough, M, Howarth, P, Hubbard, A, Huber, A, Huber, V, Huddleston, T, Hughes, M, Huijsmans, G, Hunter, C, Huynh, P, Hynes, A, Iglesias, D, Imazawa, N, Imbeaux, F, Imrãå¡ek, M, Incelli, M, Innocente, P, Irishkin, M, Ivanova Stanik, I, Jachmich, S, Jacobsen, A, Jacquet, P, Jansons, J, Jardin, A, Jã¤rvinen, A, Jaulmes, F, Jednorã³g, S, Jenkins, I, Jeong, C, Jepu, I, Joffrin, E, Johnson, R, Johnson, T, Johnston, J, Joita, L, Jones, G, Jones, T, Hoshino, K, Kallenbach, A, Kamiya, K, Kaniewski, J, Kantor, A, Kappatou, A, Karhunen, J, Karkinsky, D, Karnowska, I, Kaufman, M, Kaveney, G, Kazakov, Y, Kazantzidis, V, Keeling, D, Keenan, T, Keep, J, Kempenaars, M, Kennedy, C, Kenny, D, Kent, J, Kent, O, Khilkevich, E, Kim, H, Kinch, A, King, C, King, D, King, R, Kinna, D, Kiptily, V, Kirk, A, Kirov, K, Kirschner, A, Kizane, G, Klepper, C, Klix, A, Knight, P, Knipe, S, Knott, S, Kobuchi, T, Kã¶chl, F, Kocsis, G, Kodeli, I, Kogan, L, Kogut, D, Koivuranta, S, Kominis, Y, Kã¶ppen, M, Kos, B, Koskela, T, Koslowski, H, Koubiti, M, Kovari, M, Kowalska StrzÈ©ciwilk, E, Krasilnikov, A, Krasilnikov, V, Krawczyk, N, Kresina, M, Krieger, K, Krivska, A, Kruezi, U, Ksiaå¼ek, I, Kukushkin, A, Kundu, A, Kurki Suonio, T, Kwak, S, Kwiatkowski, R, Kwon, O, Laguardia, L, Lahtinen, A, Laing, A, Lam, N, Lambertz, H, Lane, C, Lang, P, Lanthaler, S, Lapins, J, Lasa, A, Last, J, Å aszyå„ska, E, Lawless, R, Lawson, A, Lawson, K, Lazaros, A, Lazzaro, E, Leddy, J, Lee, S, Lefebvre, X, Leggate, H, Lehmann, J, Lehnen, M, Leichtle, D, Leichuer, P, Leipold, F, Lengar, I, Lennholm, M, Lerche, E, Lescinskis, A, Lesnoj, S, Letellier, E, Leyland, M, Leysen, W, Li, L, Liang, Y, Likonen, J, Linke, J, Linsmeier, C, Lipschultz, B, Liu, G, Liu, Y, Lo Schiavo, V, Loarer, T, Loarte, A, Lobel, R, Lomanowski, B, Lomas, P, 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K., Santos, B., Santucci, A., Sartori, F., Sartori, R., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Schlummer, T., Schmid, K., Schmidt, V., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schöpf, K., Schwörer, D., Scott, S. D., Sergienko, G., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Sharapov, S. E., Shaw, A., Shaw, R., Sheikh, H., Shepherd, A., Shevelev, A., Shumack, A., Sias, G., Sibbald, M., Sieglin, B., Silburn, S., Silva, A., Silva, C., Simmons, P. A., Simpson, J., Simpson-Hutchinson, J., Sinha, A., Sipilä, S. K., Sips, A. C. C., Sirén, P., Sirinelli, A., Sjöstrand, H., Skiba, M., Skilton, R., Slabkowska, K., Slade, B., Smith, N., Smith, P. G., Smith, R., Smith, T. J., Smithies, M., Snoj, L., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Somers, A., Sommariva, C., Sonato, P., Sopplesa, A., Sousa, J., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Stables, G., Stamatelatos, I., Stamp, M. F., Staniec, P., Stankūnas, G., Stan-Sion, C., Stead, M. J., Stefanikova, E., Stepanov, I., Stephen, A. V., Stephen, M., Stevens, A., Stevens, B. 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W., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Hôpital de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires (LMGM), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Energia [Milano] (DENG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Research Centre Julich (FZJ), Institute for Plasma Research, Instituto Superior Tecnico Lisboa, Queen's University Belfast, University of Helsinki, CEA, Department of Applied Physics, School services, SCI, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, VTT, University of Naples Federico II, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, CNR, Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Ente Per Le Nuove Tecnologie L'energia e l'ambiente, Troitsk Institute for Innovation and Fusion Research, Uppsala University, National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik, University of Catania, Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, National Institutes of Natural Sciences - National Institute for Fusion Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Latvia, Imperial College London, CIEMAT, University of Oxford, EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, University of York, Royal Institute of Technology, Maritime University of Szczecin, H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Czech Academy of Sciences, University of Trento, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Comenius University, University of Milan - Bicocca, National Institute for Optoelectronics, Fourth State Research, University of Texas at Austin, Belgian Nuclear Research Center, National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Princeton University, CNRS, University of Cagliari, University of Warwick, Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, FOM Institute DIFFER, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Ghent University, J. Stefan Institute, Universite de Lorraine, CAS - Institute of Plasma Physics, University of California at San Diego, Koninklijke Militaire School - Ecole Royale Militaire, Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, School services, ELEC, Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, Automaatio- ja systeemitekniik, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Second University of Naples, Warsaw University of Technology, Universita della Basilicata, Barcelona Supercomp. Center, Universidad de Sevilla, Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Sähkötekniikan laitos, University of Rome Tor Vergata, RAS - Ioffe Physico Technical Institute, General Atomics, University of Innsbruck, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Toyama, University of Strathclyde, National Technical University of Athens, Universita della Tuscia, Technical University of Denmark, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul National University, University College Cork, Vienna University of Technology, University of Opole, Daegu University, National Fusion Research Institute, Dublin City University, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, PELIN LLC, Arizona State University, Universidad Complutense, University of Basel, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Consorzio CREATE, Demokritos National Centre for Scientific Research, Purdue University, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, School Services, ARTS, Department of Design, University of California Office of the President, Universidade de Sao Paulo, School Services, BIZ, Department of Information and Service Management, Lithuanian Energy Institute, HRS Fusion, Politecnico di Torino, University of Cassino, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and Faculdade de Engenharia
Subjects: Technology, fusion, Física [Ciências exactas e naturais], Tokamak, Nuclear engineering, DIAGNOSTICS, 01 natural sciences, ILW, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ilw, [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Plasma, H-Mode Plasmas, law, ITER, Disruption Prediction, COLLISIONALITY, EDGE LOCALIZED MODES, Diagnostics, Operation, JET, plasma, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Physics, Jet (fluid), JET, plasma, fusion, ITER, Divertor, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, DENSITY PEAKING, Carbon Wall, H-MODE PLASMAS, [ SPI.MECA.MEFL ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Density Peaking, Neutron transport, Facing Components, Collisionality, 114 Physical sciences, Física, Física, Nuclear physics, Physical sciences [Natural sciences], Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, Pedestal, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear fusion, ddc:530, Neutron, 010306 general physics, Fusion, Physics, Physical sciences, Nuclear and High Energy Physic, Edge Localized Modes, QC717, Física [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Reactors de fusió, Física, FACING COMPONENTS, Fusion reactors, Jet, CARBON WALL, DISRUPTION PREDICTION, OPERATION, ddc:600
Abstract: The 2014–2016 JET results are reviewed in the light of their significance for optimising the ITER research plan for the active and non-active operation. More than 60 h of plasma operation with ITER first wall materials successfully took place since its installation in 2011. New multi-machine scaling of the type I-ELM divertor energy flux density to ITER is supported by first principle modelling. ITER relevant disruption experiments and first principle modelling are reported with a set of three disruption mitigation valves mimicking the ITER setup. Insights of the L–H power threshold in Deuterium and Hydrogen are given, stressing the importance of the magnetic configurations and the recent measurements of fine-scale structures in the edge radial electric. Dimensionless scans of the core and pedestal confinement provide new information to elucidate the importance of the first wall material on the fusion performance. H-mode plasmas at ITER triangularity (H = 1 at ßN ~ 1.8 and n/nGW ~ 0.6) have been sustained at 2 MA during 5 s. The ITER neutronics codes have been validated on high performance experiments. Prospects for the coming D–T campaign and 14 MeV neutron calibration strategy are reviewed. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 under grant agreement No 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 1.173 autors/es: X. Litaudon35, S. Abduallev39, M. Abhangi46, P. Abreu53, M. Afzal7, K.M. Aggarwal29, T. Ahlgren101, J.H. Ahn8, L. Aho-Mantila112, N. Aiba69, M. Airila112, R. Albanese105, V. Aldred7, D. Alegre93, E. Alessi45, P. Aleynikov55, A. Alfier12, A. Alkseev72, M. Allinson7, B. Alper7, E. Alves53, G. Ambrosino105, R. Ambrosino106, L. Amicucci90, V. Amosov88, E. Andersson Sundén22, M. Angelone90, M. Anghel85, C. Angioni62, L. Appel7, C. Appelbee7, P. Arena30, M. Ariola106, H. Arnichand8, S. Arshad41, A. Ash7, N. Ashikawa68, V. Aslanyan64, O. Asunta1, F. Auriemma12, Y. Austin7, L. Avotina103, M.D. Axton7, C. Ayres7, M. Bacharis24, A. Baciero57, D. Baião53, S. Bailey7, A. Baker7, I. Balboa7, M. Balden62, N. Balshaw7, R. Bament7, J.W. Banks7, Y.F. Baranov7, M.A. Barnard7, D. Barnes7, M. Barnes27, R. Barnsley55, A. Baron Wiechec7, L. Barrera Orte34, M. Baruzzo12, V. Basiuk8, M. Bassan55, R. Bastow7, A. Batista53, P. Batistoni90, R. Baughan7, B. Bauvir55, L. Baylor73, B. Bazylev56, J. Beal110, P.S. Beaumont7, M. Beckers39, B. Beckett7, A. Becoulet8, N. Bekris35, M. Beldishevski7, K. Bell7, F. Belli90, M. Bellinger7, É. Belonohy62, N. Ben Ayed7, N.A. Benterman7, H. Bergsåker42, J. Bernardo53, M. Bernert62, M. Berry7, L. Bertalot55, C. Besliu7, M. Beurskens63, B. Bieg61, J. Bielecki47, T. Biewer73, M. Bigi12, P. Bílková50, F. Binda22, A. Bisoffi31, J.P.S. Bizarro53, C. Björkas101, J. Blackburn7, K. Blackman7, T.R. Blackman7, P. Blanchard33, P. Blatchford7, V. Bobkov62, A. Boboc7, G. Bodnár113, O. Bogar18, I. Bolshakova60, T. Bolzonella12, N. Bonanomi97, F. Bonelli56, J. Boom62, J. Booth7, D. Borba35,53, D. Borodin39, I. Borodkina39, A. Botrugno90, C. Bottereau8, P. Boulting7, C. Bourdelle8, M. Bowden7, C. Bower7, C. Bowman110, T. Boyce7, C. Boyd7, H.J. Boyer7, J.M.A. Bradshaw7, V. Braic87, R. Bravanec40, B. Breizman107, S. Bremond8, P.D. Brennan7, S. Breton8, A. Brett7, S. Brezinsek39, M.D.J. Bright7, M. Brix7, W. Broeckx78, M. Brombin12, A. Brosławski65, D.P.D. Brown7, M. Brown7, E. Bruno55, J. Bucalossi8, J. Buch46, J. Buchanan7, M.A. Buckley7, R. Budny76, H. Bufferand8, M. Bulman7, N. Bulmer7, P. Bunting7, P. Buratti90, A. Burckhart62, A. Buscarino30, A. Busse7, N.K. Butler7, I. Bykov42, J. Byrne7, P. Cahyna50, G. Calabrò90, I. Calvo57, Y. Camenen4, P. Camp7, D.C. Campling7, J. Cane7, B. Cannas17, A.J. Capel7, P.J. Card7, A. Cardinali90, P. Carman7, M. Carr7, D. Carralero62, L. Carraro12, B.B. Carvalho53, I. 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Sommariva8, P. Sonato12, A. Sopplesa12, J. Sousa53, C. Sozzi45, S. Spagnolo12, T. Spelzini7, F. Spineanu86, G. Stables7, I. Stamatelatos71, M.F. Stamp7, P. Staniec7, G. Stankūnas59, C. Stan-Sion84, M.J. Stead7, E. Stefanikova42, I. Stepanov58, A.V. Stephen7, M. Stephen46, A. Stevens7, B.D. Stevens7, J. Strachan76, P. Strand16, H.R. Strauss44, P. Ström42, G. Stubbs7, W. Studholme7, F. Subba75, H.P. Summers21, J. Svensson63, Ł. Świderski65, T. Szabolics113, M. Szawlowski49, G. Szepesi7, T.T. Suzuki69, B. Tál113, T. Tala112, A.R. Talbot7, S. Talebzadeh95, C. Taliercio12, P. Tamain8, C. Tame7, W. Tang76, M. Tardocchi45, L. Taroni12, D. Taylor7, K.A. Taylor7, D. Tegnered16, G. Telesca15, N. Teplova54, D. Terranova12, D. Testa33, E. Tholerus42, J. Thomas7, J.D. Thomas7, P. Thomas55, A. Thompson7, C.-A. Thompson7, V.K. Thompson7, L. Thorne7, A. Thornton7, A.S. Thrysøe83, P.A. Tigwell7, N. Tipton7, I. Tiseanu86, H. Tojo69, M. Tokitani67, P. Tolias82, M. Tomeš50, P. Tonner7, M. Towndrow7, P. Trimble7, M. Tripsky58, M. Tsalas38, P. Tsavalas71, D. Tskhakaya jun102, I. Turner7, M.M. Turner32, M. Turnyanskiy34, G. Tvalashvili7, S.G.J. Tyrrell7, A. Uccello45, Z. Ul-Abidin7, J. Uljanovs1, D. Ulyatt7, H. Urano69, I. Uytdenhouwen78, A.P. Vadgama7, D. Valcarcel7, M. Valentinuzzi8, M. Valisa12, P. Vallejos Olivares42, M. Valovic7, M. Van De Mortel7, D. Van Eester58, W. Van Renterghem78, G.J. van Rooij38, J. Varje1, S. Varoutis56, S. Vartanian8, K. Vasava46, T. Vasilopoulou71, J. Vega57, G. Verdoolaege58, R. Verhoeven7, C. Verona95, G. Verona Rinati95, E. Veshchev55, N. Vianello45, J. Vicente53, E. Viezzer62,92, S. Villari90, F. Villone100, P. Vincenzi12, I. Vinyar74, B. Viola90, A. Vitins103, Z. Vizvary7, M. Vlad86, I. Voitsekhovitch34, P. Vondráček50, N. Vora7, T. Vu8, W.W. Pires de Sa52, B. Wakeling7, C.W.F. Waldon7, N. Walkden7, M. Walker7, R. Walker7, M. Walsh55, E. Wang39, N. Wang39, S. Warder7, R.J. Warren7, J. Waterhouse7, N.W. Watkins28, C. Watts55, T. Wauters58, A. Weckmann42, J. Weiland23, H. Weisen33, M. Weiszflog22, C. Wellstood7, A.T. West7, M.R. Wheatley7, S. Whetham7, A.M. Whitehead7, B.D. Whitehead7, A.M. Widdowson7, S. Wiesen39, J. Wilkinson7, J. Williams7, M. Williams7, A.R. Wilson7, D.J. Wilson7, H.R. Wilson110, J. Wilson7, M. Wischmeier62, G. Withenshaw7, A. Withycombe7, D.M. Witts7, D. Wood7, R. Wood7, C. Woodley7, S. Wray7, J. Wright7, J.C. Wright64, J. Wu89, S. Wukitch64, A. Wynn110, T. Xu7, D. Yadikin16, W. Yanling39, L. Yao89, V. Yavorskij102, M.G. Yoo80, C. Young7, D. Young7, I.D. Young7, R. Young7, J. Zacks7, R. Zagorski49, F.S. Zaitsev18, R. Zanino75, A. Zarins103, K.D. Zastrow7, M. Zerbini90, W. Zhang62, Y. Zhou42, E. Zilli12, V. Zoita86, S. Zoletnik113, I. Zychor65 and JET Contributorsa // EUROfusion Consortium JET, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 1 Aalto University, PO Box 14100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Finland / 2 Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, 13451, Marseille, France / 3 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IUSTI UMR 7343, 13013 Marseille, France / 4 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, PIIM, UMR 7345, 13013 Marseille, France / 5 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America / 6 Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain / 7 CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 8 CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France / 9 Center for Energy Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America / 10 Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rua Xavier Sigaud, 160, Rio de Janeiro CEP 22290-180, Brazil / 11 Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 12 Consorzio RFX, corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy / 13 Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-174, Republic of Korea / 14 Departamento de Física, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain / 15 Department of Applied Physics UG (Ghent University) St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B-9000 Ghent, Belgium / 16 Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden / 17 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi 09123, Cagliari, Italy / 18 Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics Comenius University Mlynska dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia / 19 Department of Materials Science, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-01-152 Warsaw, Poland / 20 Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea / 21 Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 ONG, United Kingdom / 22 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden / 23 Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden / 24 Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom / 25 Department of Physics, SCI, KTH, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden / 26 Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland / 27 Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, United Kingdom / 28 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom / 29 Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Queens University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom / 30 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica Elettronica e Informatica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy / 31 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, University of Trento, Trento, Italy / 32 Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland / 33 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland / 34 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany / 35 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Culham Science Centre, Culham, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 36 European Commission, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium / 37 Fluid and Plasma Dynamics, ULB—Campus Plaine—CP 231 Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium / 38 FOM Institute DIFFER, Eindhoven, Netherlands / 39 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung—Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany / 40 Fourth State Research, 503 Lockhart Dr, Austin, TX, United States of America / 41 Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, Josep Pl. 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019, Barcelona, Spain / 42 Fusion Plasma Physics, EES, KTH, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden / 43 General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, United States of America / 44 HRS Fusion, West Orange, NJ, United States of America / 45 IFP-CNR, via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy / 46 Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar-382 428, Gujarat State, India / 47 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland / 48 Institute of Physics, Opole University, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland / 49 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland / 50 Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czechia / 51 Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People’s Republic of China / 52 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão Travessa R Nr.187 CEP 05508-090 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brasil / 53 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal / 54 Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation / 55 ITER Organization, Route de Vinon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France / 56 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany / 57 Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain / 58 Laboratory for Plasma Physics Koninklijke Militaire School—Ecole Royale Militaire, Renaissancelaan 30 Avenue de la Renaissance B-1000, Brussels, Belgium / 59 Lithuanian energy institute, Breslaujos g. 3, LT-44403, Kaunas, Lithuania / 60 Magnetic Sensor Laboratory, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine / 61 Maritime University of Szczecin, Waly Chrobrego 1-2, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland / 62 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, D-85748 Garching, Germany / 63 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Teilinsitut Greifswald, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany / 64 MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Centre, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America / 65 National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland / 66 National Fusion Research Institute (NFRI), 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea / 67 National Institute for Fusion Science, Oroshi, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan / 68 National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, 509-5292, Japan / 69 National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193, Japan / 70 National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, 157 73 Zografou, Athens, Greece / 71 NCSR ‘Demokritos’, 153 10, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece / 72 NRC Kurchatov Institute, 1 Kurchatov Square, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation / 73 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6169, United States of America / 74 PELIN LLC, 27a, Gzhatskaya Ulitsa, Saint Petersburg, 195220, Russian Federation / 75 Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy / 76 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, James Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America / 77 Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America / 78 SCK-CEN, Nuclear Research Centre, 2400 Mol, Belgium / 79 Second University of Napoli, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 80 Seoul National University, Shilim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Republic of Korea / 81 Slovenian Fusion Association (SFA), Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia / 82 Space and Plasma Physics, EES, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden / 83 Technical University of Denmark, Department of Physics, Bldg 309, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark / 84 The ‘Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 85 The National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Ramnicu Valcea, Romania / 86 The National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 87 The National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 88 Troitsk Insitute of Innovating and Thermonuclear Research (TRINITI), Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russian Federation / 89 University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China / 90 Unità Tecnica Fusione, ENEA C. R. Frascati, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy / 91 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain / 92 Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain / 93 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain / 94 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Grupo I2A2, Madrid, Spain / 95 Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, Italy / 96 University College Cork (UCC), Ireland / 97 University Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy / 98 University of Basilicata, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 99 University of California, 1111 Franklin St., Oakland, CA 94607, United States of America / 100 University of Cassino, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 101 University of Helsinki, PO Box 43, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland / 102 University of Innsbruck, Fusion@Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Innsbruck, Austria / 103 University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga, LV 1586, Latvia / 104 University of Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7198, YIJL, Nancy, France / 105 University of Napoli ‘Federico II’, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 106 University of Napoli Parthenope, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 107 University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Fusion Studies, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America / 108 University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan / 109 University of Tuscia, DEIM, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100 Viterbo, Italy / 110 University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom / 111 Vienna University of Technology, Fusion@Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Austria / 112 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland / 113 Wigner Research Centre for Physics, PO Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
Published: 2017
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22. Damage formation and recovery in Fe implanted 6H–SiC

Author: Eduardo Alves, Norberto Catarino, Ulrich Wahl, Katharina Lorenz, P.A. Miranda, and J. G. Correia
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Annealing (metallurgy), Doping, Wide-bandgap semiconductor, Analytical chemistry, Condensed Matter, Magnetic semiconductor, Ion, Crystallography, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ion implantation, chemistry, Lattice (order), Silicon carbide, Instrumentation
Abstract: Silicon carbide doped with magnetic ions such as Fe, Mn, Ni or Co could make this wide band gap semiconductor part of the diluted magnetic semiconductor family. In this study, we report the implantation of 6H-SiC single crystals with magnetic $^{56}$Fe$^{+}$ ions with an energy of 150 keV. The samples were implanted with 5E14 Fe$^+$/cm$^{2}$ and 1E16 Fe$^+$/cm$^{2}$ at different temperatures to study the damage formation and lattice site location. The samples were subsequently annealed up to 1500°C in vacuum in order to remove the implantation damage. The effect of the annealing was followed by Rutherford Backscattering/Channeling (RBS/C) measurements. The results show that samples implanted above the critical amorphization temperature reveal a high fraction of Fe incorporated into regular sites along the [0001] axis. After the annealing at 1000°C, a maximum fraction of 75%, corresponding to a total of 3.8E14 Fe$^{+}$/cm$^{2}$, was measured in regular sites along the [0001] axis. A comparison is made between the observed annealing behavior and the one measured in low fluence (2E13 cm$^{−2}$) $\beta$- emission channeling experiments using the radioactive isotope $^{59}$Fe (t$_{1/2}$ = 45 d), where the sample was implanted at room temperature and the $\beta$- emission channeling yield was measured by means of a position-sensitive detector.
Published: 2012
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23. Direct observation of mono-vacancy and self-interstitial recovery in tungsten

Author: Eduardo Alves, Janne Heikinheimo, Pasi Jalkanen, Norberto Catarino, A. Lahtinen, Jyrki Räisänen, Filip Tuomisto, Tommy Ahlgren, Kenichiro Mizohata, Department of Applied Physics, University of Helsinki, University of Lisbon, Antimatter and Nuclear Engineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Materials Physics, and Department of Physics
Subjects: Materials science, MIGRATION, lcsh:Biotechnology, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Tungsten, 114 Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, Positron annihilation spectroscopy, ENERGY, ATOMS, POSITRON-ANNIHILATION, Impurity, Vacancy defect, lcsh:TP248.13-248.65, 0103 physical sciences, Radiation damage, General Materials Science, 010302 applied physics, Range (particle radiation), ta114, General Engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Crystallographic defect, lcsh:QC1-999, IRRADIATION-INDUCED DEFECTS, chemistry, Frenkel defect, 0210 nano-technology, BEHAVIOR, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Reliable and accurate knowledge of the physical properties of elementary point defects is crucial for predictive modeling of the evolution of radiation damage in materials employed in harsh conditions. We have applied positron annihilation spectroscopy to directly detect mono-vacancy defects created in tungsten through particle irradiation at cryogenic temperatures, as well as their recovery kinetics. We find that efficient self-healing of the primary damage takes place through Frenkel pair recombination already at 35 K, in line with an upper bound of 0.1 eV for the migration barrier of self-interstitials. Further self-interstitial migration is observed above 50 K with activation energies in the range of 0.12-0.42 eV through the release of the self-interstitial atoms from impurities and structural defects and following recombination with mono-vacancies. Mono-vacancy migration is activated at around 550 K with a migration barrier of E-m(V) = 1.85 +/- 0.05 eV. (C) 2019 Author(s).
Published: 2019
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24. Corrigendum to 'Thermal desorption spectrometry of beryllium plasma facing tiles exposed in the JET tokamak' [Fusion Eng. Des. 133 (2018) 135–141]

Author: Alexander Lukin, Eduardo Alves, Stefan Matejcik, Aleksandra Baron-Wiechec, Ionut Jepu, Norberto Catarino, Anna Widdowson, Bohdan Bieg, José Vicente, Alberto Loarte, Axel Jardin, CHIARA MARCHETTO, Choong-Seock Chang, and Manuel Garcia-munoz
Subjects: Jet (fluid), Tokamak, Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Thermal desorption, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, law, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Beryllium, 010306 general physics, Civil and Structural Engineering
Published: 2018
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25. In Situ Characterization and Modification of β-Ga2 O3 Flakes Using an Ion Micro-Probe

Author: Encarna G. Víllora, Eduardo Alves, Flávia Rocha, Katharina Lorenz, Luís Alves, Marco Peres, Carlos H. Brito Cruz, Kiyoshi Shimamura, Ana G. Silva, and Norberto Catarino
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, In situ, Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, Surfaces and Interfaces, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Ion, Characterization (materials science), Chemical engineering, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Irradiation, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 0210 nano-technology
Published: 2018
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26. Long-term fuel retention in JET ITER-like wall

Author: Alexander Lukin, Eduardo Alves, Stefan Matejcik, Aleksandra Baron-Wiechec, Soare Sorin, Francesco Romanelli, Sebastijan Brezinsek, Kalle Heinola, Matej Mayer, Stepan Krat, Miles Turner, Norberto Catarino, Anna Widdowson, Bohdan Bieg, Vladislav Plyusnin, José Vicente, Alberto Loarte, Nuno Pessoa Barradas, Rajnikant Makwana, CHIARA MARCHETTO, Marco Wischmeier, Choong-Seock Chang, Aneta Gójska, Manuel Garcia-munoz, and JET Contributors
Subjects: Jet (fluid), Materials science, Ion beam analysis, Thermal desorption spectroscopy, Divertor, Thermal desorption, Analytical chemistry, ion beam analysis, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, deposition, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, fuel retention, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, fusion energy, 0103 physical sciences, Limiter, 010306 general physics, Mathematical Physics, TDS
Abstract: Post-mortem studies with ion beam analysis, thermal desorption, and secondary ion mass spectrometry have been applied for investigating the long-term fuel retention in the JET ITERlike wall components. The retention takes place via implantation and co-deposition, and the highest retention values were found to correlate with the thickness of the deposited impurity layers. From the total amount of retained D fuel over half was detected in the divertor region. The majority of the retained D is on the top surface of the inner divertor, whereas the least retention was measured in the main chamber on the mid-plane of the inner wall limiter. The recessed areas of the inner wall showed significant contribution to the main chamber total retention. Thermal desorption spectroscopy analysis revealed the energetic T from DD reactions being implanted in the divertor. The total T inventory was assessed to be >0.3 mg.
Published: 2016
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27. Study of In distribution on GaInSb:Al crystals by ion beam techniques

Author: N. Franco, Leonardo Fernandes Martins, Berenice Anina Dedavid, M. Streicher, Luís Alves, Victoria Corregidor, Eleani Maria da Costa, Eduardo Alves, M. Fonseca, and Norberto Catarino
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Electron mobility, Materials science, Ion beam, Ternary alloy of Ga1xInxSb, Scanning electron microscope, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Lattice constant, 0103 physical sciences, PIGE, Aluminium, PIXE, Instrumentation, 010302 applied physics, Dopant, Doping, Metallurgy, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, chemistry, composition, 0210 nano-technology, Ternary operation, Indium
Abstract: III–V ternary alloys semiconductor materials, in particular Ga1−xInxSb, are ideal candidates for device substrates because of the possibility to define the lattice constant as a function of the third element, indium. Aluminum, an isoelectric dopant for Ga and In, increases the carrier mobility in GaSb crystals and has influence over the concentration of native defects by passivating and/or compensating them. To understand the influence of Al on the distribution of indium in ternary alloys of Ga0.8In0.2Sb, pure and doped ingots were obtained with approximately 1020 atoms/cm3 of Al using a vertical Bridgman system. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and particle induced gamma ray emission (PIGE) were used to obtain information on the structure defects and chemical composition of the crystals. The doped ingots showed good structural homogeneity when compared with the undoped alloy, and they were free from cracks and micro cracks. All of the obtained ingots present precipitates, twins and grains with different concentrations of In. The small compositional variation observed in the doped ingots along the radial direction (measured by PIXE), may be related to the solid–liquid interface’s quasi-equilibrium behavior. Regarding to the growth direction, it was observed that the undoped ingots exhibit a higher segregation phenomenon of the third element than the doped ingots. The obtained results indicate that aluminum influences the indium distribution in the ingots, thus ternary ingots with more homogeneous composition can be obtained and consequently electrical properties improved.
Published: 2016

28. Global erosion and deposition patterns in JET with the ITER-like wall

Author: M. Mayer, Jet-Efda Contributors, C. Ayres, Kalle Heinola, Eduardo Alves, Marek Rubel, S. Brezinsek, A. Baron-Wiechec, N.P. Barradas, Anna Widdowson, W. Van Renterghem, Norberto Catarino, Jari Likonen, I. Uytdenhouwen, J.P. Coad, G. F. Matthews, Per Petersson, and JET-EFDA Contributors
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), animal structures, Materials science, Divertor, chemistry.chemical_element, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Erosion, Limiter, General Materials Science, Composite material, 010306 general physics, Carbon, Deposition (chemistry), Layer (electronics)
Abstract: A set of Be and W tiles removed after the first ITER-like wall campaigns (JET-ILW) from 2011 to 2012 has been analysed. The results indicate that the primary erosion site is in the main chamber (Be) as in previous carbon campaigns (JET-C). In particular the limiters tiles near the mid-plane are eroded probably during the limiter phases of discharges. W is found at low concentrations on all plasma-facing surfaces of the vessel indicating deposition via plasma transport initially from the W divertor and from main chamber W-coated tiles; there are also traces of Mo (used as an interlayer for these coatings). Deposited films in the inner divertor have a layered structure, and every layer is dominated by Be with some W and O content.
Published: 2015
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29. Helium/Deuterium blistering in a W-Tafiber composite consolidated by pulse plasma sintering

Author: Marcin Rosiński, N. Franco, J.B. Correia, Eduardo Alves, Patricia Almeida Carvalho, Norberto Catarino, M. Dias, and Daniela Nunes
Subjects: Materials science, chemistry, Deuterium, Composite number, chemistry.chemical_element, Composite material, Instrumentation, Pulse plasma sintering, Helium
Published: 2015
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30. Blistering of W-Ta composites at different irradiation energies

Author: R. B. Gomes, Rodrigo Mateus, J. Rocha, Eduardo Alves, Patricia Almeida Carvalho, Norberto Catarino, V. Livramento, P. Duarte, Marta Dias, J.B. Correia, K. Hanada, José Manuel Lopes, Horacio Fernandes, and Carlos A. Silva
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, technology, industry, and agriculture, Refractory metals, Tantalum, chemistry.chemical_element, Spark plasma sintering, Tungsten, equipment and supplies, Ion, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Deuterium, Metals, General Materials Science, Irradiation, Composite material, Helium
Abstract: Pure tungsten and tantalum plates and tungsten–tantalum composites produced via mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering were bombarded with He + and D + energetic ion beams and deuterium plasmas. The aim of this experiment is to study the effects caused by individual helium and deuterium exposures and to evidence that the modifications induced in the composites at different irradiation energies could be followed by irradiating the pristine constituent elements under the same experimental conditions, which is relevant considering the development of tailored composites for fusion applications. Higher D retentions, especially in tungsten, and superficial blistering are observed in both components after helium exposure. The blistering is magnified in the tantalum phase of composites due to its higher ductility and to water vapour production under deuterium irradiation. At lower irradiation energies the induced effects are minor. After plasma exposure, the presence of tantalum does not increase the D content in the composites.
Published: 2013

31. Measurement and evaluation of the 13C(p, p)13C cross section in the energy range 0.8–2.4 MeV

Author: Norberto Catarino, A.F. Gurbich, I. Bogdanović Radović, Eduardo Alves, and N.P. Barradas
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scattering, Elastic backscattering, Rutherford backscattering, Cross section, 13C, Bayesian inference, Resonance (particle physics), Computational physics, Cross section (physics), Range (statistics), Sources of error, Atomic physics, Instrumentation, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: We used a thin film method with Bayesian inference data analysis to determine the 13C(p,p)13C cross section in the energy range 0.8–2.43 MeV, at scattering angles 140° and 160°. The accuracy of the results was also determined, including all sources of error. The cross section determined at 140° was benchmarked at energies around the 1.462 MeV resonance. The new data presented were then used, together with previously existing data from the literature, to perform an evaluation of the 13C(p,p)13C cross section.
Published: 2013

32. Synergistic helium and deuterium blistering in tungsten–tantalum composites

Author: Marta Dias, C. Sârbu, J.B. Correia, Norberto Catarino, Eduardo Alves, Patricia Almeida Carvalho, K. Hanada, Rodrigo Mateus, N. Franco, and Daniela Nunes
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Analytical chemistry, Tantalum, Sintering, Spark plasma sintering, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Tungsten, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Microstructure, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Transmission electron microscopy, Nuclear reaction analysis, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Abstruct Tungsten–tantalum composites with 10 and 20 at.% Ta were prepared by ball milling W powder with Ta fibers and by consolidating the milled materials with spark plasma sintering. The composites were implanted at room temperature with He + (30 keV with a fluence 5 × 10 21 at/m 2 ) and/or D + (15 keV with a fluence 5 × 10 21 at/m 2 ) ion beams. The materials were studied by scanning and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, both coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and by X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and nuclear reaction analysis. The microstructure observations revealed that the milling operation resulted in severe fragmentation of the Ta fibers. Furthermore, during the consolidation process the Ta phase acted as oxygen getter and reduced the W oxide present in the original material. The surface of the tungsten–tantalum composites implanted with D + remained essentially unaltered, while the materials implanted with He + evidenced blisters on the Ta-rich regions. D retention in the composites increased with He + pre-implantation.
Published: 2013

33. Enhanced dynamic annealing and optical activation of Eu implanted a-plane GaN

Author: N. Franco, Norberto Catarino, Katharina Lorenz, Eduardo Alves, Vanya Darakchieva, Bianchi Méndez, S. M. C. Miranda, Emilio Nogales, and José G. Marques
Subjects: Materials science, Annealing (metallurgy), business.industry, Física de materiales, General Physics and Astronomy, Radiation, Epitaxy, Fluence, Ion, Dynamic annealing, Optoelectronics, Emission spectrum, Luminescence, business
Abstract: The implantation damage build-up and optical activation of a-plane and c-plane GaN epitaxial films were compared upon 300 keV Eu implantation at room temperature. The implantation defects cause an expansion of the lattice normal to the surface, i.e. along the a-direction in a-plane and along the c-direction in c-plane GaN. The defect profile is bimodal with a pronounced surface damage peak and a second damage peak deeper in the bulk of the samples in both cases. For both surface orientations, the bulk damage saturates for high fluences. Interestingly, the saturation level for a-plane GaN is nearly three times lower than that for c-plane material suggesting very efficient dynamic annealing and strong resistance to radiation. a-plane GaN also shows superior damage recovery during post-implant annealing compared to c-plane GaN. For the lowest fluence, damage in a-plane GaN was fully removed and strong Eu-related red luminescence is observed. Although some residual damage remained after annealing for higher fluences as well as in all c-plane samples, optical activation was achieved in all samples revealing the red emission lines due to the ^5Do -> ^7F_2transition in the Eu_3+ ion. The presented results demonstrate a great promise for the use of ion beam processing for a-plane GaN based electronic devices as well as for the development of radiation tolerant electronics.
Published: 2012

34. Studies on deuterium retention in W-Ta based materials

Author: K. Hanada, Miguel Sales Dias, N. Pinhão, J.B. Correia, Pedro Barquinha, Vanessa Livramento, Eduardo Alves, Patricia Almeida Carvalho, Norberto Catarino, and Rodrigo Mateus
Subjects: Materials science, Metallurgy, Composite number, Tantalum, Mineralogy, Spark plasma sintering, chemistry.chemical_element, Tungsten, chemistry, Sputtering, Melting point, Instrumentation, Ball mill, Embrittlement
Abstract: The high melting point, high sputtering threshold and low tritium inventory rendered W as a potentially suitable material in fusion devices. The major problem associated with presently available tungsten grades as structural materials is its brittleness at lower temperatures. This is further worsened by irradiation embrittlement. A strategy for ductility improvement is producing a composite, with the brittle W matrix being reinforced by short fibres of tantalum. As Ta is more ductile than W it can therefore divert or stop cracks propagating in the W matrix. In the present research Ta short fibres and powder were used as reinforcement component for W by alloying Ta short fibres or powder in a W powder matrix. The composites were subsequently irradiated with deuterium to assess the retention of this hydrogenic species in the materials.The irradiated composites, with Ta contents of 10 or 20 at%, were produced from pure elemental powders (W-Ta powder composites), and pure W powder and Ta fibre (W-Ta fibre composites) with 100 μm in diameter by low energy ball milling in argon atmosphere. These materials were consolidated via spark plasma sintering (SPS) in the temperature 1200 to 1600 ºC range. Pure W and Ta plates (controls) and W-Ta composites were irradiated with He+ ions (optional pre-implantation step) and D+ ion beams at room temperature with fluences in the 1020-1021 at/m2 range. Blistering and deuterium retention in W and Ta plates and in W-Ta composites were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and thermal desorption analysis. The deuterium concentration was evaluated trough nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) using 0.75 to 2.1 MeV 3He+ beam and the D(3He,p)α reaction.The investigations showed that deuterium irradiation induced microstructural modifications producing blistering in Ta plates as well as in W-Ta composites (Figure 1). These effects increased substantially in the Ta and W-Ta materials with the He pre-implantation step, while blisters have not been observed in the W plates either for D+ or He+ plus D+ implantation. Higher deuterium retention was observed by thermal desorption for the composites than for the W plates. Moreover the present study revealed that D+ trapping in the composites is dependent on the microstructure with higher retention observed for fibers than for powder.This work has been performed under the Contract of Association between EURATOM and Instituto Superior Tecnico. Financial support was also received from the Fundação para a Ciência Tecnologia (FCT) grants with references PTDC/CTM/100163/2008, Pest-OE/SADG/LA0010/2011 and PEST-OE/CTM-UI0084/2011. The authors wish to acknowledge Jorge Rocha the implantation in W-Ta samples.
Published: 2013
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35. Material migration patterns and overview of first surface analysis of the JET ITER-like wall

Author: Marek Rubel, C. Ayres, A. Baron-Wiechec, Jet-Efda Contributors, J.P. Coad, M. Mayer, Norberto Catarino, Jari Likonen, G. F. Matthews, S. Brezinsek, Kalle Heinola, Eduardo Alves, Anna Widdowson, and JET-EFDA Contributors
Subjects: Jet (fluid), Materials science, Divertor, Nuclear engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Limiter, Erosion, Deposition (phase transition), sense organs, Beryllium, 010306 general physics, Material transport, Carbon, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: Following the first JET ITER-like wall operations a detailed in situ photographic survey of the main chamber and divertor was completed. In addition, a selection of tiles and passive diagnostics were removed from the vessel and made available for post mortem analysis. From the photographic survey and results from initial analysis, the first conclusions regarding erosion, deposition, fuel retention and material transport during divertor and limiter phases have been drawn. The rate of deposition on inner and outer base divertor tiles and remote divertor corners was more than an order of magnitude less than during the preceding carbon wall operations, as was the concomitant deuterium retention. There was however beryllium deposition at the top of the inner divertor. The net beryllium erosion rate from the mid-plane inner limiters was found to be higher than for the previous carbon wall campaign although further analysis is required to determine the overall material balance due to erosion and re-deposition.
Published: 2014
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36. Helium and deuterium irradiation effects in W-Ta composites produced by pulse plasma compaction

Author: M. Rosinki, Norberto Catarino, Marta Dias, Daniela Nunes, Eduardo Alves, Patricia Almeida Carvalho, J.B. Correia, Elvira Fortunato, and I.D. Nogueira
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Scanning electron microscope, Blisters, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Microstructure, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Focused ion beam, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Transmission electron microscopy, Nuclear reaction analysis, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, General Materials Science, Irradiation, medicine.symptom, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Tungsten-tantalum composites have been envisaged for first-wall components of nuclear fusion reactors; however, changes in their microstructure are expected from severe irradiation with helium and hydrogenic plasma species. In this study, composites were produced from ball milled W powder mixed with 10 at.% Ta fibers through consolidation by pulse plasma compaction. Implantation was carried out at room temperature with He+ (30 keV) or D+ (15 keV) or sequentially with He+ and D+ using ion beams with fluences of 5 × 1021 at/m2. Microstructural changes and deuterium retention in the implanted composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, coupled with focused ion beam and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and nuclear reaction analysis. The composite materials consisted of Ta fibers dispersed in a nanostructured W matrix, with Ta2O5 layers at the interfacial regions. The Ta and Ta2O5 surfaces exhibited blisters after He+ implantation and subsequent D+ implantation worsened the blistering behavior of Ta2O5. Swelling was also pronounced in Ta2O5 where large blisters exhibited an internal nanometer-sized fuzz structure. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an extensive presence of dislocations in the metallic phases after the sequential implantation, while a relatively low density of defects was detected in Ta2O5. This behavior may be partially justified by a shielding effect from the blisters and fuzz structure developed progressively during implantation. The tungsten peaks in the X-ray diffractograms were markedly shifted after He+ implantation, and even more so after the sequential implantation, which is in agreement with the increased D retention inferred from nuclear reaction analysis.
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37. Sintering and irradiation of copper-based high entropy alloys for nuclear fusion

Author: António Pereira Gonçalves, Magdalena Galatanu, Eduardo Alves, Paula Ferreira, Norberto Catarino, F. Antão, Andrei Galatanu, Marta Dias, R.C. da Silva, and J.B. Correia
Subjects: Materials science, Scanning electron microscope, Mechanical Engineering, High entropy alloys, Analytical chemistry, Spark plasma sintering, Sintering, chemistry.chemical_element, Tungsten, Microstructure, Thermal diffusivity, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Copper, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: In this study, CuxCrFeTiV (x = 0.21, 0.44, 1 and 1.7 M ratio) high entropy alloys have been devised for thermal barriers between the plasma facing tungsten tiles and the copper-based heat sink in the first wall of nuclear fusion reactors. The high entropy alloys were produced by ball milling the elemental powders, followed by consolidation with spark plasma sintering. Irradiation of the equiatomic CuCrFeTiV sample was carried out at room temperature with Ar+ (300 keV) beams with a fluence of 3 × 1020 at/m2. Structural changes prior and after irradiation were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermal diffusivity. Preliminary results showed the presence of heterogenous and multiphasic microstructures in all samples. Moreover, with the increase of the Cu content it is possible to observe the formation of Cu-rich structures. The diffractogram of the CuCrFeTiV sample revealed major peaks of a BCC crystal structure and minor peaks of a FCC crystal structure. In addition, after irradiation no modifications in the CuCrFeTiV microstructure or in the diffractogram were observed.
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38. Time-resolved deposition in the remote region of the JET-ILW divertor: measurements and modelling

Author: Alexander Lukin, Eduardo Alves, Stefan Matejcik, Aleksandra Baron-Wiechec, Soare Sorin, Francesco Romanelli, Kalle Heinola, Norberto Catarino, Anna Widdowson, Bohdan Bieg, Vladislav Plyusnin, José Vicente, Alberto Loarte, Axel Jardin, Rajnikant Makwana, CHIARA MARCHETTO, Marco Wischmeier, William Tang, Choong-Seock Chang, and Manuel Garcia-munoz
Subjects: Jet (fluid), Nuclear engineering, Divertor, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, 0103 physical sciences, Environmental science, Deposition (phase transition), 010306 general physics, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: One crucial requirement for the development of fusion power is to know where, and how much, impurities collect in the machine, and how much of the fuelling isotope tritium will be trapped therein. ...
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39. Deep neural networks for plasma tomography with applications to JET and COMPASS

Author: J. Denis, M. Tardocchi, Kiptily, M. Koubiti, M. Ghate, R. Michling, G. De Masi, T. Tala, M. Bassan, R. McAdams, S. Dowson, Antoine Merle, Seppo Koivuranta, O. J. Kwon, S. Mahesan, P. Sparapani, A. Malaquias, M. Tsalas, Gennady V. Miloshevsky, M. Vecsei, Michal Stano, E. Lerche, Štefan Matejčík, Piergiorgio Sonato, S. D. Pinches, A. Dal Molin, O. McCormack, B. Colling, F. Mink, Ph. Mertens, P. Drewelow, Nuno Cruz, D. Iglesias, Alessandro Zocco, K. Rathod, S. Collins, F. Koechl, James Buchanan, Andrew West, Francesco Maviglia, E. Stefanikova, David Taylor, B. Graham, T. Lunt, S. Meshchaninov, Arturo Buscarino, G. L. Ravera, Maide Bucolo, J. P. Thomas, S. Foley, B. Wakeling, N. Ashikawa, D. W. Robson, N. J. Conway, V. P. Lo Schiavo, Stefan Buller, Sergey Popovichev, M. Saleem, Jorge Luis Rodriguez, M. Wheatley, Gabriele Croci, Hugo Bufferand, J.F. Artaud, R. C. Felton, O. Kovanda, D. Hepple, K. Dylst, Gabor Szepesi, M. Oberkofler, G.J. van Rooij, N. Teplova, Istvan Cziegler, K. K. Kirov, S. Vartanian, Y. Xue, D. Nina, J. Bernardo, Lorenzo Figini, Guglielmo Rubinacci, Peter Lang, R. Scannell, N. C. Hawkes, P. Denner, Istvan Pusztai, D. D. Carvalho, Salvatore Ventre, A. Lescinskis, Afanasev, C. Hamlyn-Harris, Panagiotis Tolias, R. Vale, T. O'Gorman, S. Lesnoj, I.E. Day, Karol Malinowski, D. Carralero, N. Balshaw, Massimo Angelone, Michaele Freisinger, I. Monakhov, Jesús Vega, Jonathan Citrin, Antti Hakola, H. Patten, P. A. Simmons, Y. Austin, Sehyun Kwak, J. Regana, Rohde, T. Eich, A. Alkseev, R. Lawless, C. G. Elsmore, Fusco, S. Hacquin, S. A. Silburn, A. Fernades, Luigi Fortuna, P. Bunting, R. Sartori, Yuji Hatano, D. Borodin, L. Colas, Daniele Marocco, M. Lennholm, Carlo Sozzi, J. J. Rasmussen, P. McCullen, Tommy Ahlgren, A. Kirschner, Thomas Johnson, M. Rack, Göran Ericsson, Hans Nordman, Jakub Bielecki, P. Merriman, M. Cavedon, G. Hermon, Geert Verdoolaege, K. J. Gibson, Daisuke Nishijima, R. Clarkson, Fuchs, M. Tomes, R. Zagórski, Gerald Pintsuk, W. Higginson, Daniel F. Valcarcel, R. Mooney, K. Dawson, A. Tallargio, T.H. Osborne, P. J. Carvalho, M. Gethins, R. Dux, Pierre Dumortier, G. Urbanczyk, Inessa Bolshakova, R. King, B. Tal, Daniel Tegnered, J. W. Coenen, Leena Aho-Mantila, Eva Belonohy, S. Schmuck, Kai Nordlund, Grégoire Hornung, G. Tvalashvili, M. De Bock, Y. Baranov, G. De Tommasi, A. Urban, L. Forsythe, I. Zychor, J. Dobrashian, E. Clark, Paolo Arena, Alessia Santucci, Ivan Lupelli, S. Nowak, M. Curuia, Jonathan Graves, J. C. Hillesheim, Claudio Verona, Zoita, S. Moon, C. Castaldo, A.V. Stephen, Karl Schmid, A. Sahlberg, C. Di Troia, R. Woodley, L. Garzotti, D. Sandiford, Matthew M. Knight, Juho Leppänen, S. Emery, O. G. Pompilian, M. Goniche, C. Luna, M. Mayer, M. Baruzzo, A. Weckmann, M. Kempenaars, S. Hazel, Fabio Pisano, Claudia Corradino, A. G. Meigs, P. Leichauer, S. Potzel, Stéphane Devaux, C. Piron, G. Saibene, David A Rasmussen, Bruce Lipschultz, A. Di Siena, E. Lazzaro, J. Deane, C. Meadowcroft, C. J. Rapson, K.-D. Zastrow, Ph. Duckworth, Tom Wauters, F. Nabais, T. Goerler, D. Brunetti, R. Ellis, David Moulton, L. Jones, E. Delabie, Anna Salmi, Luciano Bertalot, G. Burroughes, B. Kos, Laurent Marot, Daniel Primetzhofer, I Miron, N. Lam, F. Napoli, S. Rowe, E. Pajuste, Choong-Seock Chang, R.P. Doerner, D. Silvagni, C. Guillemaut, S. Warder, A.J. Thornton, Matthew Carr, A. Dempsey, Jorge Morales, Pramit Dutta, J. L. Herfindal, S. Maruyama, P. Camp, X. Lefebvre, Ye. O. Kazakov, Andrea G. Chiariello, Gabriele Manduchi, Andre Neto, T. Powell, J. Griffiths, José Vicente, C. Barcellona, J. Hobirk, F. Clairet, L. Xiang, Dirk Reiser, H. Bergsåker, I. Duran, G. Giacometti, M. Kalsey, David Tskhakaya, A. Martin de Aguilera, T. Dittmar, Edmund Highcock, I. Uytdenhouwen, S. Soare, Giuseppe Prestopino, L. Chôné, W. Davis, G. De Temmerman, Basiuk, G. Learoyd, C. Guerard, A. Klix, M. Incelli, B. Viola, R. J. Robins, A. Burckhart, W. Leysen, Jochen Linke, M. Oberparleiter, A. Murari, M. Sertoli, S. D. Scott, A. Lazaros, R. Dejarnac, P. Buratti, H.R. Strauss, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Hajime Urano, Justine M. Kent, A. Kallenbach, D. Fagan, D. S. Darrow, Benedikt Geiger, A. Wynn, X. Sáez, B. Beckett, Horacio Fernandes, G. Ferro, B. Alper, George Wilkie, A. Uccello, T.C. Luce, S. Zoletnik, Petrzilka, Fulvio Auriemma, D. Guard, A. Ho, R. Henriques, I. T. Chapman, D. Butcher, Ph. Maquet, C. Crapper, S. Murphy, C. Ham, D. Brennan, S. Knott, Krasilnikov, D. Kogut, Cédric Pardanaud, K. Galazka, Nicolò Marconato, Daniele Bonfiglio, M. Sos, E. Militello-Asp, Nesenevich, Sean Conroy, S. Hall, L. F. Ruchko, L. Laguardia, O. Marchuk, F.P. Orsitto, I. S. Nedzelskiy, Eva Macusova, E. Andersson Sundén, C. Ayres, R. Prakash, C. Giroud, M. Parsons, R. Rodionov, M. Marin, A. P. Vadgama, A. Reed, Jacob Eriksson, P. Macheta, R. Neu, J. Orszagh, L. Gil, Riccardo Maggiora, M. Peterka, P. Devynck, M. Price, J. Likonen, Andrew M. Edwards, P. Dalgliesh, I. Vinyar, Andrea Malizia, A. Brett, Jane Johnston, A. Kappatou, P. Blatchford, B. Lloyd, P. Vincenzi, A. Mauriya, A. Garcia-Carrasco, Z. Stancar, D. B. Gin, Gediminas Stankunas, J. Edwards, Giuseppe Ambrosino, A. Goodyear, M. Lungaroni, M. Gardener, R.A. Pitts, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, E. Ivings, Marek Rubel, L. Calacci, Ivo S. Carvalho, M. Afzal, M. Gherendi, D. Schworer, C. Watts, A. M. Messiaen, E. Safi, P. David, A. Petre, J. Uljanovs, U. von Toussaint, H. Greuner, D. Del Sarto, A.C.A. Figueiredo, D. Gallart, R. Bilato, M. Enachescu, P. Monaghan, M. S. J. Rainford, A. Boboc, M. Reinhart, Hiroyasu Utoh, B. P. Duval, L. Hackett, M. Halitovs, G. De Dominici, B. Lomanowski, P. Cahyna, Aslanyan, T. May-Smith, M. Richiusa, A. Goussarov, M. Okabayashi, R. Howell, T. Tadic, M. E. Manso, J. F. Rivero-Rodriguez, Wayne Arter, Ivan Calvo, U. Losada, H. Weisen, A. Teplukhina, Marica Rebai, R. Andrews, C. H. A. Hogben, M. Klas, A. E. Shevelev, J. McKehon, F. Reimold, Enrico Zilli, R. Maingi, M.F. Stamp, A. Rakha, H. T. Kim, D. Ciric, Eric Nardon, A. Somers, I. Igaune, E. Laszynska, S. Saarelma, A. Cullen, Mǎdǎlina Vlad, D. Nodwell, S. Griph, T. Donne, T. Boyce, M. Tyshchenko, Paulo Carvalho, Elena Bruno, Ion E. Stamatelatos, A. Patel, E. de la Luna, F. Causa, Robin Barnsley, Michael Lehnen, F. Belli, N. Jones, B. Bauvir, M. Tokitani, I. Turner, Y. Zhou, J. Simpson, A. Vitins, D. Rendell, Alberto Milocco, Benjamin P. Brown, F.G. Rimini, C. Lamb, V. Thompson, E. Alessi, S. Arshad, J. Rzadkiewicz, P. Prior, J. Moran, S. D. A. Reyes Cortes, Igor Bykov, M. Weiszflog, Annette M. Hynes, Gennady Sergienko, J. Lönnroth, T. C. Hender, M.-L. Mayoral, Mattia Frasca, R. Coelho, J-J Honore, A. Jackson, A. Sirinelli, M. D. Axton, Hyun-Tae Kim, F. P. Keenan, H. J. Boyer, Elisabeth Rachlew, T. Szabolics, J. Ongena, Braic, Sandra C. Chapman, Anders Nielsen, John E. Marsh, J. Jansons, S. Gloeggler, Nengchao Wang, Naulin, M. Porton, D. Falie, P. Welch, G. T. Jones, N. Fil, M. Vincent, U. Kruezi, R. Pereira, L. Horvath, M. F. F. Nave, Lorella Carraro, N. Fonnesu, Davide Flammini, P. V. Edappala, G. M. D. Hogeweij, K. Krieger, P. Card, G. Poulipoulis, W. Studholme, Didier Mazon, T. Odupitan, D. Young, F. J. Casson, N. Muthusonai, I. Jepu, Olivier Sauter, Dimitri Voltolina, Sara Carcangiu, C. Reux, Irena Ivanova-Stanik, D. Tskhakaya Jun, O. Bogar, E. Viezzer, Shane Cooper, Fabio Villone, Florin Spineanu, H. Doerk, E. Cecil, J. Goff, F. Nespoli, F. Schluck, G. Ciraolo, Jennifer M. Lehmann, Jan Mlynar, H. J. C. Oliver, M. Marinucci, N. Krawczyk, J. Buch, M. Dreval, G. Possnert, C. Angioni, C. P. Lungu, Marco Ariola, S. Breton, Christopher N. Bowman, A. Kundu, J. Mailloux, I. Stepanov, D. Sprada, J. Zacks, G. Ramogida, E. Wolfrum, N.W. Eidietis, A. Pires dos Reis, Barbara Cannas, Robert E. Grove, A. Huber, Giuliana Sias, A. Baron Wiechec, Markus Airila, M. Berry, P. Huynh, R. Kovaldins, R. Bastow, Darren Price, S. Abduallev, P. Tsavalas, N. Aiba, Plyusnin, Ion Tiseanu, James Williams, M. Beckers, M. Weiland, S.N. Gerasimov, Alessandra Fanni, L. D. Horton, T. Xu, L. Joita, N. Reid, D. Zarzoso Fernandez, D. I. Refy, Jerry Hughes, Clarisse Bourdelle, J. E. Boom, G. Hancu, K. M. Aggarwal, F. Crisanti, M. Poradziński, A. Loarte, P. Vallejos Olivares, T. Mrowetz, Teddy Craciunescu, R. Guirlet, M. Valentinuzzi, J. Stephens, J. Stober, Michael Barnes, Isabel L. Nunes, Mario Pillon, P. Batistoni, G. Verona Rinati, Fabio Moro, R. Lucock, R. Olney, Jari Varje, B. Butler, A. Mariani, M. Hamed, Skvara, C. Terry, Larisa Baumane, T. Alarcon, Mike Kotschenreuther, T. M. Biewer, O. Hemming, N. Marcenko, Z. Kollo, B. Slade, J. Garcia, T. R. Blackman, Simone Peruzzo, N. den Harder, S. Ng, P. Siren, K. G. McClements, Rita Lorenzini, Y. Yakovenko, Lorenzo Frassinetti, J. Hawes, A. Kirk, C. Noble, Nicola Bonanomi, Y. Martynova, A.E. Shumack, F. Di Maio, H. R. Koslowski, N. Pomaro, G. Nemtsev, M. I. K. Santala, Richard George, E. Giovannozzi, T. Giegerich, C. Woodley, G. Pucella, D. Hopley, P.J. Knight, Michela Gelfusa, Francesca Poli, G. Petravich, G. Kocsis, S. Lanthaler, J. A. Wilson, D. Coombs, F. Köchl, G. Stables, Silvia Spagnolo, D. Rigamonti, W. Van Renterghem, Mike Dunne, H. Betar, W. Pires de Sa, Stjepko Fazinić, M. Nocente, G. Birkenmeier, L. Avotina, A. Horton, P. Heesterman, Larry R. Baylor, C. Stavrou, L. Appel, Amosov, J. Fessey, J. Flanagan, C. Paz Soldan, G. Kaveney, R. Young, Shimpei Futatani, U. Samm, R. Naish, P. Strand, E. Lascas Neto, S. Wheeler, Daisuke Shiraki, S. P. Hotchin, D. M. Witts, A. Cobalt, C. Waldon, Davide Galassi, I. Jenkins, S. Panja, C. Gurl, A. Lukin, R. Albanese, Andrea Pavone, A. Davies, J. Hawkins, N. Vianello, C. Besiliu, F. Domptail, Bruno Santos, Y. Li, T. Kaltiaisenaho, O. N. Kent, X. Litaudon, B. Lescinskis, M. Faitsch, Otto Asunta, F. Eriksson, Pericoli, M. Beldishevski, G.A. Rattá, C. D. Challis, Z. Ghani, M. Juvonen, A. C. C. Sips, João M. C. Sousa, Boris Breizman, P. Finburg, Henrik Sjöstrand, Slawomir Jednorog, Ewa Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, A. Martin, R. O. Dendy, B. Lepiavko, D. Croft, Goloborod'ko, A. V. Krasilnikov, M. Wischmeier, K. Gal, R. Ragona, Petter Ström, N. Parsons, G. Calabrò, Jean-Stéphane Joly, A. Capat, Linwei Li, T. Nakano, Paulo Rodrigues, L. Moser, João P. S. Bizarro, L. Piron, K. Pepperell, P. Aleynikov, Ambrogio Fasoli, S.-P. Pehkonen, Giuseppe Gorini, C. Taliercio, M. E. Puiatti, J. Svensson, H. R. Wilson, John Wright, S. Wiesen, O. Asztalos, R.V. Budny, A. Withycombe, P. Piovesan, Jonathan Gaspar, B. D. Stevens, P. Trimble, Vinodh Bandaru, F. S. Zaitsev, H. Sheikh, G. F. Matthews, Daniele Carnevale, K. Schoepf, L. McNamee, A. Czarnecka, P. Blanchard, Erik Fransson, J.P. Coad, Daniel Dunai, Carolina Björkas, A. Manzanares, M. Reich, A. Lahtinen, L. Giacomelli, Mirko Salewski, E. de la Cal, T. D. V. Haupt, T.T.C. Jones, M. Anghel, Kyriakos Hizanidis, J. M. Fontdecaba, Huber, A. Shaw, A. Cufar, A. Muraro, M. Clark, A. Meakins, Roland Sabot, A. Owen, K. Valerii, A. L. Esquisabel, Petr Vondracek, Maria Teresa Porfiri, Walid Helou, S. E. Sharapov, D. Terranova, M. Skiba, Konstantina Mergia, Frank Leipold, Francisco L. Tabarés, M. Zerbini, Ken W Bell, Marco Marinelli, Marco Riva, R. Martone, Bobkov, B. Magesh, A. Ash, Parail, M. Hook, Amanda Hubbard, Silvio Ceccuzzi, Ulrich Fischer, G. Liu, Nick Walkden, R. Otin, P. Santa, P. Abreu, Demerdzhiev, Roberto Zanino, T. Spelzini, António J.N. Batista, P. G. Smith, L. Meneses, S. S. Medley, M. J. Mantsinen, K. Vasava, G. Gervasini, Surya K. Pathak, Kristel Crombé, G. Ellwood, P. Raj, Robert Hager, Ch. Linsmeier, C. Stokes, Petra Bilkova, M. Groth, G. Pautasso, C. R. Nobs, S. Sridhar, P. Chmielewski, David Hatch, Luca Boncagni, I. Balboa, C. Stan-Sion, Nobuyuki Asakura, R. McKean, L. Pigatto, João Figueiredo, Roberto Cavazzana, Juri Romazanov, M. Beurskens, C. Christopher Klepper, Maryna Chernyshova, O. Biletskyi, D. Karkinsky, A. Eksaeva, S. Dalley, Pasquale Gaudio, J. Benayas, J. Dankowski, S. Korolczuk, R. Buckingham, F. Parra Diaz, E. Wang, A. Cardinali, J. Naish, R. O. Pavlichenko, Kalle Heinola, Hiroshi Tojo, Miles M. Turner, Brett Chapman, A. Lyssoivan, F. Militello, E. Matveeva, T. Kobuchi, I. Ksiazek, P. Bohm, Cody Jones, W. Yanling, T. Jackson, P. Gohil, D. Alegre, Tim D. Bohm, F. Jaulmes, L. Zakharov, Peter J. Pool, C.G. Lowry, M. Passeri, D. Testa, Igor Lengar, A. Formisano, C. M. Roach, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Drenik, S. Meiter, William Tang, Carlos B. da Silva, Diogo R. Ferreira, P. J. Lomas, M. McHardy, Gunta Kizane, Angela Busse, S. Jachmich, Corneliu Porosnicu, Stanislas Pamela, Yavorskij, Eduardo Alves, Saskia Mordijck, Boniface Nkonga, J. Morris, Dean A. J. Whittaker, S. Ertmer, A. Hollingsworth, T. Barnard, R. Tatali, S. Reynolds, S. Mistry, Sergio Galeani, Torbjörn Hellsten, V.S. Neverov, David Dickinson, T. M. Huddleston, D. Baiao, F. Salzedas, D. Willoughby, M. Tripsky, Emmanuele Peluso, J. R. Harrison, C. Mazzotta, R. Zarins, M. Maslov, X. Bonnin, T. E. Gebhart, S. Fietz, K. Flinders, C. Hidalgo, Yann Corre, Aqsa Shabbir, A. B. Kukushkin, A. Shepherd, M.L. Walker, R. Clay, T. Vasilopoulou, Paolo Innocente, I. H. Coffey, P. Lalousis, Italo Predebon, R. Bravanec, P. Papp, D. Sytnykov, Ewa Pawelec, M. Bernert, G. Corrigan, Lutsenko, M. Romanelli, Gergely Papp, S. Romanelli, R. Salmon, J. Risner, M. T. Ogawa, A. M. Whitehead, E. Fable, H. Dabirikhah, Juan Manuel López, M. Turnyanskiy, A. Baciero, S. Meigh, M. Garcia-Munoz, Massimiliano Mattei, J.-M. Noterdaeme, N. Hamilton, S. Minucci, I Wilson, A. Muir, A. V. Chankin, C. Clements, Matthias Hoelzl, Francesco Romanelli, S. Gee, R. J. E. Smith, P. de Vries, L. Fittill, S. Menmuir, K. Cave-Ayland, P. Curson, Richard Fridström, D. Grist, S. A. Robinson, Rodney Walker, Michael Loughlin, S. Aleiferis, W. Broeckx, Clayton E. Myers, S. F. Smith, D. Harting, W. Zwingmann, F. Binda, Mark R. Gilbert, Rajnikant Makwana, Richard Goulding, D. Van Eester, I. Voitsekhovitch, M. Bowden, I. Kodeli, Tomasz Czarski, Peter Hawkins, S. S. Henderson, M. Koeppen, D. Ricci, Ondrej Ficker, Carl Hellesen, D. Yadikin, Fabio Subba, Luka Snoj, Anthony Laing, E. R. Solano, M. Stephen, P. Staniec, C. Appelbee, M. Newman, Susan Leerink, M. Nicassio, P. P. Pereira Puglia, M. Brombin, Wouter Tierens, C. Perez von Thun, Cédric Boulbe, Ya. I. Kolesnichenko, Taina Kurki-Suonio, S. Hallworth-Cook, R. P. Johnson, B. B. Carvalho, Anna Widdowson, Alessandro Pau, R. Price, B. Gonçalves, D. L. Keeling, Kazantzidis, Michael Fitzgerald, M. Hughes, K. D. Lawson, M. Brix, Raffaele Fresa, Juha Karhunen, S. Esquembri, K. Purahoo, Matthew Reinke, Gerd Meisl, M. Valovic, J. Horacek, D. King, H. Maier, Philipps, Kenji Tanaka, M. Kresina, M. Valisa, L. Omoregie, Gábor Cseh, Seppo Sipilä, Scott W. Mosher, Filippo Sartori, J. Kaniewski, Jan Weiland, Giuseppe Chitarin, Coccorese, A. R. Field, P. Beaumont, Robert Skilton, D. C. Campling, Mitul Abhangi, S. Villari, Roberta Lima Gomes, G. D. Ewart, S. Wray, A. Broslawski, A. Sinha, Roberto Paccagnella, S. Hollis, R. D. Wood, Albert Gutierrez-Milla, E. Jonasson, L.-G. Eriksson, R. Leach, L. W. Packer, M. Vuksic, H. J. Sun, C. Marchetto, Giuseppe Telesca, Dieter Leichtle, S. Cramp, Blaise Faugeras, M. Allinson, Yannis Kominis, R. Normanton, H. J. Leggate, Francesco Ghezzi, T. Schlummer, Tommaso Bolzonella, Jorge Ferreira, M. J. Walsh, C. Day, Philipp Drews, Steven J. Meitner, M. D. J. Bright, Per Petersson, D. L. Hillis, M. Webb, P. Wright, C. F. Maggi, B. Sieglin, A. Farahani, J. Strachan, M. Muraglia, M. Cecconello, F. Durodié, D. Callaghan, J. Waterhouse, R. J. Dumont, Sara Moradi, Patrick J. McCarthy, S. Feng, M. Balden, M. Kaufman, R. Warren, Brian Grierson, Harry M. Meyer, S.C. Bradnam, D. Kinna, A. Krivska, M. Lungu, E. Suchkov, A. Kantor, D. Conka, C. Penot, A. Zarins, Pierre Manas, D. F. Gear, J. Callaghan, L. Barrera Orte, Tomas Markovic, Yu Gao, A. Lunniss, Z. Vizvary, E. Khilkevich, Th. Puetterich, Dmitry Matveev, E. Perelli Cippo, T. Owen, N. Imazawa, A. Silva, H. P. Summers, Norberto Catarino, Roberto Pasqualotto, P. Muscat, K. Keogh, Ricardo Magnus Osorio Galvao, P. Carman, M. Leyland, E. Veshchev, A. de Castro, M. Gruca, D. C. McDonald, L. Moreira, J. W. Banks, Sanjeev Ranjan, N. Sutton, Iris D. Young, Martin Imrisek, W. Zhang, J. K. Blackburn, Moiseenko, A. Parsloe, T. Loarer, D. N. Borba, S.J. Wukitch, D. P. Coster, J. Penzo, Jose Ramon Martin-Solis, P. Mantica, N. Bekris, M. G. O'Mullane, S. E. Dorling, Yunfeng Liang, S. Gulati, Roberto Ambrosino, J. Schweinzer, Cocilovo, D. Douai, M. A. Henderson, T. Suzuki, Gianluca Rubino, A. Peackoc, Yann Camenen, Y. Miyoshi, Ph. Jacquet, H. T. Lambertz, E. Tholerus, C. Sommariva, Prajapati, Yannick Marandet, F. Hasenbeck, Faa Federico Felici, M. Buckley, Kenneth Hammond, Daniele Milanesio, Cristian Ruset, Katsumichi Hoshino, D. Frigione, D. Chandra, I. Borodkina, P. Dinca, S. Brezinsek, J. Stallard, H. G. Esser, Matthew Sibbald, S. Knipe, Jorge Estrela da Silva, Kensaku Kamiya, P. A. Coates, J. C. Giacalone, Alfredo Pironti, Carvalho, D. D., Ferreira, D. R., Carvalho, P. J., Imrisek, M., Mlynar, J., Fernandes, H., and Formisano, A.
Subjects: Computer science, Feature extraction, Image processing, Computerized Tomography (CT) and Computed Radiography (CR), Plasma diagnostics - interferometry, spectroscopy and imaging, 01 natural sciences, Convolutional neural network, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Compass, Plasma diagnostics-interferometry, spectroscopy and imaging, 0103 physical sciences, Computer vision, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Jet (fluid), Contextual image classification, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition, Plasma diagnostics - interferometry spectroscopy and imaging, Tomography, Artificial intelligence, business, plasma diagnostics - interferometry, spectroscopy and imaging
Abstract: Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have found applications in many image processing tasks, such as feature extraction, image classification, and object recognition. It has also been shown that the inverse of CNNs, so- called deconvolutional neural networks, can be used for inverse problems such as plasma tomography. In essence, plasma tomography consists in reconstructing the 2D plasma profile on a poloidal cross-section of a fusion device, based on line-integrated measurements from multiple radiation detectors. Since the reconstruction process is computationally intensive, a deconvolutional neural network trained to produce the same results will yield a significant computational speedup, at the expense of a small error which can be assessed using different metrics. In this work, we discuss the design principles behind such networks, including the use of multiple layers, how they can be stacked, and how their dimensions can be tuned according to the number of detectors and the desired tomographic resolution for a given fusion device. We describe the application of such networks at JET and COMPASS, where at JET we use the bolometer system, and at COMPASS we use the soft X-ray diagnostic based on photodiode arrays.
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